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    Definition of Natural Logarithm Function: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus F.T.C

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    Chirag Jain
    The document defines the natural logarithm function ln(x) as the antiderivative of 1/x for x > 0, based on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It describes several key properties of ln(x): it is defined on the domain (0, ∞), is increasing and concave down, and its derivative is 1/x. There exists a unique number e such that ln(e) = 1. Estimates show 1 < e < 4, and e will be calculated with a limit in the next section.

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    Definition of Natural Logarithm Function: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus F.T.C

    Uploaded by

    Chirag Jain
    29 views5 pages
    The document defines the natural logarithm function ln(x) as the antiderivative of 1/x for x > 0, based on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It describes several key properties of ln(x): it is defined on the domain (0, ∞), is increasing and concave down, and its derivative is 1/x. There exists a unique number e such that ln(e) = 1. Estimates show 1 < e < 4, and e will be calculated with a limit in the next section.

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    1Definition_and_graph_of_lnx

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    The document defines the natural logarithm function ln(x) as the antiderivative of 1/x for x > 0, based on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It describes several key properties of ln(x): it is defined on the domain (0, ∞), is increasing and concave down, and its derivative is 1/x. There exists a unique number e such that ln(e) = 1. Estimates show 1 < e < 4, and e will be calculated with a limit in the next section.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views5 pages

    Definition of Natural Logarithm Function: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus F.T.C

    Uploaded by

    Chirag Jain
    The document defines the natural logarithm function ln(x) as the antiderivative of 1/x for x > 0, based on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It describes several key properties of ln(x): it is defined on the domain (0, ∞), is increasing and concave down, and its derivative is 1/x. There exists a unique number e such that ln(e) = 1. Estimates show 1 < e < 4, and e will be calculated with a limit in the next section.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    Definition of Natural Logarithm Function

    Recall
    x n+1
    Z
    x n dx = +C n 6= −1.
    n+1
    What happens if n = −1?
    I the above formula does not make sense if n = −1.
    I However, since the function f (x) = x −1 is continuous on the interval
    (0, ∞), we can use the fundamental theorem of calculus to construct
    an anti-derivative for it.
    I F.T.C. If f is a continuous function on [a, b], then the function g
    defined by Z x
    g (x) = f (t)dt, a≤x ≤b
    a
    is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and g 0 (x) = f (x)
    or Z x
    d
    f (t)dt = f (x).
    dx a
    Note This tells us that g (x) is an antiderivative for f (x).
    Definition of ln(x).
    Applying the F.T.C. we define a new function (an antiderivative for 1/x)
    as Z x
    1
    ln x = dt, x > 0.
    1 t
    This function is called the natural logarithm.
    I Note that ln(x) is the area under the continuous curve y = 1
    t
    between 1 and x if x > 1 and minus the area under the continuous
    curve y = 1t between 1 and x if x < 1.
    I We can demonstrate the relationship between the graphs of y = 1/t
    and y = ln(x) using Mathematica: Graph of ln(x)
    I I do not have a formula for ln(x) in terms of functions studied
    before. For a given value of x say 2, because of the above
    interpretation of ln(2) as an area under the graph of y = 1/t, I
    could estimate the value of ln(2) using A Riemann Sum
    I Before calculators, scientists used tables of logarithms which were
    accurately calculated up to several decimal places using methods of
    estimation similar to Riemann sums. The first such table was
    published by John Napier in 1614, and is considered to have
    contributed greatly to scientific progress.
    Graph of ln(x).
    We derive a number of properties of this new function f (x) = ln(x).
    I Domain = (0, ∞) ( This follows from the definition, since we defined
    ln(x) only for values of x greater than 0)
    I ln x > 0 if x > 1, ln x = 0 if x = 1, ln x < 0 if x < 1. This follows
    from our comments above after the definition about how ln(x)
    relates to the area under the curve y = 1/x between 1 and x.
    d(ln x)
    I
    dx = x1 This follows from the definition of ln(x) as an
    antiderivative of 1/x using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
    I The graph of y = ln x is increasing, continuous and concave down
    on the interval (0, ∞). Let f (x) = ln(x), f 0 (x) = 1/x which is
    always positive for x > 0 (the domain of f ), Therefore the graph of
    f (x) is increasing on its domain. We have f 00 (x) = −1x 2 which is
    always negative, showing that the graph of f (x) is concave down.
    The function f is continuous since it is differentiable.
    I The function f (x) = ln x is a one-to-one function
    Since f 0 (x) = 1/x which is positive on the domain of f , we can
    conclude that f is a one-to-one function.
    A number called e.
    Since f (x) = ln x is a one-to-one function, there is a unique number, e,
    with the property that
    ln e = 1.
    R1
    I We have ln(1) = 0 since 1 1/t dt = 0. This number is unique since
    the function f (x) = ln(x) is one-to-one.
    I Using a Riemann sum with 3 approximating rectangles, we see that
    ln(4) > 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 > 1.
    I Therefore by the intermediate value theorem, since f (x) = ln(x) is
    continuous, there must be some number e with 1 < e < 4 for which
    ln(e) = 1.
    I We will be able to estimate the value of e in the next section with a
    limit. e ≈ 2.7182818284590.
    Graph of y = ln(x).

    I Domain = (0, ∞)
    I ln x > 0 if x > 1, ln x = 0 if x = 1, ln x < 0 if x < 1.
    d(ln x)
    I
    dx = x1
    I The graph of y = ln x is increasing, continuous and concave down
    on the interval (0, ∞).
    I The function f (x) = ln x is a one-to-one function
    I There is a unique number, e, with the property that ln e = 1.
    I In the next section we will look at the limiting behavior of ln(x) as
    x → 0 and x → ∞.

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