Introduction

Introduction to Air-conditioning

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• Ventilation refers to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air. Without proper ventilation, an otherwise insulated and
airtight house will seal in harmful pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, and moisture that can damage a house. Proper
ventilation helps keep a home energy-efficient, safe, and healthy.

• Keep humidity levels under 50%

• Clean equipment regularly so they don’t become a source of pollution themselves.
• Use exhaust fans in bathrooms to remove moisture and gases from the houses.
• Fit your kitchen with an exhaust fan that moves the air to the outside.

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• Building Services/Ventilation. Ventilation primarily takes two forms – natural and mechanical. Natural ventilation is the
process of fresh air entering abuilding via a window, door or other opening while mechanical ventilation is air that is drawn
into the building using machinery.
• It is the process of changing the air in an enclosed space.

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Benefits of whole-house mechanical ventilation include:
• A steady supply of outdoor air for improved indoor air quality and resident comfort
• Regulation over the amount and source of outdoor air
• Thinning of indoor contaminants, such as odors and allergens
• Helps control relative humidity and decrease moisture accumulation during the heating or temperate seasons

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• There are three types of whole-house mechanical ventilation systems: exhaust-only, supply-only, and balanced. Each system
uses a combination of fans, ducting, dampers and controls, and they each have different pros, cons, and costs accompanying
them.

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Different Types Of Mechanical Ventilation.

Exhaust-Only Ventilation
• Exhaust-only ventilation tends to consist of a fan, commonly a
bath fan, exhausting indoor air. Outdoor makeup air is drawn
into the house through leaks in the building’s enclosure.

Pros/cons/cost:
• Contaminants may be drawn into the house from an attic,
garage, crawlspace or wall cavity
• Possible to draw moist outdoor air into the wall cavity that
could condense during the cooling season and cause moisture
problems, particularly in hot and humid climates
• Can cause or contribute to back-drafting of combustion
appliances
• Lowest installed cost and low operating cost

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Supply-Only Ventilation
• Supply-only ventilation consists of a fan drawing outdoor air
into the house. Indoor air escapes through the building
enclosure and exhaust fan ducts.
• Supply-only can be a dedicated system, or more commonly a
central-fan integrated (CFI) system. With a CFI system,
outdoor air is ducted to the return plenum of an HVAC air
handler that draws in and distributes the outdoor air.

Pros/cons/cost:
• Reduces contaminants entering through the building enclosure
• Outdoor air is drawn from a single, known location for best air
quality
• Potential to drive moist indoor air into the wall cavity that
could condense and cause moisture problems during the
heating season in colder climates
• Low installed cost, however for a CFI system, the electronically
commutated motor may increase the initial cost and operating
cost may be higher

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Balanced Ventilation
• Balanced ventilation systems are a combination of exhaust and
supply methods roughly providing equal indoor exhaust and
outdoor supply air flows (e.g. an exhaust fan combined with a
supply fan or passive inlet vents).
• A balanced system could include a heat recovery ventilator
(HRV) or an energy recovery ventilator (ERV).

Pros/cons/cost:
• An HRV transfers a portion of the heat between the exhaust air
and the fresh air; an ERV transfers heat and moisture
• An HRV or ERV provides the benefits, but limits the drawbacks,
of supply-only and exhaust-only methods
• Commonly, an HRV is recommended for dry, cold climates and
an ERV is recommended for moist, warm climates
• Highest installed cost for HRV or ERV due to equipment and
additional ducting

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What happens when you vent air in your basement when it's rainy, humid, or damp outside? Condensation, as seen above, forms
on all surfaces.
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air conditioning

• a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building or vehicle, typically to
maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions.
• Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more
favorable conditions.
• The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to
meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic conditions

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Human comfort
The four atmospheric condition which affect human comforts are

• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air purity
• Air movements

• An air conditioner controls the above factors for us to achieve human comfort.
• Most people are comfortable when the air temperature is between 18-22 C.

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Advantages
• Increased comfort level.
• In extreme heat, air conditioning can be a life saver.
• Most air conditioners also reduce the humidity level, which helps both comfort, and reduces mold growth.
• Less noise as the windows will be closed.
• Prevents the dust entering the room as the windows will be closed.
• Gives constant temperature.
• Attractive design
• Simple control.
• Easy maintenance.
• Easy installation.

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Disadvantages
• Most air conditioners use a substantial amount of energy.
• High cost money.
• Contributing to pollution from power plants.
• Older models contain chemicals that can damage the environment if they escape.
• Effects the environment by releasing the cfc’c.
• Too cool temperature will lead to improper blood circulation
• Habitants have less contact with nature.

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Ideal room temperature

Types of space summer Winter

Residences, apartments, hotel and motel guest rooms, offices, 23- 26 20 -22
conference rooms, classrooms, courtrooms, and hospital
patient rooms

Theaters, auditorium, churches, chapels, assembly halls 24-27 21-22

Restaurant, cafeterias and bars 22-26 20-21

Retails shops and supermarkets 23-27 18-20

Medical intensive care room 22-26 22-26

Factories and industrial shops 27-29 18-20

Machinery spaces, boiler shops and garages 10-16

Kitchens and laundries 24-27

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Dry bulb temperature
• Its is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but
shielded from radiation and moisture.
• Dry blub temperature is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it
is the true thermodynamic temperature.
• It is the temperature measured by a regular thermometer exposed to the airstream.
• It is the temperature shown by a dry sensing element such as mercury in a glass tube
thermometer.
• This is actual temperature.
• When people refer to the temperature of the air, they are normally referring to its dry bulb
temperature.

Wet blub
• It is a type of temperature measurement that reflects the physical properties of system with
a mixture of a gas and a vapour. Usually air and water vapour.
• Wet bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached by the evaporation of
water only.
• This is the temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow.
• This is the temperature we feel.

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Psychometric processes

• In the domestic and industrial air conditioning applications some psychrometric processes have to be performed on the air to
change the psychrometric properties of air so as to obtain certain values of temperature and humidity of air within the
enclosed space.
• one of the common psychrometric processes carried out on air are: sensible heating and cooling of air, humidification and
dehumidification of air, mixing of various streams of air.

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• Air-distribution systems include air handlers, ductwork, and associated components for heating, ventilating,
and air-conditioning buildings.
• They provide fresh air to maintain adequate indoor-air quality while providing conditioned air to
offset heating or cooling loads

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Classification of air conditioners
1) Classification based on major function
A) comfort AC: creating atmospheric conditions conductive to human health, comfort and efficiency.
AC in home, offices, stores, restaurants, theatres, hospitals etc.
B) Industrial AC : the purpose of these system is to control atmospheric conditions primarily for proper conduct of research and
manufacturing electronics and computer industries, paper mills, textile mills etc.

2) Classification based on equipment arranged:

A) Unitary or “ Packed AC”
B) split AC
C) Central AC
D) combination of above

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Classification based on season of the year:
• A) Winter AC: These systems, when properly designed and installed maintain indoor atmospheric conditions
for winter comfortable, namely temperature, humidity, air purity and air movement, when outside
temperature is very cold.
• B) Summer AC: maintains indoor condition comfortable when outside atmospheric conditions are not
comfortable, but it is very hot and dry.
• ALL year round AC: maintains indoor temperature comfortable throughout the year, while outside
temperature may be very cold or hot.

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Window AC
• These types of AC are designed to be fitted in window sills.
• A single unit of window air conditioner houses all the necessary components, namely the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil enclosed in a single box.
• Since a window AC is a single unit, it takes less effort to install as well as for maintenance.
• This is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms.

Advantages
• Single unit air conditioner
• Less effort needed for installation
• Costs lesser in comparison to other varieties.

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Parts of the window Air conditioners
The whole assembly of the window air conditioner can be divided into two compartments.
• The room side, which is also the cooling side and
• The outdoor side from where the heat absorbed by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere.
• The room side and outdoor side are separated from each other by an insulated partition enclosed inside the window air
conditioner assembly.
• In the front of the window AC is the front panel on which the supply and return air grills are fitted.
• The louvers fitted in the supply air grills are adjustable so as to supply the air in desirable direction.
• There is also one opening in the grill that allows access to the control panel or operating panel in front of the window air
conditioner.

The various parts of the window air

conditioner can be divided into
following categories
• The refrigeration system.
• Air circulation system.
• Ventilation system
• Control system
• Electrical protection system.

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• Window air conditioner
• The whole assembly of the window air conditioner can be divided into two:
• The room side, which is also the cooling side and
• The outdoor side from where the heat absorbed by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere.
• The room side and outdoor side are separated from each other by an insulated partition enclosed inside the window air
conditioner assembly.

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The refrigeration system of the window air conditioner

• The refrigeration system of the window air conditioner comprises of all the important parts of the refrigeration cycle.
• The compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve and
• The evaporator.

• The refrigerant used in most of the window air conditioner is R22.

• The compressor used in the window air conditioner is hermetically sealed type, which is possible one. This compressor has
long life and it carries long warranty periods.
• The condenser is made up of copper tubing and it is cooled by the atmospheric air.
• The condenser is covered with the fins to enable faster heat transfer rate from it.
• The capillary tubing made up of various rounds of copper coil is used as the expansion valve in the window air conditioners.
• Just before the capillary there is drier filter, it filters the refrigerant and also removes the moisture particles, if present in the
refrigerant.
• Like condenser, the evaporator is also made up of copper tubing of number of turns and is covered with the fins.
• The evaporator is also called as the cooling coil since the rooms air passes over it and gets cooled.
• Just in front of the evaporator there is air filter fitted in the front panel or front grill.
• As the room air is absorbed, it is first passed over the filter so that it gets filtered.
• The filtered air is then blown over the cooling coil and the chilled air is passed into the room.
• The refrigerant after leaving the cooling coil enters the accumulator where it is accumulated and then it is again sucked by the
compressor for recirculation over the whole cycle. BGSSAP - BUILDING SERVICES III 23
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Air circulation system of the window air conditioner
The air circulation system of the window air conditioner comprises of the following parts.
• Blower: this is the small blower that is fitted behind the evaporator or cooling coil inside the assembly of the window air
conditioner system. The blower sucks the air from the room which passes over the air filter and gets filtered. The air then
passes over the cooling coil and gets chilled. The blower then passes blows this filtered and chilled air, which passes through
the supply air compartment inside the window air conditioner assembly. This air is then delivered into the room from the
supply air grill of the front panel.
• Propeller fan or the condenser fan: the condenser fan is the forced draft type of propeller fan that sucks the atmospheric air
and blows it over the condenser. The hot refrigerant inside the condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air and its
temperature reduces.
• Fan motor: the motor inside the window air conditioner assembly is located between the condenser and the evaporator coil. It
has double shaft on one side of which the blower is fitted and on the other side the condenser fan is fitted. This makes the
whole assembly of the blower, the condenser fan and the motor highly compact.

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Working of window AC
The working of window air conditioner can be explained by separately
considering the two cycle air:
• Room air cycle and
• The hot air cycle.

• Room air cycle: the air moving inside the room and in the front part of
the air conditioner where cooling coil is located is considered to be the
room air. When the window AC is started the blower starts immediately
and after a few seconds the compressor also starts. The evaporator coil or
the cooling gets cooled as soon as the compressor is started.
• The blower behind the cooling coil starts sucking the room air, which is at
high temperature and also carries the dirt and dust particles. On its path
towards the blower, the room air first passes through the flitter where the
dirt and dust particles from it get removed.
• The air then passes over the cooling coil where two processes occur.
Firstly, Due to this the temperature of the room air becomes very low, that
is the air becomes chilled. Secondly due to reduction in the temperature
of the air, relatively humidity reduces.
• This air at low temperature and low humidity is sucked by the blower and
it blows it at high pressure. The chilled air then passes through small duct
inside the sir conditioner and it is then enters the room and chills the
room maintains low temperature and low humidity inside the room.
• The cool air inside the room absorbs the heat and also the moisture and
so its temperature and moisture content becomes high. This air is again
sucked by the blower and the cycle repeats. Some outside air also gets
mixed with this room air. Since this air is sent back to the blower, it is also
called as the return room air. In this way the cycle ofBGSSAP
the air or theSERVICES
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air keeps on repeating.
Hot air cycle
• The hot air cycle includes the atmospheric air that is used for cooling the condenser. The condenser of the window air
conditioner is exposed to the external atmosphere.
• The propeller fan located behind the condenser sucks the atmospheric at high temperature and it blows the air over the
condenser.
• The refrigerant inside the condenser is at very high temperature and it has to be cooled to produce the desired cooling effect.
• When the atmospheric air passes over the condenser, it absorbs the heat from the refrigerant and its temperature increases.
The atmospheric air is already at high temperature and after absorbing the condenser heat, its temperature becomes even
higher. Since the temperature of this air is very high, this is called as hot air cycle.
• The refrigerant after getting cooled enters the expansion valve and then the evaporator. On the other had, the hot mixes with
the atmosphere and then the fresh atmospheric air is absorbed by the propeller fan and blown over the condenser. This cycle
of the hot air continues.

Air filter
• The filter is a very important part of the AC since it cleans the air before it enters the room. For proper functioning of the filter
it is very important to clean it every two weeks.

• Setting the room temperature with the Thermostat.

• The temperature inside the room can be set by using the thermostat knob or the remote control.
• When the desired temperature is attained inside the room, the thermostat stops the compressor of the AC.
• After some time when the temperature of the air becomes higher again, the thermostat restarts the compressor to produce
the cooling effect.
• One should set the thermostat at the required temperature and not keep it at very low temperature to avoid high electricity
bills.
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Split AC
• These are kit of 2 units, one internal and another external.
• The indoor unit installed inside a room intakes warm air and throws
in cold air.
• The outdoor unit on the other hand is installed out of the house. It
contains the compressor and is linked to the internal unit via drain
pipes and electric cables.
• This external units throw out the warm air.
• Spilt air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, usually is
places where window air conditioners cannot be installed.
However, these days many people prefer split air conditioner units
even for places where window air conditioners can be fitted.
• The split air conditioner takes up a very small space of your room,
looks aesthetically cool and makes very little noise.

Advantages
• Internals unit takes up less space for installation
• Usually more silent than window Acs
• Minimally affect your home décor.
• Can be installed in room with no windows.

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There are two main parts of the split air conditioner. These are:
Outdoor unit:
• This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor, condenser
coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing.
• This unit is installed outside the room or office space which is to be cooled.
• The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the air conditioner, and since in the spilt
air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major source of noise is eliminated.
• In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling the
compressed Freon gas in it.
• This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure, low
temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.

Indoor Unit:
• It is indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office.
• This is a tall unit usually white in color, though these days a number of stylish models of the
indoor unit are being launched.
• The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower nd the filter.
• After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil.
• The blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the cooling
coil.
• As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically and also loses the excess
moisture.
• The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable conditions of around 25 – 27
degree Celsius as per the requirement. BGSSAP - BUILDING SERVICES III 29
Types of split AC Floor mounted/ tower AC/ Vertical AC
• Wall mounted • These are known as floor standing air
• Floor mounted/tower AC conditioners.
• Ceiling mounted/ Cassette AC • Like split AC, a tower AC set consists of 2
• Multi split Acs units – one internal and an external.
• However, the indoor unit doesn’t need wall
installation. It rather occupies some space on
Wall mounted
the floor.
• Wall mounted split Acs are the most • Tower air conditioners usually have high
popular.
cooling capacity and suitable for very large
• The indoor unit is placed in the room
and duct cannot be concealed. rooms.
• It is generally for small rooms which can • These are useful in rooms where you cannot
be cooled uniformly easily. mount the AC on to wall.
• These are generally more expansive than wall
mounted AC’s and hence less popular for
homes.

Advantages
• Suitable for high capacity cooling
• Ideal for large rooms at home and in offices.
• Doesn’t need windows or wall installation.

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Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
• These space – saving AC’s are shaped like cassettes and are
designed to be installed on ceilings.
• The panel of these air conditioners is designed to blend with all
kinds of home décor.
• They are stylish, and are know to deliver fantastic performances.
• Most cassette type AC require no ducting.
• They are perfect for large spaces where windows or split AC may
not reach out.
• They look aesthetically beautiful as the unit is concealed. However
this needs a false ceiling.
• The price for this type of AC is higher than wall mounted or floor
mounted split ACs.
• These are also known as concealed Acs.

Advantages
• Best at saving space
• Able to cool large areas where other Acs don’t reach out
• Blends with décor.
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• Multi split Acs
• They are the Multi Split Acs connected to one outdoor unit.
• The indoor units can be used individually or the same time as needed if this is supported. If both the units are used
then the capacity will be divided.
• The fan and condenser of the outdoor unit will be controlled based on the signals from the indoor units.
• This primary saves cost as instead of 2 split Acs you can use this type of AC.

• Advantages
• Saves installation spaces
• Can be used individually or simultaneously
• Independent control
• Compact design
• Good EER (Energy Efficiency of Room )
• Saves on running costs

• Disadvantages
• Expensive compared to a single unit split AC
• Limited range of capacities and models.
• More prone to leakage as number of indoor units increases.

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Central Air Conditioning System
• Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theaters etc
• If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very
expensive.
• A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundred of toms of air
conditioning.
• Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces etc. is usually only feasible with central conditioning units.
• Central air conditioner unit is an energy moving or converted machines that are designed to cool or heat the entire house.
• It does not create heat or cool. It just removes heat from one are, where it is undesirable, to an area where it is less significant.
• Central air conditions had a centralized duct system.
• It uses Ac refrigerant (Freon) as a substance to absorb the heat to outdoor condenser coils or vise verse.
• The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in the place where whole large buildings, shopping mall,
airport, hotel, etc. comprising of several floors are to be air conditioned.
• While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants, refrigerant is directly used to cool the room air, in the
chilled water plants the refrigerant first chills the water, which in turn chills the room air.
• In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution is chilled to very low temperature of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by
the refrigerant plant.
• This chilled water is pumped to various floors of the building and its different parts.
• In each of these parts the air handling units are installed, which comprise of the cooling coil, blower and the ducts. The chilled
water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs return air fro the air conditioned rooms that are to be cooled via the
ducts.
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 Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning

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Key Difference between “Window”, “Split” and a “cassette” air conditioners

AC Parameters Window AC Split AC Cassette AC

Suitable For Small rooms with a Any room with or Large indoor spaces
window sill without a window
Noise Relatively on the Minimal noise Silent operation
higher side
Capacity range 0.75 ton to 2 ton 0.8 to 2 ton 1 ton to 4 ton
Advanced features Humidity control, Humidity control, Humidity control,
dust filter dust filter, bacteria dust filter, bacteria
filter filter
Interference with Slight possibility to Designer indoor Barely interferes
home decor interfere with units blend well with interior decor
window curtains with wall decor
and drapes
Ease of installation Minimal effort Indoor units need Needs specialized
required some amount of false ceiling
effort for
installation
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Cooling capacity
The cooling capacity is the most important feature of an air conditioner, this primarily defines the price of the AC. Most air
conditioners are rated by tonnage. One tone is equal to 12,00BTU per hour. The cooling capacity needed depends on factors like:
• Size of the room: the cooling capacity required depends on the area of the room where the AC will be installed.
• Average ambient temperature: higher temperature of the air outside your house, higher is the cooling capacity needed.
• Number of people: the more the people that will be in the room, the higher will be the cooling capacity required.
• Exposure: Direct exposure of any wall of the room to sun leads to higher requirement in cooling capacity. Glass windows which
let sunlight inside the room also increases the need for cooling capacity.
• Proximity of your room of kitchen: if the room is close to the kitchen the cooling capacity needed would be higher due to
higher temperature of the kitchen.

Room size (Sq ft) Tonnage Capacity

Upto 90 sq ft 0.8 Ton
Up to 120 sq ft 1.0 Ton
Up to 180 sq ft 1.5 Ton
Up to 220 Sq ft 2.0 Ton
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Energy Efficiency
• Today’s best air conditioners use 30% to 50% less energy than 1970s
• Even if your air conditioner is only 10 years old, you may save 20% to 40% of your cooling energy costs by replacing it with a
newer, more efficient model.

Energy consumption
• Air conditioners are rated by the number of British thermal Units (BTU) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common
rating term for air conditioning size is the “ton”, which is 12,000 BTU per hour.
• Room air conditioners range from 5,500 BTU per hour to 14,000 BTU per hour.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio
• EER represents the amount of cooling an air conditioner can provide per watt of electricity it consumes.
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency rates air conditioners on its star rating based on EER of air conditioners.
• Higher the EER of air conditioner higher the star rating it will have.
• So a 5 star rater air conditioner provides more cooling per watt of electricity used.
• For central air conditioners, it is seasonal EER, or SEER.

Energy saving methods.

• Located the air conditioner in a window or wall area near the center of the room and on the shadiest side of the hours.
• Minimize air leakage by fitting the room air conditioner snugly into its opening and sealing gaps with a foam weather stripping
material.

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Some AC brands

Voltas

Samsung

Daikin

LG

Whirlpool

Vidiocon

bluestar

Hitachi

Haier

O general BGSSAP - BUILDING SERVICES III 38

• A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can
then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water)

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 Water cooled chiller Air cooled chiller

Installation recirculation problem in water-cooled no obstruction occurs to airflow

systems.

MAINTENANCE Water-cooled systems also have Air cooled heat rejection systems are
operation and maintenance issues; almost maintenance free.
although it mostly depends on the
quality of water used and surrounding
conditions.
OPERATING COST Maintenance cost is high Low maintenance cost
Chemical consumption yes no

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