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Fluidization
Or aggregative fl.
groupa3.mpg
groupb1.MPg
Particulate fl.
groupb2.MPg Increasing fluid velocity
groupc.MPg
slugging.MPg
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering ChE 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-3
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering Ch E 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-4
When a fluid is pumped upward through a bed of fine solid particles at a very low flow rate
the fluid percolates through the void spaces without disturbing the bed. The particles are in
direct contact with each other, supporting each other’s weight. This is a fixed bed process.
At an intermediate flow rate the bed expands and is in what we call an expanded state. In
the expanded bed the particles have a mean free distance between the particles and the
particles are supported by the drag force of the fluid. The expanded bed has some of the
properties of a fluid and is called a fluidized bed. There is a minimum fluidization velocity,
VoMF, at which the bed just begins to fluidize.
If the upward velocity is very large the bed mobilized pneumatically and may be swept out
the process vessel.
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering ChE 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-5
Definition
Fluidization is the operation by which solid particles are transformed into
fluidlike state through suspension in a gas or liquid.
cyclone2.MPg
Particle size: 10 µm – 6 mm
Bed diameter: 0.1 m – 10 m
Bed height: few cm – 10 m
Superficial velocity: 0.01 m/s – 10 m/s
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering ChE 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-6
Liquidlike Behavior of a Fluidized Bed
Light objects float on top of the bed (i.e., objects less dense than the bulk
density of the bed)
The solids can flow through an opening in the vessel just like a liquid
Levels between two similar fluidized beds equalize their static pressure
heads
The beds have a “static” pressure head due to gravity, given by ρgh
duck1.MPG
Circulate solids between two fluidized beds → possible to remove (or add)
the large quantities of heat produced (or needed) in large reactors
Heat and mass transfer rates are high → requiring smaller surfaces.
Particle breakup.
Combustion
Roasting of ores
Heat exchange
Drying of solids
Coating
Granulation
Adsorption/desorption
Regeneration of catalysts
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering ChE 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-10
Fluidized bed solid cooler
FCC unit
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering Ch E 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-11
FCC unit
∆P 150Voµ (1 − ε )
2
= ≡ Vo MF
L φs2 D p2ε3
εMF depends on the shape of the particles. For spherical particles εMF is
usually 0.4 – 0.45.
L1 (1 − ε 2 ) (1)
or =
L 2 (1 − ε1 )
εM F
εM
L M (1 − ε MF ) (2)
Example : =
L MF (1 − ε M )
∆P
⇒ = (1 − ε)(ρP − ρ)g (3)
L
At minimum fluidization:
∆P
= (1 − ε MF )(ρP − ρ)g (4) ≡ Vo MF
L MF
∆P 150Voµ (1 − ε ) 1.75ρVo2 1 − ε
2
(5) ∆P
= + = (1 − ε MF )(ρP − ρ)g
L 2 2 3
φs D pε φs D p ε3 L MF
1.75 (1 − ε MF )
( )
2
Re MF + 150 ReMF − Ar = 0 (7)
ε MF φs
3
ε MF φs
3 2
D3pρ(ρP − ρ)g
Ar ≡
µ2
Ar: is the dimensionless number known as the Archimedes number
g(ρP − ρ) ε3MF 2 2
Vo MF = φs D p (8)
150µ 1 − ε MF
14 ε MFφs
(
Re MF = 33.7 1 + 3.59 × 10−5 Ar ) − 1
0.5
→ (7)
(10)
D p3 ρ ( ρ p − ρ )
Ar = g = 1.003 ×105
µ2
For Dp>100µm
(
Re MF = 33.7 1 + 3.59 × 10−5 Ar ) − 1
0.5
Re MF = 38.58
3 × 10−3
VoMF = 38.58 −3
= 0.0354m / s
3 ×10 *1100
What answer would be if use Eq. (7)? VoMF = 0.0363m / s Error 2.5%
ut
For sphere with ε = 0.45; ⇒ V = 50 so if bed fluidizes at 10mm/s it could be operated with
MF
oMF
500mm/s with minimum particle carry over
If wide particle size distribution there will be more carryover can be returned by
cyclone
Sphericity plays marginal role because with low ϕ higher ε its effect is cancelled
∆P
= (1 − ε MF )(ρ P − ρ)g → ∆P = 0.0978 × 105 Pa
L MF
∆P ∆P
= (1 − ε)(ρP − ρ)g (3) as ( Vo ↑ ) → ( ε ↑, L ↑ ) → ↓
L L
ε3 150Voµ
= (15)
g ( ρ p − ρ ) φs D p
(3) & (14) → 1 − ε 2 2
Liquid Liquid Liquid
Figure 7.15
m
Vo ε
= (16)
Vo MF ε MF
D p Vo MFρ
Re MF =
µ
JUST Department of Chemical Engineering Ch E 362 Unit Operations Chapter 5-28
Example:
Fluidized bed of glass beads: Dp = 1.1 mm, φs = 1, ρP = 1.24 g/cm3, εMF = 0.40
1. Calculate Vo
MF
2. What velocity is required to expand the bed by 25%?
Solution:
For water @ 20 oC: ρ = 1 g/cm3, µ = 0.01 Poise
2
1.75 D p Vo MFρ (1 − ε MF ) D p Vo MFρ D p ρ(ρP − ρ)g
3
+ 150 3 2 − =0
ε MF φs
3
µ ε MF φs µ µ 2
D p Vo MFρ water @ 20 oC
→ Vo MF = 0.194 cm/s → Re MF = = 2.65
µ
L (1 − ε MF ) (1 − 0.4)
For 25% expansion: L = 1.25 LMF ⇒ = → 1.25 = → ε = 0.52
L MF (1 − ε) (1 − ε)
m 3.9
Vo ε Vo 0.52
Fig.7.15 : m ≈ 3.9 → = → = → Vo = 0.54 cm/s
Vo MF ε MF 0.194 0.4
(Vo MF )
Vo A c = f b u b A c + (1 − f b )VoMFA c (17)
Volume balance for the particle phase: ub
L MF = L (1 − f b ) (18)
L
LMF
Area = AC
0.54
( )
0.8
D b = 0.2 ( Vo − Vo MF ) z + 4N −0.5
0.4
(21)
g
z: level in bed, m