1 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Gravimetric Method of Analysis – deals with the measurement of the mass of a 0.3181 g. Calculate the percentage of chloride and iodide in the sample. Ans. 4.72% Cl-
substance that is chemically related to the analyte. and 27.05%% I-.

Basic Steps on Precipitation Method Volumetric Methods of Analysis – measures the volume of solution necessary to react
1. Sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent. completely with the analyte
2. A precipitant is used to convert the analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate.
3. The precipitate is converted into a product of known composition by a suitable Standard Solution – solution of known concentration
heat treatment. Standardization – process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution
4. The percentage of the analyte in the sample is calculated using the gravimetric Primary standard – a substance of high purity
factor (GF):
Characteristics of a Good Primary Standard
wt . of precipitate × GF
%analyte ∈the sample= ×100 % 1. High purity and high equivalent weight
wt . of sample
2. Stable towards air, high temperature and humidity
molar mass of analyte x analyte 3. Soluble in water
GF = × 4. Readily available and fairly inexpensive
molar mass of precipitate y precipitate
Conditions for Volumetric Analysis
Ex. The aluminum in a 759.08 mg of impure aluminum sulfate sample was precipitated 1. The reaction must be rapid and can be represented by a simple balanced
as Al(OH)3 and ignited at 1100°C to yield a precipitate of Al 2O3 weighing 387.953 mg. equation.
Express the result of analysis in terms of %Al. 2. The reaction is complete and no side reaction occurs.
a. 27.05% b. 13.53% c. 18.67% d. 23.29% 3. An appropriate indicator must be available in order to detect the end point of
the reaction
Ex. What weight of an impure NaCl sample must be taken for analysis so that the weight
of AgCl precipitate obtained in mg will be equal to the %Cl in the sample? Types of Titration
a. 19.76 mg b. 12.66 mg c. 24.73 mg d. 4.04 mg 1. Direct Titration – the analyte reacts with the standard solution directly
2. Back Titration – an excess standard solution is added and the excess is
Ex. A sample containing NaBr and KBr only weighs 253.02 mg. The sample was dissolved determined by the addition of another standard solution
in water and treated with excess AgNO3. The precipitate formed was found to weigh 3. Replacement Titration – the analyte is converted to a product chemically related
429.85 mg. Calculate the %NaBr in the sample. to it and the product of such reaction is titrated with a standard solution
a. 45% b. 55% c. 49% d. 51%
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUMETRIC METHODS
Ex. A 0.6407-g sample containing chloride and iodide ions gave a silver halide precipitate
weighing 0.4430 g. This precipitate was then strongly heated in a stream of Cl 2 gas to There are four general classes of volumetric or titrimetric methods.
convert the AgI to AgCl; on completion of this treatment, the precipitate weighed

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2 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Acid-Base. Many compounds, both inorganic and organic, are either acids or bases and 1
Weak Bases: pH = 14 + log[KbCbase] when Cbase/Kb >> 1000
can be titrated with a standard solution of a strong base or a strong acid. The end points 2
of these titrations are easy to detect, either by means of an indicator of by following the At 25°C . . . pH + pOH = 14
change in pH with a pH meter. The acidity and basicity of many inorganic acids and
bases can be enhanced by titrating in a nonaqueous solvent. The result is a sharper end Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-3 M HCl
point, and weaker acids and bases can be titrated in this manner. Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-8 M HCl
Ex. A 0.03 M HClO2 solution is 10.0% ionized. Calculate Ka.
Acid-Base Titration Ex. Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5 .Calculate the % ionization and the [OH-] in a 0.05 M solution.
Concepts of Acids and Bases Ex. What is the pH of a 0.003 M HNO2 solution that is 15% ionized?
LEWIS BRONSTED-LOWRY ARRHENIUS Ex. Ka for HC2H3O2 is 1.75 x 10-5. What is the pH of a 0.003 M solution?
ACID Electron-pair acceptor Proton donor Produces *H3O+ in Ex. Calculate the pH of a 0.08 M NH3 solution. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
solution
BASE Electron-pair donor Proton acceptor Produces **HO- in Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL was used to titrate 0.2615 gram
solution of primary standard KHP.
*hydronium ion, protonated water or solvated proton a. 0.1045 M b. 0.1354 M c. 0.2509 M d. 0.1697 M
**hydroxide ion
Strength of Acids and Bases Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 grams of KHP, the analyst uses
Ionization Reaction – reaction involving formation of ions 35.50 mL of the alkali and has to run back with 8.25 mL of acid ( 1mL=10.75 mg NaOH).
Strong Acids/Bases – completely ionized in solution What is the molarity of the NaOH solution? a. 0.2118 M b. 0.2044 M c. 0.7831 M
HCl + H2O → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) d. 0.2598 M
NaOH + H2O → Na+(aq) + HO-(aq)
Weak Acids/Bases – partially ionized in solution Common Ion Effect
HF + H2O ↔ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq) *is the shift of equilibrium caused by the addition of a compound having an ion in
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+(aq) + HO-(aq) common with the dissolved substance
*reduction in the ionization of the weak electrolyte
Autoprotolysis of Water
H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+(aq) + HO-(aq) KW = 1x10-14 at 25°C Ex. Calculate the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC2H3O2 solution. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Strong Acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4 (only on the first ionization) Ex. What is the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC2H3O2 which contains 0.001 M NaC2H3O2?
Strong Bases: Bases of Group IA and 2A Hydrolysis of Salts
Weak Acids: HF, HCN, H2SO3, H3PO4 and organic acids Acid and base reacts to form salt and water. As a general rule, salts coming from weak
Weak Bases: Ammonia and derivatives acids or weak bases hydrolyze in water, that is, only the strong conjugate hydrolyzes in
Calculation of pH water. An acidic salt is formed from the reaction of a strong acid and weak base. A basic
Strong Acids: pH = -log[Cacid] salt results from the reaction of a strong base and weak acid. Thus, a neutral salt is a
Strong Bases: pH = 14 + log[nHO-Cbase] product of the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base.
1
Weak Acids: pH = - log[KaCacid] when Cacid/Ka >> 1000 Hydrolysis Reaction of Salts
2

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3 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Acidic Salt: NH4Cl Primary Standards for Bases

NH4+ + H2O ↔ H3O+ + NH3 KH = KW/ K NH 3
1. Benzoic Acid, C6H5COOH
Basic Salt: NaCN 2. Oxalic Acid, H2C2O4∙2H2O
CN- + H2O ↔ HO- + HCN KH = KW/ K HCN 3. Potassium Biiodate, KH(IO3)2
4. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP), C6H4(COOH)(COOK)
5. Sulfamic Acid (HSO3NH2)
pH of Salts
1 C salt
Acidic Salt: pH = 7 -
2 [ ]
log
Kb
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000 Primary Standards for Acids
1. Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
2. Mercuric oxide, HgO
C salt 3. Sodium Carbonate, Na2CO3
1
Basic Salt: = 7 +
2 [ ]
log
Ka
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000 4. Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM), (CH2OH)3CNH2

Indicators for Acid-Base Titration

Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 25 mL of 0.1 M HCl and 15 1. Bromocresol Green
mL of 0.1 M NaOH?  pH Transition Range: 3.8-5.4
a. 1.40 b. 1.60 c. 1.00 d. 0.4  changes from yellow to blue
 pKa = 4.66
Ex. What is the pH of 0.256 M NH4Cl? Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5?
a. 9.49 b. 11.0 c. 11.36 d. 4.92 2. Bromothymol Blue
 pH Transition Range: 6.2-7.6
Buffer Solutions  changes from yellow to blue
Solutions that contains weak acid or weak base and its conjugate salt. These solutions  pKa = 7.10
tend to resist changes in pH.

pH of a Buffer Solution 3. Methyl Red

 pH Transition Range: 4.2 – 6.3
[ acidic component ]  changes from red to yellow
pH= pKa−log , Henderson−Hasslebalch Equ ation  pKa = 5.00
[ basic component ]
If Kb is given . . . 4. Methyl Orange
 pH Transition Range: 3.1 – 4.4
 changes from orange to yellow
[ acidic component ]
pH=14− p K b−log  pKa = 3.46
[ basic component ]
5. Phenolphthalein

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4 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

 pH Transition Range: 8.3 – 10.0 NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

 changes from colorless to pink The excess HCl is determined using a standard NaOH solution
 pKa = 9.00 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
2. Ammonia distilled is collected in a boric acid solution. . .
Ex. What mass in grams of NaC2H3O2 must be dissolved with 500 mL of 0.100 M acetic NH3 + H3BO3 → NH4+ + H2BO3-2
acid to make 2L of buffer solution of pH = 5? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 Titrate the H3BO3-NH3 solution with standard acid. . .
a. 2.28 g b. 7.19 g c. 7.38 g d. 2.12 H2BO3-2 + H3O+ → H3BO3 + H2O
Percentage Protein in the sample
Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by mixing 5 mL of 0.2178 M HCl and 15 %protein =%N * f = 5.70 (cereals)
mL of 0.1156 M NH3? Kb = 1.8 x 10-5? = 6.25 (meat products)
a. 9.49 b. 11.00 c. 9.02 d. 12.74 = 6.38 (dairy products)

Ex. What volume of 0.200 M HCl must be added to 80 mL of 0.150 M NH 3 to produce a Ex. A 758-mg sample of full cream milk was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method; 38.61 mL
2L buffer solution with a pH of 8.00? Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5 of 0.1078 M HCl were required to titrate the liberated ammonia. Calculate the % N in
a. 3.2 mL b. 9.6 mL c. 28.8 mL d. 56.8 mL the sample.
a. 12.04% b. 7.69% c. 15.59% d. 10.93%
Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL was used to titrate 0.2615 gram
of primary standard KHP. Ex. A 5.8734-gram sample beef was analyzed for its N content and the liberated NH 3 was
a. 0.1045 b. 0.1354 c. 0.2509 d. 0.1697 collected in a 50.00 mL of 0.4691 M HCl and a 12.55 mL back titration with 0.0256 M
NaOH was required. Calculate the percentage protein in the beef sample.
Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 gram of KHP, the analyst uses a. 17.32% b. 5.54% c. 34.64% d. 11.08%
35.50 mL of the alkali and has to run back with 8.25 ml of acid (1mL = 10.75 mg NaOH).
What is the molarity of the NaOH solution? Ex. A 2060 mg sample of flour was taken through a Kjeldahl procedure and the
a. 0.2118 b. 0.2044 c. 0.7831 d. 0.2598 ammonium produced was distilled into 100 mL of 0.1006 M H 3BO3 solution. If this
solution required 34.7 mL of 0.174 M HCl for titration to methyl red end point, what is
Applications of Acid-Base Titration
the percentage of protein in flour? Use 5.70 for flour. Ans. 23.89%
1. Kjeldahl Method (Determination of Organic Nitrogen)
2. Double Indicator Method (Mixture of Bases)
Step 1. Digestion
Ex. A sample that may contain NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, and inert matter alone or in
The sample is oxidized in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 and turns black. . .
Step 2. Distillation compatible combination is titrated with 0.1000 N HCl with phenolphthalein as the
The oxidized solution is cooled and then treated with NaOH to liberate ammonia gas: indicator and the solution became colorless after the addition of 48.8 mL. Methyl
NH4+ + HO- → NH3(g) + H2O orange is then added and 14.55 mL more of the acid are needed for the color change. If
Step 3. Titration the sample weighs 2.345 grams, it contains
1. Using an excess amount of HCl. . . a. 5.842% NaHCO3 and 6.577% Na2CO3

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5 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

b. 6.577% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH

c. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaHCO3 Ex. What is the molar concentration of AgNO3 solution standardized against 712 mg
d. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH primary standard NaCl (58.45 g/mol) requiring 23.8 mL of the solution for titration?
a.0.5027 M b. 0.5118 M c. 0.5263 M d. 0.5329 M
Ex. A sample consisting of Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and inert matter weighs 1.179 grams. It is
titrated with 0.100 N HCl with phenolphthalein as the indicator, and the solution Ex. A 1.500-gram sample of impure AlCl 3 was dissolved in water and treated with 45.32
became colorless after the addition of 24.00 mL. Another duplicate sample was titrated mL of 0.1000 M AgNO3 using Mohr method. Determine its purity as %AlCl3 (133.33)
with HCl using methyl orange as indicator. It required 50.25 mL of the acid for the color a. 40.28% b. 13.43% c. 4.48% d. 27.36%
change. What is the percentage of NaHCO3 in the sample?
a. 1.60% b. 5.17% c. 12.56% d. 21.58% b. Formation of colored complexion
Volhard Method (Jacob Volhard, Germany, 1874)
Precipitation. In the case of precipitation, the titrant forms an insoluble product with Direct method for silver - Indirect method for halides
the analyte. An example is the titration of chloride ion with silver nitrate solution to Titrant: Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN
form silver chloride precipitate. Again, indicators can be used to detect the end point, or Direct Titration Reaction: Ag+ + SCN-1 → AgSCN(s) white
potential of the solution can be monitored electrically. Indirect Titration Reaction: Ag+(excess) + Cl-1 → AgCl(s) white
Ag+ + SCN-1 → AgSCN(s) white
One of the oldest analytical techniques that started in the mid-1800’s. Silver nitrate Indicator: ferric alum
(AgNO3) is commonly employed in such technique. Titration with AgNO 3 is often termed Indicator Reaction: Fe+3 + SCN-1 → Fe(SCN)+2 red
as argentometric titration.
Titration is carried out in acidic condition to hasten precipitation of ferric ion to its
Indicators in Precipitimetry hydrated oxide form.
The equivalence point can be observed by the following:
Ex. Chloride in a brine solution is determined by the volhard method. A 10.00-mL aliquot
of the solution is treated with 15.00 mL of standard 0.1182 M AgNO 3 solution. The
a. Formation of a colored secondary precipitate excess silver is titrated with standard 0.101 M KSCN solution, requiring 2.38 mL to reach
Mohr Method (K.F. Mohr, Germany, 1865) the red Fe(SCN)2+ end point. Calculate the concentration of chloride in the brine
Direct Method for halides and cyanides solution, in g/L. Ans. 5.434 g/L
Titrant: Silver Nitrate, AgNO3
Titration Reaction: Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl(s) white Ex. A mixture of LiBr and BaBr2 weighing 800 mg is treated 50.00 mL of 0.1879 M AgNO 3
Indicator: sodium chromate, Na2CrO4 and the excess is found to require 8.76 mL of 0.3719 M KSCN for back titration, using
Indicator Reaction: 2Ag+ + CrO42- → Ag2CrO4(s) red ferric alum as indicator. What is the percentage of BaBr2 in the sample?
Primary Standard for AgNO3: NaCl a. 67.95% b. 32.05% c. 35.62% d. 64.38%

Titration is carried out between pH of 7-10. Usually, a low concentration of chromate is c. Formation of a colored adsorption complex
desired to detect the endpoint clearly since a chromate ion imparts an intense yellow Fajans Method (K. Fajans, Poland, 1874)
color. Titrant: Silver nitrate, AgNO3

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6 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Titration Reaction: Ag+ + Cl-1 → AgCl(s) white

Indicator: dichlorofluorescein, best for determination of halides and cyanides Ex. Aluminum is determined by titrating with EDTA:
End point: color change from yellow to pink Al3+ + H2Y2-→ AlY- + 2H+
A 1.00 g sample requires 20.5 mL EDTA for titration. The EDTA was standardized by
Titration is carried out between pH of 4-7. Dextrin is added to prevent excessive titrating 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M CaCl 2 solution, requiring 30.0 mL EDTA. Calculate the
coagulation of the AgCl precipitate. percent Al2O3 in the sample. Ans. 8.71%

Complexometric. In complexometric titrations, the titrant is a reagent that forms a Ex. Chromium(III) is slow to react with EDTA (H 4Y) and is therefore determined by back-
water- soluble complex with the analyte, a metal ion. The titrant is often a chelating titration. A pharmaceutical preparation containing chromium (III) is analyzed by treating
agent (a type of complexing agent that contains two or more groups capable of a 2.63-g sample with 5.00 mL of 0.0103 M EDTA. Following reaction, the unreacted
complexing with a metal ion). The reverse titration may be carried out also. EDTA is back- titrated with 1.32 mL of 0.0122 M zinc solution. What is the percent
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most useful chelating agents used chromium chloride in the pharmaceutical preparation. Ans. 0.221%
for titration. It will react with a large number elements , and the reactions can be
controlled by adjustment of pH. Indicators can be used to form a highly colored complex A masking agent is a complexing agent that reacts selectively with a component in a
with the metal ion. solution to prevent that component from interfering in a determination.

b. Titration with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Ex. A 1.509-g sample of a Pb/Cd alloy was dissolved in acid and diluted to exactly 250.0
The structure suggests six potential sites (hexadentate) for metal bonding: the four mL in a volumetric flask. A 50.00-mL aliquot of the diluted solution was brought to a pH
carboxyl groups and two amino groups. Commercially, the free acid and the dehydrate of 10.0 with an NH4+/NH3 buffer; the subsequent titration involved both cations and
are available. Solutions of EDTA combines with any metal ions in a 1:1 ratio. The required 28.89 mL of 0.06950 M EDTA. A second 50.00 mL aliquot was brought to a pH
indicator used for titration is the Eriochrome Black T®. For metal ion in detections, it is of 10.0 with an HCN/NaCN buffer, which also served to mask the Cd 2+; 11.56 mL of the
necessary to adjust the pH to 7 or above so that the blue form predominates in the EDTA solution were needed to titrate the Pb 2. Calculate the percent Pb and Cd in the
absence of a metal cation. Generally, metal complexes with EDTA are red as H 2In-1. sample. Ans. 55.16% Pb and 44.86% Cd
When an excess EDTA is added, the solution turns blue according to the reaction:
MIn-1 + HY-3 → HIn-2 + MY-2 a. Determination of Cyanide by the Liebig Method
wine red royal blue The titration is carried by the drop wise addition of AgNO 3 in a solution of a
cyanide forming a soluble cyanide complex of silver: 2CN - + Ag+ → Ag(CN)2-1. The
Ex. What volume of 0.0305 M EDTA is needed to titrate the Ca in 178.56 mg of CaCO3? endpoint of the titration is the formation of a permanent faint turbidity: Ag(CN) 2-1 + Ag+
a.58.54 mL b. 29.27 mL c. 43.91 mL d. 14.64 mL →Ag[Ag(CN2)](s)
Ex. An EDTA solution prepared from its disodium salt was standardized using 506.3 mg Ex. A 500-mg sample containing NaCN required 23.50 mL of 0.1255 M AgNO 3 to obtain a
of primary standard CaCO3 and consumed 28.50 mL of the solution. The standard permanent turbidity. Express the result of this analysis as % CN-.
solution was used to determine the hardness of a 2-L sample mineral water, which a. 15.34% b. 23.01% c. 17.25% d. 30.67%
required 35.57 mL EDTA solution. Express the analysis in terms of ppm CaCO3.
a.89 ppm b. 316 ppm c. 158 ppm d. 269 ppm b. Determination of Nickel

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7 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

An ammoniacal solution of nickel is treated with a measured excess of standard As2O3 4

cyanide solution and the excess of standard AgNO3 solution according to the reactions: H2O2 2
Addition of Excess Cyanide: Ni(NH3)6+3 + 4CN-1 +6H2O → Ni(CN)4-1 +6NH4OH Cu+ 1
Back Titration with Ag+: 2CN-1 + Ag+ → Ag(CN)2-1
Endpoint: Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+ → Ag[Ag(CN)2](s) Ex. What is the molarity of a KMnO 4 solution standardized against 1.356 gram Na 2C2O4
(134 g/mol) requiring 25.1 mL of the solution in acidic medium?
Ex. A 750.25-mg of alloy nickel was dissolved and treated to remove the impurities. The a)0.161 M b. 0.403 M c. 1.008 M d. 0.856 M
ammoniacal solution was treated with 50 mL of 0.1075 M KCN and the excess cyanide
required 2.25 mL of 0.00925 M AgNO3. Determine %Ni in the alloy. Ex. The percentage of MnO2 in a 500 mg sample which after the addition of 80.00 mL of
a. 20.86% b. 37.69% c.10.43% d. 41.27% 0.1056 M FeSO4 solution required 8.50 mL of 0.0867 M K2Cr2O7 is
a)33.52% b. 35.00% c. 17.50% d. 67.04%
Reduction-Oxidation. These “redox” titrations involve the titration of an oxidizing agent
with a reducing agent, or vice versa. An oxidizing agent gains electrons and a reducing Ex. A 240-mg sample of pyrolusite was treated with excess KI. The iodine liberated
agent loses electrons in a reaction between them. There must be a sufficiently large required 46.24 mL of 0.1105 M Na2S2O3 solution. Calculate the % MnO2 in the sample.
difference between the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of these agents for the a)46.27% b. 30.85% c. 92.54% d. 76.12%
reaction to go to completion and give a sharp end point; that is, one should be a fairly
strong oxidizing agent (strong tendency to gain electrons) and the other a fairly strong Ex. A sample of iron ore weighing 385.6 mg was dissolved in acid and passed through a
reducing agent (strong tendency to lose electrons). You can use appropriate indicators Jones redactor. If the resulting solution required 52.36 mL of 0.01436 M K 2Cr2O7 for
for these titrations, or you may employ various electrometric means to detect the end titration, calculate % Fe3O4 (231.55 g/mol) in the ore sample.
point. a)15.05% b. 45.15% c. 90.30% d. 67.98%

Combining Ratio, also (f) Ex. A 0.200-g sample of pyrolusite is analyzed for manganese content as follows. Add
OXIDANT 50.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate to reduce the MnO 2 to
KMnO4 (a) 5 Mn+2. After reduction is complete, the excess ferrous ion is titrated in acid solution with
KMnO4 (b,n) 3 0.0200 M KMnO4, requiring 15.0 mL. Calculate the percent manganese in the sample as
K2Cr2O7 6 Mn3O4 (only part or none of the manganese may exist in this form, but we can make the
I2 2 calculations on the assumption that it does). Ans. 66.74%
MnO2 2
Ex. A hydrogen peroxide solution is analyzed by adding a slight excess of standard
REDUCTANT KMnO4 solution and back-titrating the unreacted KMnO 4 with standard Fe+2 solution. A
Na2C2O4 (C2O4-2) 2 0.587-g sample of the H2O2 solution is taken, 25.0 mL of 0.0215 M KMnO 4 is added, and
FeSO4 (Fe+2) 1 the back-titration requires 5.10 mL of 0.112 M Fe 2+ solution. What is the percent H2O2 in
Na2S2O3 1 the sample? Ans. 6.13%
KI 1
Ex. A sample of a pyrolusite weighs 0.5000 g. To this is added 0.6674 g of As 2O3 and
Fe metal 2
dilute acid. After solvent action has ceased, the excess three-valent arsenic is titrated

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8 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

with 45.00 mL of 0.1000 N KMnO4. Calculate the oxidizing power of the pyrolusite in
terms of percentage MnO2. Ans. 78.19%

By: JACY/200510286