This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the

a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: 8998 - 17
~uI 17
INTERNATIONAL

Standard Guide for

Hot Isostatic Pressing(HIP) of AluminumAlloy Castings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Standards:

1.1 This guide presents requirements for hot isostatic press- E230/E230MSpecification for Temperature-Electromotive
ing (HIP) of aluminum alloy castings. HIPing is a process in Force (emf) Tablesfor StandardizedThermocouples
which components are subjected to the simultaneous applica- 2.3 AMS Standards
tion of heat and high pressure in an inert gas medium. The AMS 2750 Pyrometry
process is to be used for the reduction of internal (non-surface
connected) porosity . The document is to describe the general 3. Terminology
parameters of the HIP process, describe certification proce- 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dures and a description that the process has been followed. It is 3.1.1 autoclave, n-a pressure vessel used in the HIP
not intended to be a description of a heat treating procedure . process.
This is not meant to supersede an end user's specification 3 .1.2 hold time, n-time at required temperature and pres-
where one exists.2 sure as specified on the drawing or applicable specification.
1.2 Units-The values stated in either SI units or inch- Hold time to start when pressure and all temperature hold time
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The load monitoring thermocouples are within specified require-
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents ; ments.
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other . 3.1.3 hot isostatic pressing (HIP), n & v-a solid state
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- process whereby heat and pressure are simultaneously applied
conformance with the standard. to objects in an autoclave by way of an inert gas to reduce
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the internal voids and obtain desired properties . Also used as a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the verb to describe application of the process to an object, hence
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- HIPing, HIPed.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.4 inert gas, n-a non-reactive gas, used in HIP vessel
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. during pressurization .
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.5 on-line gas analysis, n-analysis of process gas ema-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- nating from the autoclave. Refer to 7.6 ("Inert Gas Purity").
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.1.6 working wne, n-the volume of the heated region of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical an autoclave which may be occupied by castings to be hot
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. isostatically pressed.

2. Referenced Documents 4. Significance and Use

2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on the 4.1 HIP of castings should be performed in the as cast
date of casting purchase form a part of this practice to the condition. Post HIP inspection of castings should result in a
extent referenced herein : reduction of porosity that is evident in x-ray grade and
properties.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light Metals 4.2 HIP will not eliminate inclusions or surface-connected
and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.01 on Aluminum porosity in a casting .
Alloy Ingots and Castings.
Current edition approved July I, 2017. Published July 2017. DOI: 10.1520/
5. Ordering Information
B0998-17.
2
The HIPpractice described in this guide is not intended to be substituted for the 5.1 Orders for HIPing of aluminum castings under this
heat treat requirements for aluminum alloy castings, which are provided in Practice
guide should include the following information:
B917/B917M Standard Practice for Heat Treatment of Aluminum-Alloy Castings
from All Processes. This standard Guide is not meant to supersede an end user's 5.1.1 This guide designation (which includes the number,
specification where one exists. year and revision letter , if applicable) .

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 c0 8998-17
5.1.2 The quantity in pieces. should be kept free of all surface contaminants which may be
5.1.3 Alloy. detrimental to the material being treated or to the autoclave
5.1.4 Temperature, pressure, hold time, including toler- components.
ances. 7.3 Instrumentation:
7.3.1 A minimum of three thermocouples should accom-
6. Equipment pany the material during treatment. They should be located in
6.l Autoclave: the hottest, coldest, and nominal temperature the castings. An
6.1.l Autoclaves should be of the inert gas pressurization alternate instrumentation plan may be used with prior approval
type, internally heated, cold wall pressure vessel. from the purchaser.
6.2 Fixtures: 7.4 Pressure Environment:
6.2.1 Suitable jigs, trays, or other fixtures should be pro- 7.4.1 Equipment-All pressure recording equipment should
vided as necessary for proper handling and positioning of parts be calibrated in accordance with the instrument manufacturer's
to be hot isostatic pressed. All fixtures should be made of instructions.
suitable material which is compatible with the parts to be 7.4.2 Pressure-The chamber pressure during treatment
treated. should be as specified on the drawing or applicable specifica-
6.3 Temperature Measurement and Control Devices: tion. During the heat up and hold, the chamber pressure should
6.3.l Temperature Measurement-Temperature measuring be continuously monitored and data should be recorded at a
and recording devices should be provided for the autoclave . maximum interval of no more than five (5) minutes.
The devices should be of the potentiometric type, should use 7.5 Thermal Treatment:
thermocouple sensors, and should provide permanent records 7.5.1 The times and temperatures for the thermal cycle
of the temperature during the entire treatment. should be as specified on the drawing, applicable specification,
6.3.2 Temperature Control-A sufficient number of suitable or in Table l. Note that HIP is a solid state process and should
temperature control devices should be provided and properly always occur below an alloy's solidus temperature or below
arranged in the autoclave to assure the required temperature any incipient melting temperature, whichever is lower. The
control in the working zone. The devices should be of the temperatures should be continuously monitored and data
potentiometric type and should use thermocouple sensors. should be recorded at an interval that is no greater than five (5)
6.4 Pressure Measurement Devices: minutes. The use of multipoint recorders with a periodic
6.4.1 Pressure measurement devices should be accurate to recording of five (5) minutes maximum per thermocouple is
within ±2 % at the specified operating pressure for parts being permitted.
processed. The device should be capable of continuously 7.6 Inert Gas Purity:
monitoring and recording the pressure throughout the process. 7 .6.1 Prior to hot isostatic pressing, the inert gas purity
emanating from the autoclave should be greater than 99.70 %
7. General by volume and should satisfy the impurity limit requirements
7.1 All HIP equipment qualifications should be the respon- provided in Table 2.
sibility of the hot isostatic pressing HIP Vendor. The Vendor 7.6.1.1 The inert gas emanating from the autoclave, before
should be responsible for any testing required for HIP equip- hot isostatic pressing, which meets the impurity requirements
ment and should sign all necessary forms which certify that of7 .6.l , should give a dew-point of -50°F, (-46°C) (66 ppm) or
qualification, in accordance with this guide, has been attained. colder at ambient temperature and pressure.
7.6.1.2 Methods of gas dilution, replenishment, reuse, and
7.2 Cleaning:
purification are allowed.
7.2.1 Castings to be treated, including fixtures, should be
7.6.2 Indication of conformance to the requirements for gas
delivered to the Vendor clean and free of all surface contami-
purity should be determined by on-line gas analysis of the
nants which may be detrimental to the material being treated or
process gas.
to autoclave components. Prior to subsequent processing
cycles the Vendor should ensure that fixtures, jigs, or tooling 7.7 Inspection and Tests:

TABLE 1 Typical Mean HIP Cycles Guidelines for Aluminum Alloys

Recommended Furnace Set Point Pressure psi
Maximum Temperature in Hold Time
Aluminum Casting Alloys Temperature °F ± 25°F ±500 psi
HIPing FurnaceA (Mnutes, +15/-0)
(OC ± 14°C)B (MPa ± 3 MPa)
A201.0, A206.0 960°F (516°C) 925-935 °F (496-502 °C) 15 000 (103) 120-360
355.0, C355.0 990°F (532°C) 925-965 °F (496-518 °C) 15 000 (103) 120-360
356.0, A356.0, 357.0, A357.0, 1000°F (538°C) 925-975 °F (496-524 °C) 15 000 (103) 120-360
E357.0, F357.0
A Eutectic melting may occur if the maximum temperature in the furnace is exceeded.
8
The recommended furnace temperature set point is based on a furnace temperature uniformity of ±25°F (°C ± 14°C) (see 8.2.1.2). The furnace set points may be adjusted
for furnaces that demonstrate greater control of temperature variation as long as temperatures in the furnace do not exceed the maximum temperature.

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TABLE 2 Allowable Inert Gas Impurities 8.2.1.2 After thermal equilibrium is reached, the maximum
Impurity
MaximumVolume
PPM (VolNol)
temperature variation of any load thermocouple should not
Present deviate from the selected control temperature by more than
Nitrogen 0.0050 50
Hydrogen 0.0125 125 ±25 °F (::t:::14
°C).
Oxygen 0.0025 25 8.2.1.3 Qualification Procedure-Qualification procedure
Hydrocarbons(Methane,CH4 ) 0.0025 25
for temperature uniformity should be documented, using a
furnace load containing a representative production load of
parts. Furnace qualification should conform to the require-
7.7.1 All inspections or tests required by the drawing or
ments of AMS 2750 using customer accepted temperature
applicable specifications should be performed. The results of
uniformity survey(s) done by the HIP vendor. After initial
these inspections or tests should meet the requirements of the
qualification the furnace should be requalified at least every six
drawing or applicable specifications.
(6) months using an agreed upon procedure between purchaser
7.8 Records: and HIP vendor.
7 .8. 1 All records and test results for each hot isostatic
8.3 Temperature Measurement and Control Qualification:
pressing treatment should be maintained for purchaser surveil-
lance as required by the customer, contract , or purchase order . 8.3.1 Instruments-The temperature control system should
These records should include at least the following informa- have an accuracy of ±0.5 % of the maximum operating
tion : temperature. The temperature accuracy of each instrument
( a) Purchaser identification of parts or material treated. should be determined in accordance with the equipment
(b) Part or material alloy designation . manufacturer's recommendations . After the initial
( c) Autoclave identification . qualification, all instruments should be requalified at least
( d) Loading procedures and part placement. every 90 days.
(e) Instrumentation procedures including thermocouple 8.3.2 Thermocouples-Before each use, all thermocouples
type and placement. should be capable of meeting the temperature/electromotive
(f) Pressure records . force requirements of Specification E230/E230M tables for
(g) Temperature records . special grade wire as determined by suitable test methods and
(h) Pressure media. requalification intervals.
(i) Gas analysis records. 8.4 Pressure Indicating Instrument Qualification-All pres-
(j) Dew-point measurement records . sure indicating instruments should be checked in accordance
(k) Test results. with the equipment manufacturer's recommendations . The
equipment's performance should be within the limits supplied
8. Quality Assurance Provisions
by the equipment manufacturer. After the initial qualification,
8.1 General: each instrument should be requalified at least every 90 days or
8.1.1 All HIP equipment qualifications should be the re- the controlling specification requirement.
sponsibility of the hot isostatic pressing HIP Vendor. The
Vendor should be responsible for any testing required for HIP 8.5 Process Qualification:
equipment and should sign all necessary forms which certify 8.5.1 Castings should be processed only by a HIP source
that qualification, in accordance with this guide, has been approved by the purchaser.
attained. 8.5.2 If required, before production processing, detailed
process procedures and results of test samples may be submit-
8.2 Autoclave Qualification:
ted to the purchaser for approval.
8.2.1 Temperature Uniformity:
8.2.l.l All autoclaves should be qualified for working zone 8.5.3 Process procedures should include the same informa-
tion as required in 7.8.1.
temperature uniformity prior to use for production hot isostatic
pressing . All autoclaves should be requalified at least once per
year after initial qualification. Qualification may be performed 9. Keywords
on a production load in accordance with 8.2.1.3. The procedure 9.1 aluminum casting; autoclave; densification; HIP; HIP-
for qualification, requalification , and qualification after major ing; hot isostatic pressing; internal voids; inert gases; porosity ;
change are all the same. pressure ; thermal couple; thermal treatment

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