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A Module On Conics

The document provides an introduction to conic sections, specifically circles. It defines a circle as all points equidistant from a fixed center point. The standard equation for a circle is given as (x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2, where (h,k) is the center and r is the radius. Examples are given of writing the equation of a circle given the center and radius. The process of sketching the graph of a circle from its equation is also demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Ana Marie Valenzuela
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

A Module On Conics

The document provides an introduction to conic sections, specifically circles. It defines a circle as all points equidistant from a fixed center point. The standard equation for a circle is given as (x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2, where (h,k) is the center and r is the radius. Examples are given of writing the equation of a circle given the center and radius. The process of sketching the graph of a circle from its equation is also demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Ana Marie Valenzuela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A MODULE ON CONICS

(Pre-Calculus, STEM STRAND)

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

CONIC SECTIONS
A conic section is the intersection of a plane and a cone. Observe the shape of the slice
that results. The angle at which the cone is sliced produces three different types of conics
sections.

There are three basic conics sections: parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas. Note that
circles are a special type of an ellipse.

LESSON 1- CIRCLES

Definition
A circle is consist of all points on the plane equidistant from a fixed point called the
center. The distance from the center to any point on the circle is constant and is called the
radius of the circle.

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON


Slope of the line
Given line ℓ containing two distinct points 𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2)
where 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2, then the slope 𝑚 of line ℓ is computed as
𝑚ℓ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= 𝑥 −𝑥
2 1
Distance Formula
The distance between two points 𝑃1(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and 𝑃2(𝑥2, 𝑦2), on an 𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 is given as

𝑑 = √ (x 2−x 1) 2+( y 2− y 1)2

Midpoint Formula

x 2+ x 1
x=
2

y 2+ y 1
y=
2
Finding the Equation of a Circle
The distance formula can be used to find the equation of a circle with radius 𝑟. If the
radius 𝑟 has endpoints (ℎ, 𝑘) and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), then

𝑟 = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 . Square both sides of the equation, to get


(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2. This is the standard form of the equation of the circle.

Equation of a Circle Centered at (0, 0)


In the standard form of equation of a circle, (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2, if ℎ = 0 and 𝑘 = 0, then
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐.

EXAMPLE 1
Write the equation of a circle in standard form with radius 3 and center at (0,0).
SOLUTION
Using the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 and 𝑟 = 3,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗
EXAMPLE 2
Write the equation of a circle in standard form with radius 5 and center at (0,0).
SOLUTION
Since the circle is centered at the origin and 𝑟 = 5, the standard equation of the circle is:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓

Exercises 1
Write the equation of a circle given the center and radius.
1. Center (0, 0) and radius = 12
2. Center (0, 0) and radius = √5
3. Center (0, 0) and radius = 1.5

Circles with Center Not at the Origin


EXAMPLE 3
Write the equation of a circle centered at (3, −5) and with radius 6.
SOLUTION
Substitute ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6 in the standard equation of a circle.
(𝑥 − 3)2 + [𝑦 − (−5)]2 = 62
Simplify.
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
EXAMPLE 4
Write the equation of a circle centered at (−1, −4) and with radius √7.
SOLUTION
Substitute ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6 in the standard equation of a circle.
2
[𝑥 − (−1)]2 + [𝑦 − (−4)]2 = (√7)

Simplify.

(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟕

Write the corresponding letter opposite each equation to form the magic word.

(-11, -1), r=12 (-1, 3), r=2 (-1, 13), r=2 (0, 5), r=6

G R Z M

(9, 0), r=9 (3, 5), r=11 (7, 3), r=√7 (0, 0), r=√11

N A
I A

(0, 9), r=9 (-3, -5), r=11


T E

1. (x − 3) + (y − 5)𝟐 = 121
2. x𝟐 + (y − 5)𝟐 = 36
3. x𝟐 + y𝟐 = 11
4. (x + 1) + (y − 13)𝟐 = 4
5. (x − 9) + y𝟐 = 81
6. (x − 7) + (y − 3)𝟐 = 7
7. (x + 11) + (y + 1)𝟐 = 144

REMEMBER
Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle

The standard form for the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r is

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐.

The standard form for the equation of a circle with center the origin, (0, 0) and radius r is

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐.
Conversely, the graph of an equation in this form is a circle with center (h, k) and radius r.
The General Form of the Equation of a Circle

The general form of the equation of the circle is:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎, where 𝐴 ≠ 0 , and D, E, and F areconstants.

General Form To Standard Form

Step 1:
Group the terms with same variables.

Step 2:
Move the constant terms to the right side of the equation.

Step 3:
Create two perfect square trinomials by applying the method of completing aquares. Whatever
terms you add to the left side, add them also to the right side to keep the equation true.

Step 4:
Simplify both sides of the equation.

Step 5:
Express the perfect square trinomials as square of Binomials to make the equation in standard
form.

Standard form to General form

Step 1:
Square the two binomials

Step 2:
Place all the terms to the left side of the equation.

Step 3:
Simplifying the equation by combining all like terms

Step 4:
Follow the general form : 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Sketching the Graph of a Circle
EXAMPLE 7
Sketch the graph of a circle with radius 3 and center at (0,0).
SOLUTION
Let C to represent the center of the circle at (0, 0), from point C move 3 units up, down, to the
left and to the right. The graph of the circle is shown below.

PROBLEM SOLVING AND APPLICATIONS


1. Find the standard equation of the circle whose diameter has endpoints
(−5,3) and (7,11).
2. Find the equation of the circle whose center is (5, −2), the midpoint of the
segment joining the center and one of the points on the circle is (−2, 1),

Find the equation of each circle given the ff. information. Express
your answer in standard form.

1) center is at (2,-3) and passing through points (-4,-5).


2) center is at (8,0) and passing through the origin.
3) radius of 2√5 units with its center at (-7,6).
4) diameter of 24 cm long and the center is at (-12,3)
5) ends of diameter (-4,-5) and (3,7)
6) ends of diameter (8,2) and (-1,-2)
7) center (4,-3) and touching the y-axis
8) center (6, 5) and touching the x-axis
9) radius 3√5 and concentric with (x-2)^2 + (y+3)^2 = 2

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