Astm E10 2001 PDF
Astm E10 2001 PDF
Astm E10 2001 PDF
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2F
HBW 5 0.102 3 ~See Table 1! (1)
1.1 This test method (Test Method A) covers the determi- p D~D 2 =D2 2 d 2!
nation of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials, including
where:
methods for the verification of Brinell hardness testing ma-
D = diameter of the ball, mm,
chines (Test Method B) and the calibration of standardized F = test force, N, and
hardness test blocks (Test Method C). d = mean diameter of the indentation, mm.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the The Brinell hardness is denoted by the symbol: HBW.
standard. 3.1.1.1 Discussion—In former standards, a steel ball was
NOTE 1—In common terminology, the equivalent force in kgf is allowed for hardness values below 450. In cases when a steel
substituted for N. ball was used, the Brinell hardness was denoted by HB or HBS.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.1.2 Discussion—The symbol HBW is preceded by the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the hardness value. When conditions other than those specified in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 11.1.2 are used, the hardness value is supplemented by an
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- index indicating the test conditions in the order:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (1) Diameter of the ball, in mm,
(2) A value representing the test force in kg/f (see Table 3), and,
2. Referenced Documents (3) Duration of loading, in s.
2.1 ASTM Standards: Examples:
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2 350 HBW 5/750 = Brinell hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5-mm diam-
eter and with a test force of 7.355 kN (750 kgf) applied for 10 to 15 s.
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to 600 HBW 1/30/20 = Brinell hardness of 600 determined with a ball of 1-mm di-
Determine Conformance with Specifications3 ameter and with a test force of 294.2 N (30 kgf) applied for 20 s.
E 74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instru- 3.1.1.3 Discussion—Brinell hardness numbers vary with the
ments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Ma- test force used; however, test results will generally be in
chines2 agreement when the ratio of the test force to the square of the
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship ball diameter is held constant (see Table 3).
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell 3.1.1.4 Discussion—Table 2 lists the Brinell hardness num-
Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard- bers corresponding to various diameters of indentations for
ness, and Scleroscope Hardness2 29.4 kN (3000 kgf), 14.7 kN (1500 kgf), and 4.90 kN (500 kgf)
test forces making it unnecessary to calculate for each test the
3. Terminology
value of the Brinell hardness number by the above equation in
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Table 1 when these forces are used with a 10-mm diameter ball.
3.1.1 Brinell hardness number—a number, which is propor- 3.1.2 Brinell hardness test—an indenter (tungsten carbide
--`,,,,``,```,`````,,,,``,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the ball with diameter D) is forced into the surface of a test piece
curved surface area of the indentation which is assumed to be and the diameter of the indentation d left in the surface after
spherical and of the diameter of the ball. removal of the test force, F, is measured. (see Table 1 and Figs.
1 and 2.)
1
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The tungsten carbide ball may be used
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on for materials with a Brinell hardness not exceeding 650.
Indentation Hardness Testing. 3.1.3 calibration—adjustment of the significant parameters
Current edition approved February 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally by comparison with values indicated by a reference instrument
published as E 10 – 24 T. Last previous edition E 10 – 00a.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
or by a set of reference standards.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
5
HBW
2
Brinell hardness
may now be used for this test method.
5 Constant 3
Test force 5.2.3 If a ball is used to test a specimen which shows a
Surface area of indentation Brinell hardness greater than 650, the result should be consid-
2F ered suspect and the ball inspected for damage. If there is any
5 0.102 3
pD~D 2 =D2 2 d2! evidence of damage, the ball shall be replaced.
5.3 Measuring Device—The divisions of the micrometer
scale of the microscope or other measuring devices used for the
3.1.4 verification—checking or testing to assure conform- measurement of the diameter of the indentations shall be such
ance with the specification. as to permit the direct measuring of the diameter to 0.1 mm and
4. Significance and Use the estimation of the diameter to 0.05 mm.
4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an empirical indentation NOTE 3—This requirement applies to the construction of the device
only and is not a requirement for measurement of the indentation.
hardness test. Brinell hardness tests provide useful information
about metallic materials. This information may correlate to 6. Test Specimen
tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical
6.1 There is no standard shape or size for a Brinell test
characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in
specimen. The specimen upon which the indentation is made
quality control and selection of materials. Brinell hardness
shall conform to the following:
testing at the specific location on a part may not represent the
6.1.1 Thickness—The thickness of the specimen tested shall
physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
be such that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of
Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for accep-
the test force appears on the side of the piece opposite the
tance testing of commercial shipments, and they have been
indentation. As a general rule, the thickness of the specimen
used extensively in industry for this purpose.
shall be at least ten times the depth of the indentation (Table 5).
TEST METHOD A—GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND 6.1.2 The minimum width shall conform with the require-
TEST PROCEDURE FOR ments of 8.3.
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTS 6.1.3 Finish—When necessary, the surface on which the
indentation is to be made shall be filed, ground, machined or
5. Apparatus polished with abrasive material so that the edge of the
5.1 Testing Machine—Equipment for Brinell hardness test- indentation shall be clearly defined to permit the measurement
ing usually consists of a testing machine which supports the of the diameter to the specified accuracy (see 9.1). Care should
test specimen and applies an indenting force to a ball in contact be taken to avoid overheating or cold working the surface.
with the specimen. The design of the testing machines shall be
such that no rocking or lateral movement of the indenter or 7. Verification of Testing Machine
specimen occurs while the force is being applied. The design of 7.1 Verification Methods—The hardness testing machine
the testing machine shall ensure that the force to the indenter shall be verified in accordance with one of the two acceptable
shall be applied smoothly and without impact forces. Precau- methods of verifying Brinell hardness testing machines as
tions shall be taken to prevent a momentary high test force given in Test Method B.
caused by the inertia of the system, hydraulic system over- 7.2 Test Force Range—When direct verification is used, the
shoot, etc. See equipment manufacturer’s instruction manual Brinell hardness testing machine is acceptable for use over a
for a description of the machine’s characteristics, limitations, test force range within which the error in test force does not
and respective operating procedure. exceed 61 %. When indirect verification is used, the Brinell
5.2 Brinell Balls: hardness machine is acceptable for use over a test force range
5.2.1 The standard ball for Brinell hardness testing shall be within which the mean hardness value obtained is within 63 %
10.000 mm in diameter with a deviation from this value of not of the Brinell hardness of the standardized test blocks used.
more than 0.005 mm in any diameter. The ball shall be polished
and free of surface defects. Smaller balls having the diameters 8. Procedure
and tolerances indicated in Table 4 may be used also provided 8.1 Magnitude of Test Force—Typically, the force in the
the precautions set forth in 8.1 are observed. standard Brinell test shall be 29.42 kN (3000 kgf), 14.7 kN
5.2.2 The tungsten carbide ball indenter shall have a mini- (1500 kgf), or 4.90 kN (500 kgf). It is recommended that the
mum hardness of 1500 HV10. diameter of the indentation be between 24 and 60 % of the ball
NOTE 2—Caution: The Brinell test is not recommended for material diameter. A lower limit in indentation diameter is necessary
NOTE 1—The values given in this table for Brinell hardness numbers are merely solutions of the equation given in the definition in 3.1.1, and include
values for impression diameters outside the ranges recommended in 8.1. These values are indicated by italics.
Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000-
tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf
Force Force Force Force
Force Force Force Force Force Force Force Force
2.00 158 473 945 2.60 92.6 278 555 3.20 60.5 182 363 3.80 42.4 127 255
2.01 156 468 936 2.61 91.8 276 551 3.21 60.1 180 361 3.81 42.2 127 253
2.02 154 463 926 2.62 91.1 273 547 3.22 59.8 179 359 3.82 42.0 126 252
2.03 153 459 917 2.63 90.4 271 543 3.23 59.4 178 356 3.83 41.7 125 250
2.04 151 454 908 2.64 89.7 269 538 3.24 59.0 177 354 3.84 41.5 125 249
2.05 150 450 899 2.65 89.0 267 534 3.25 58.6 176 352 3.85 41.3 124 248
2.06 148 445 890 2.66 88.4 265 530 3.26 58.3 175 350 3.86 41.1 123 246
2.07 147 441 882 2.67 87.7 263 526 3.27 57.9 174 347 3.87 40.9 123 245
2.08 146 437 873 2.68 87.0 261 522 3.28 57.5 173 345 3.88 40.6 122 244
2.09 144 432 865 2.69 86.4 259 518 3.29 57.2 172 343 3.89 40.4 121 242
2.10 143 428 856 2.70 85.7 257 514 3.30 56.8 170 341 3.90 40.2 121 241
2.11 141 424 848 2.71 85.1 255 510 3.31 56.5 169 339 3.91 40.0 120 240
2.12 140 420 840 2.72 84.4 253 507 3.32 56.1 168 337 3.92 39.8 119 239
2.13 139 416 832 2.73 83.8 251 503 3.33 55.8 167 335 3.93 39.6 119 237
2.14 137 412 824 2.74 83.2 250 499 3.34 55.4 166 333 3.94 39.4 118 236
2.15 136 408 817 2.75 82.6 248 495 3.35 55.1 165 331 3.95 39.1 117 235
2.16 135 404 809 2.76 81.9 246 492 3.36 54.8 164 329 3.96 38.9 117 234
2.17 134 401 802 2.77 81.3 244 488 3.37 54.4 163 326 3.97 38.7 116 232
2.18 132 397 794 2.78 80.8 242 485 3.38 54.1 162 325 3.98 38.5 116 231
2.19 131 393 787 2.79 80.2 240 481 3.39 53.8 161 323 3.99 38.3 115 230
2.20 130 390 780 2.80 79.6 239 477 3.40 53.4 160 321 4.00 38.1 114 229
2.21 129 386 772 2.81 79.0 237 474 3.41 53.1 159 319 4.01 37.9 114 228
2.22 128 383 765 2.82 78.4 235 471 3.42 52.8 158 317 4.02 37.7 113 226
2.23 126 379 758 2.83 77.9 234 467 3.43 52.5 157 315 4.03 37.5 113 225
2.24 125 376 752 2.84 77.3 232 464 3.44 52.2 156 313 4.04 37.3 112 224
2.25 124 372 745 2.85 76.8 230 461 3.45 51.8 156 311 4.05 37.1 111 223
2.26 123 369 738 2.86 76.2 229 457 3.46 51.5 155 309 4.06 37.0 111 222
2.27 122 366 732 2.87 75.7 227 454 3.47 51.2 154 307 4.07 36.8 110 221
2.28 121 363 725 2.88 75.1 225 451 3.48 50.9 153 306 4.08 36.6 110 219
2.29 120 359 719 2.89 74.6 224 448 3.49 50.6 152 304 4.09 36.4 109 218
2.30 119 356 712 2.90 74.1 222 444 3.50 50.3 151 302 4.10 36.2 109 217
2.31 118 353 706 2.91 73.6 221 441 3.51 50.0 150 300 4.11 36.0 108 216
2.32 117 350 700 2.92 73.0 219 438 3.52 49.7 149 298 4.12 35.8 108 215
2.33 116 347 694 2.93 72.5 218 435 3.53 49.4 148 297 4.13 35.7 107 214
2.34 115 344 688 2.94 72.0 216 432 3.54 49.2 147 295 4.14 35.5 106 213
2.35 114 341 682 2.95 71.5 215 429 3.55 48.9 147 293 4.15 35.3 106 212
2.36 113 338 676 2.96 71.0 213 426 3.56 48.6 146 292 4.16 35.1 105 211
2.37 112 335 670 2.97 70.5 212 423 3.57 48.3 145 290 4.17 34.9 105 210
--`,,,,``,```,`````,,,,``,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.38 111 332 665 2.98 70.1 210 420 3.58 48.0 144 288 4.18 34.8 104 209
2.39 110 330 659 2.99 69.6 209 417 3.59 47.7 143 286 4.19 34.6 104 208
2.40 109 327 653 3.00 69.1 207 415 3.60 47.5 142 285 4.20 34.4 103 207
2.41 108 324 648 3.01 68.6 206 412 3.61 47.2 142 283 4.21 34.2 103 205
2.42 107 322 643 3.02 68.2 205 409 3.62 46.9 141 282 4.22 34.1 102 204
2.43 106 319 637 3.03 67.7 203 406 3.63 46.7 140 280 4.23 33.9 102 203
2.44 105 316 632 3.04 67.3 202 404 3.64 46.4 139 278 4.24 33.7 101 202
2.45 104 313 627 3.05 66.8 200 401 3.65 46.1 138 277 4.25 33.6 101 201
2.46 104 311 621 3.06 66.4 199 398 3.66 45.9 138 275 4.26 33.4 100 200
2.47 103 308 616 3.07 65.9 198 395 3.67 45.6 137 274 4.27 33.2 99.7 199
2.48 102 306 611 3.08 65.5 196 393 3.68 45.4 136 272 4.28 33.1 99.2 198
2.49 101 303 606 3.09 65.0 195 390 3.69 45.1 135 271 4.29 32.9 98.8 198
2.50 100 301 601 3.10 64.6 194 388 3.70 44.9 135 269 4.30 32.8 98.3 197
2.51 99.4 298 597 3.11 64.2 193 385 3.71 44.6 134 268 4.31 32.6 97.8 196
2.52 98.6 296 592 3.12 63.8 191 383 3.72 44.4 133 266 4.32 32.4 97.3 195
2.53 97.8 294 587 3.13 63.3 190 380 3.73 44.1 132 265 4.33 32.3 96.8 194
2.54 97.1 291 582 3.14 62.9 189 378 3.74 43.9 132 263 4.34 32.1 96.4 193
2.55 96.3 289 578 3.15 62.5 188 375 3.75 43.6 131 262 4.35 32.0 95.9 192
2.56 95.5 287 573 3.16 62.1 186 373 3.76 43.4 130 260 4.36 31.8 95.5 191
2.57 94.8 284 569 3.17 61.7 185 370 3.77 43.1 129 259 4.37 31.7 95.0 190
2.58 94.0 282 564 3.18 61.3 184 368 3.78 42.9 129 257 4.38 31.5 94.5 189
2.59 93.3 280 560 3.19 60.9 183 366 3.79 42.7 128 256 4.39 31.4 94.1 188
because of the risk in damaging the ball and difficulty measur- requirements of 6.1.1, 6.1.2, and 8.3 may determine the
ing the indentation. The upper limit is necessary because of a maximum permissible diameter of indentation for a specific
reduction in sensitivity as the diameter of the indentation test. Table 6 gives standard test forces and approximate Brinell
approaches the ball diameter. The thickness and spacing hardness numbers for the above range of indentation diameters.
4.77 26.3 78.9 158 5.42 19.9 59.8 120 6.07 15.5 46.5 93.0 6.72 12.3 36.8 73.6
4.78 26.2 78.5 157 5.43 19.9 59.6 119 6.08 15.4 46.3 92.7 6.73 12.2 36.7 73.4
4.79 26.1 78.2 156 5.44 19.8 59.3 119 6.09 15.4 46.2 92.3 6.74 12.2 36.6 73.1
4.80 25.9 77.8 156 5.45 19.7 59.1 118 6.10 15.3 46.0 92.0 6.75 12.1 36.4 72.8
4.81 25.8 77.5 155 5.46 19.6 58.9 118 6.11 15.3 45.8 91.7 6.76 12.1 36.3 72.6
4.82 25.7 77.1 154 5.47 19.5 58.6 117 6.12 15.2 45.7 91.3 6.77 12.1 36.2 72.3
4.83 25.6 76.8 154 5.48 19.5 58.4 117 6.13 15.2 45.5 91.0 6.78 12.0 36.0 72.1
4.84 25.5 76.4 153 5.49 19.4 58.2 116 6.14 15.1 45.3 90.6 6.79 12.0 35.9 71.8
4.85 25.4 76.1 152 5.50 19.3 57.9 116 6.15 15.1 45.2 90.3 6.80 11.9 35.8 71.6
4.86 25.3 75.8 152 5.51 19.2 57.7 115 6.16 15.0 45.0 90.0 6.81 11.9 35.7 71.3
4.87 25.1 75.4 151 5.52 19.2 57.5 115 6.17 14.9 44.8 89.6 6.82 11.8 35.5 71.1
4.88 25.0 75.1 150 5.53 19.1 57.2 114 6.18 14.9 44.7 89.3 6.83 11.8 35.4 70.8
4.89 24.9 74.8 150 5.54 19.0 57.0 114 6.19 14.8 44.5 89.0 6.84 11.8 35.3 70.6
4.90 24.8 74.4 149 5.55 18.9 56.8 114 6.20 14.7 44.3 88.7 6.86 11.7 35.2 70.4
4.91 24.7 74.1 148 5.56 18.9 56.6 113 6.21 14.7 44.2 88.3 6.86 11.7 35.1 70.1
4.92 24.6 73.8 148 5.57 18.8 56.3 113 6.22 14.7 44.0 88.0 6.87 11.6 34.9 69.9
4.93 24.5 73.5 147 5.58 18.7 56.1 112 6.23 14.6 43.8 87.7 6.88 11.6 34.8 69.6
4.94 24.4 73.2 146 5.59 18.6 55.9 112 6.24 14.6 43.7 87.4 6.89 11.6 34.7 69.4
4.95 24.3 72.8 146 5.60 18.6 55.7 111 6.25 14.5 43.5 87.1 6.90 11.5 34.6 69.2
4.96 24.2 72.5 145 5.61 18.5 55.5 111 6.26 14.5 43.4 86.7 6.91 11.5 34.5 68.9
4.97 24.1 72.2 144 5.62 18.4 55.2 110 6.27 14.4 43.2 86.4 6.92 11.4 34.3 68.7
4.98 24.0 71.9 144 5.63 18.3 55.0 110 6.28 14.4 43.1 86.1 6.93 11.4 34.2 68.4
4.99 23.9 71.6 143 5.64 18.3 54.8 110 6.29 14.3 42.9 85.8 6.94 11.4 34.1 68.2
5.00 23.8 71.3 143 5.65 18.2 54.6 109 6.30 14.2 42.7 85.5 6.95 11.3 34.0 68.0
5.01 23.7 71.0 142 5.66 18.1 54.4 109 6.31 14.2 42.6 85.2 6.96 11.3 33.9 67.7
5.02 23.6 70.7 141 5.67 18.1 54.2 108 6.32 14.1 42.4 84.9 6.97 11.3 33.8 67.5
5.03 23.5 70.4 141 5.68 18.0 54.0 108 6.33 14.1 42.3 84.6 6.98 11.2 33.6 67.3
5.04 23.4 70.1 140 5.69 17.9 53.7 107 6.34 14.0 42.1 84.3 6.99 11.2 33.5 67.0
A
Prepared by the Engineering Mechanics Section, National Bureau of Standards.
It is not mandatory that the Brinell test conform to these using different forces on a 10-mm diameter ball. For the
hardness ranges, but it should be realized that different Brinell purpose of obtaining a continuous scale of values it may be
hardness numbers may be obtained for a given material by desirable, however, to use a single force to cover the complete
--`,,,,``,```,`````,,,,``,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
HBW 2.5/6.25 2.5 1 61.29 N − (6.25 kgf)
HBW 2/120 2 30 1.177 kN − (120 kgf)
HBW 2/40 2 10 392.3 N − (40 kgf)
HBW 2/20 2 5 196.1 N − (20 kgf) TABLE 5 Minimum Thickness Requirements for Brinell
HBW 2/10 2 2.5 98.07 N − (10 kgf) Hardness Tests
HBW 2/5 2 1.25 49.03 N − (5 kgf) Minimum Thickness Minimum Hardness for Which the Brinell Test
HBW 2/4 2 1 39.23 N − (4 kgf) of Specimen May Safely Be Made
HBW 1/30 1 30 294.2 N − (30 kgf)
HBW 1/10 1 10 98.07 N − (10 kgf) 3000-kgf 1500-kgf 500-kgf
in. mm
HBW 1/5 1 5 49.03 N − (5 kgf) Force Force Force
HBW 1/2.5 1 2.5 24.52 N − (2.5 kgf) ⁄
1 16 1.6 602 301 100
HBW 1/1.25 1 1.25 12.26 N − (1.25 kgf) 18 ⁄ 3.2 301 150 50
HBW 1/1 1 1 9.807 N − (1 kgf) ⁄
3 16 4.8 201 100 33
14 ⁄ 6.4 150 75 25
⁄
5 16 8.0 120 60 20
38 ⁄ 9.6 100 50 17
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue E 10-00a
that may impact the use of this standard. The numbering system used in this Summary reflects current numbering
of this edition of E 10.
--`,,,,``,```,`````,,,,``,,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 7—Most of the changes listed below resulted from the new (16) 3.1.4 (formerly 3.3)
requirement for using only tungsten-carbide indenter balls and disallowing (17) 5.2.2–replaced
the use of steel indenter balls (see 5.2.2.2
(18) Former Note 5–deleted
(1) 2.1 –E 74 title revised.
(19) 5.2.2.2–added
(2) 3 –definitions alphabetized and new numbering structure
(20) 5.2.3–revised
used.
(21) Table 2–revised
(3) 3.1 –new title added.
(4) 3.1.1 (formerly 3.2) - revised (22) Table 3–revised
(5) Equation 1– editorial correction (23) Table 5–revised
(6) 3.1.1.1 (formerly Note 2) - revised (24) Table 6 (formerly Table 7) - revised
(7) 3.1.1.2 (formerly Note 3 ) - revised (25) Table 7 (formerly Table 6) - revised
(8) 3.1.1.3 (formerly part of Note 3) (26) Former Table 8 - deleted
(9) 3.1.1.4 (formerly part of Note 3) (27) 8.5-revised
(10) 3.1.2 (formerly 3.2) - revised (28) 11.1.1–revised
(11) 3.1.2.1 (formerly Discussion 1) - revised (29) 15.2.3–revised
(12) Former Discussion 2–deleted) (30) 15.2.3.1–revised
(13) Former Discussion 3 – deleted (31) 15.3.5- revised
(14) Table 1–revised and editorially corrected (32) Table 9–renumbered as Table 8 and revised
(15) 3.1.3 (formerly 3.4) (33) Summary of Changes added.
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