HYDARULIC STRUCTURES-II (G5-C) RIVER TRAINING WORKS

3. RIVER TRAINING WORKS

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HYDARULIC STRUCTURES-II (G5-C) RIVER TRAINING WORKS

River training in its wider aspects (2) Low water training or

covers all those engineering works, Training for depth
which are constructed on river so as (3) Mean water training or
to guide and confine the flow to the Training fro sediment.
river channel and to control and (1) High water training or
regulate the river bed configuration Training for discharge. High
ensuring safe and effective disposal water training is undertaken
of floods and sediment loads with the primary purpose of
stabilizing and training the river flood control. It, therefore,
along a certain alignment with a aims at providing sufficient
suitable water way is therefore the river cross- section for the
first and foremost aim of river safe passage of maximum
training. flood and is concerned with
making the adjoining are
3.1 Objectives: flood – proof by
The River training works may serve construction of dykes or
the following objectives or levees etc
advantages: (2) Low water training or
(i)To prevent the river from Training for depth. Low
changing its course and to water is undertaken with the
avoid outflanking of primary purpose of
structures like bridges weirs providing sufficient water
aqueducts, etc. depth in navigable channels
(ii) To prevent flooding of the during low water periods it
surrounding countries by may be accomplished by
providing a safe passage for concentrating and enhancing
the flood waters with out the flow in the desired
overtopping the banks. channel by the process of
(iii) To protect the river banks bandalling by contracting
by deflecting the river away the width of the channel
from the attacked banks. with the help of groynes
(iv)To ensure effective disposal etc
of sediment load (3) Mean water training or for
(v) To provide minimum water sediment. Mean water
depth required for navigation training aims at efficient
disposal of suspended load
3.2 Classification: Depending up and bed load and thus to
on the purpose for which a river preserve the channel in good
training programme is shape. The maximum
undertaken the river training accretion capacity of a river
works may be classified in to the occurs in the vicinity of
following three categories: mean water or dominant
(1) High water training or discharge therefore the
Training for discharge change in the river bed are a

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attempted in accordance to impose any stability on such

with that stage of flood flow rivers. For example, bank
the mean water training is protection works undertaken on an
the most important type and aggrading river may either be
forms the basis on which destroyed by severe erosion or get
the former two are planned. buried under sediment deposition.
Soil conservation measures are the
3.3 Methods most effective measures to be
The chief aim of river training is to undertaken for controlling
achieve ultimate stability of the aggrading rivers, before taking up
river with the aid of river – training any river training works on such
measures. The stability of a river rivers. Similarly, the training works
does not mean that changes like undertaken on degrading rivers may
scouring and silting of bed fail due to scour and undermining
advancement of delta in to the sea, of foundations by bed scour.
etc will not take place. It only
means that the river attains The scouring tendency of degrading
equilibrium stage and no significant rivers must be controlled by
changes occurs in its alignment building cross-bars, weirs, etc.
slope regime etc the regime may before attempting any other river
change within a year but shows training works on such rivers.
little variation from year to year
except that the river may meander The following are the generally
within its khadirs (i.e. the extreme adopted methods for training rivers,
lines within which the river is ever including bar protection.
known to wander).
1. Marginal embankments or
It was discussed earlier that a river levees
adjusts its alignment, perimeter, 2. Guide banks
area, slope etc.; with respect to the 3. Groynes or Spurs.
discharge and sediment load, either 4. Artificial cut-offs
by aggrading, meandering or by 5. Pitching of banks and
degrading. It may be concluded that provision of launching
meandering type is the full and final aprons
development of an alluvial river. 6. Pitched islands
The other two types are the interim 7. Miscellaneous methods,
phases and are maintained so long such as Sills, Bandalling,
as the factors causing them remain etc.
operative. Aggrading rivers are,
therefore, equally amenable to river
training on account of their 1. Marginal
instability. River training work embankments or levees: -
undertaken on aggrading or Marginal embankments are general
degrading rivers may, therefore, fail earthen embankments, running

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parallel to the river, at some the embankment. The normal value

suitable distance from it. They may of usually adopted seepage gradient
be constructed on both sides of the varies between 4: 1 to 6: 1 (i.e. H:
river or only one side, for suitable V) depending up on character of the
river length, where the river is soil which may - necessitate river
passing through towns or cities or side slopes varying between 2: 1 to
any other places of importance. 5: 1, land side slopes between 2: 1
These embankment-walls, retain the to 7: 1, and top width between 2.5
flood water and thus, preventing it to 10 m. The top level of the levee
from spreading into the nearby should be decided by leaving a
lands and towns. A levee or a dyke sufficient freeboard varying
is mainly used for flood protection between 0.3 to 1.5 m above the
by controlling the river and not by high flood level.
training the river. The following levee sections for
The alignment of levees should different height are generally
follow the normal meandering adopted:
pattern of the river. The retirement
of the levees has to be governed by
technical as well as economical and
political considerations, because the
land falling within the levees is
either to be acquired by the
government or remains susceptible
to floods. The levees are many
times, pitched on the upstream side
(i.e. water side). Launching apron
may also be provided, if the bank or
levee is close to the main river
channel.

Design of levee Section: - Levees

are just like earthen dams with the
difference that they are very long,
come in operation discontinuously
and for a short time and have
limited possibilities for selection of
their alignment along favorable
geological strata. Figure: Typical sections of
levees for different heights.
Their sections should be designed
in such a way as to keep the Effects of levees on river bed: In
seepage gradient inside the body of order to assess the effects of dikes
the embankment by at least one or levees on rivers, we shall, first
meter from below the top surface of of all discuss the hydraulics of an

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undiked river during floods, and level of the river as well as that
then discuss the hydraulics of a of this enclosed area will
dirked river. increase, hence the land enclosed
between the dikes will appear to
During floods, water spills over be higher than the adjoining land
the natural banks of a river. The and this probably leads to the
velocity of this water will be false common man belief that the
reduced because it spreads over dikes cause ill- effect of raising
the adjoining land. Due to this the river-bed
reduction in velocity soil gets
deposited as the silt deposition On the other hand in an undiked
varies inversely with the velocity. river, the level of the entire land
In an undiked alluvial river, the will increase and there will not
flood water spreads over a vast appear any appreciable rising of
area, so that the velocity becomes the bed. Since the clear-cut
so small that almost the entire silt raising of the bed is not generally
gets deposited on the flood area visible on undiked rivers, people
and clear water flows back in to get misguide and they feel that
the main river as the flood there was no bed rise in undiked
recedes. rivers and become against diking
stating dikes cause the ill- effects
When the river is enclosed by of raising the bed although it is
dikes, the water spills over the not a correct statement.
natural banks of the river and will
spread in the area confined 2 Guide Banks.
between the river and the dikes. If an engineering structure such
Due to this, the velocity of flow as a weir or a barrage or a bridge
reduces and silt gets deposited. etc is constructed across a river,
But in fact this reduction in the river width is reduced and
velocity in a diked river is much trained in such a fashion as to
less the in an undiked river, ensure not only a safe and
because the spread area is less in a expeditious disposal of flood
diked river. Hence it can be water but also to ensure a
concluded that the silt deposition permanent reasonable width of
will be less in a diked river the water way for the river flow.
compared to that in an undiked It has already been discussed that
river. the alluvial rivers do shift their
courses. Now, if today, a
At the same time, it can also be structure such as a bridge is
concluded that in a diked river, constructed across the existing
silt will be deposited only in the river width the other day, the
confined fixed area (i.e. area river may shift and there may not
enclosed between dikes and be any river below the existing
river). And therefore, the bed river width, day, and the river

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may be found to be flowing away closed by ordinary embankments.

from it, necessitating the Sometimes, one of the guide banks
construction of another structure. may become unnecessary and may
This may lead to the extension of be dispensed with for economical
the structure for the entire river reasons. This may happen either
length between its khadirs. when the khadir bank is very near
the works – site thus serving the
But it is unwise and purpose of guide banks.
uneconomical to span the entire Plan section etc is shown below.
width of the river and to expose
the structure to vagaries of attack
and deep scour. Hence, a
structure such as a weir, or a
barrage, or a bridge, etc is
extended in a smaller width of
the river, and water is trained to
flow almost axially through this
without out-flanking the
structure. The river is normally
trained for this purpose with the
help of a pair of guide banks.

The guide banks are generally

provided in pairs, symmetrical in
plan and may either be kept
parallel or may diverge slightly
upstream of works. Symmetrical
and parallel guide banks are
usually adopted, unless, the local
conditions warrant otherwise.

Before the water enters in to the

trough formed between these two
guide banks, the flow may have to
be partially controlled and directed
with the help of marginal bunds or
by groynes or both. The guide Figure: Guide Bank Details
banks usually consist of two Before discussing the principle
heavily built embankments in the applied for designing the guide
river in the shape of a bell mouth banks, it shall be worthwhile to
(named after the name of its speak something about the selection
inventor- Mr. . Bell) The portion of of the works- site.
the river between the normal river
banks and the guide –banks is

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Selection of works-site- it is evident

that an engineering structure, such as Principle and Factors Governing the
a bridge or a weir should be spanned Design of guide Bunks
in that portion of the river where the
distance between the khadir banks is (I) Top level of guide banks: The top
minimum. This reduces the extent of level of guide banks is governed by
possible embayment at the back of HFL, Afflux, velocity head, and
the guide banks (discussed at little freeboard. It can be obtained by
later) and permits shorter guide adding all these four values
banks. Further on a meandering river  Afflux:
the river section at the bend is By afflux, we mean the rise in the
always wide and non- uniform deep high flood level of the river,
on the concave bank and shallow on upstream of the weir (or the bridge in
the convex. While the transition case of non- erodible soil) or barrage
reaches connecting two adjacent as a result of its construction. This
bends are narrower and uniform in rise in water level is maximum just
depth. Bridges should therefore, near the site of constriction and
preferably be built in these reduces as we go away from it,
transition reaches rather than on the upstream. The afflux extends for a
bends. long distance on the upstream side as
shown in figure below:
Further in case of bridges, the river
bed at the proposed bridge site
should consist of deep strata of
erodible land, so that after
construction the river may be able to
deepen the bed to gain an adequate
waterway. If the bed consists of stiff
clay etc the constriction can be done
only after due allowance is made for Figure: Afflux formation at
afflux, which may make it costlier. constriction
The amount of afflux, in case of
In case of weirs and barrages, the weirs or barrages founded on alluvial
usual practice is to construct the weir soils, is generally limited to 1 to 1.2
or the barrage, outside the main river m. or more commonly as 1.0 m in
channel in a minor creek which is steep reaches of the river with
dry in winter, and then to divert the boulder or rocky bed and in flashy
main river channel through it. At the river a higher value of flux has to be
weir site, the river width is taken. The bed erosion and afflux are
constricted. interlinked. In case a bridge is found
The meandering river upstream has on a river in which full bed scour
therefore, to be trained to flow develops before high floods a
between the two abutments of the negligible value of afflux may be
weir, without causing any damage. taken while in boulder beds and

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flashy rivers , the time for bed scour that regime conditions are disturbed
may not be adequate causing very after the construction of the weir and
high afflux. The amount of afflux above formula is not strictly
governs the top levels of the guide applicable. Most of the existing
banks as wells as that of the marginal weirs and bridges have been
buds. The distance to which the provided with a clear waterway from
afflux appreciable extends on the 10% to 50% more than that given by
upstream side governs the length and Lacey’s Regime perimeter.
sections of the marginal bunds.
(II) Shape of guide banks in plan:
 The Waterway and the As stated earlier, the guide banks are
Discharge per meter run generally provided in pairs,
The waterway is the actual width symmetrical in plan and may either
from which the water has to flow be kept parallel or may diverge
after river is constricted. Since this slightly upstream of the works. The
width is reduced at the works –site, diverging guide banks may be
the depth of water and hence, the favored on the ground that they
HFL will go up. The rise in this HFL cover larger with of the khadirs and
is nothing but afflux. The limit exert an attracting influence on the
placed on afflux automatically flow. But they are not recommended
placed a limit on the constriction or mainly because for equal bank
on the waterway, since the two are lengths they provide relatively less
interdependent. In addition to high protection to the approach
afflux, the insufficient water away embankment under the worst
will cause excessive velocities, possible embayment as shown in the
causing dangerously deep scour figure below.
along the guide banks at the bridge
piers, etc on the other hand too long
a bridge or weir may cause slack
velocities, causing formation of
shoals with consequent non- uniform
flow distribution and an oblique
flow.
A likely figure to be adopted for
waterway may be given by Lacey’s
Regime perimeter (P) , given by p =
4.75 Q ; ( because in larger Figure: extent of protection provided by
rivers ,width is approximately equal the straight and divergent guide banks
to its perimeter ) In case of a Moreover, the divergent banks
bridge ,obstruction caused by piers induce oblique flow and tend to from
should be accounted for, and the shoals in the center. However, in a
above equation should be taken to particular case, where the
represent the clear effective approaching flow is oblique it may
waterway . It should be remembered become necessary to provide

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divergent banks in order to keep the dimensions of guide banks is shown

flow active in adjacent spans. in figure below.

In a river which is likely to meander

on both sides it is absolutely
essential to make the banks
symmetrical in order to straighten
the current under all possible
conditions, thus, to ensure uniform
distribution of discharge and scour.
Symmetrical and parallel guide
banks are, hence, usually adopted
unless the local condition warrant
otherwise.
Figure: Gale’s Recommendation
(III) Length of the guide banks: for guide Banks
Spring and Gales have correlated the
length of guide bank with the length (IV) Radius of curved head of the
of structure between the abutments guide banks:
(L). According to spring, the length (a) Upstream curved portion: The
of the upstream part of the guide upstream curved portion of a guide
bank should be equal to 1.1 L or bank is called the impregnable head.
even longer if required to obviate the The radius of curvature of the
possibility of the river curving at the impregnable head should be
back and cutting into approach bank. sufficient enough so as not to cause
The length of the guide bank on the intense eddies due to the curved flow
downstream side should be between near it Greater the radius, flatter the
0. 1 L to 0.2 L curve, and lesser is the probability of
According to Gales, the upstream formation of eddies. For same river
length of the guide bank is 1.25 L for slope, coarser the bed material,
flow discharges up to 20,000 comics, shorter can be the radius depending
and 1.5 L for flood discharges more on the expected velocity. A safe
than 20,000 cumecs. The length of value for the radius (R) may be taken
the guide bank on the downstream equal to
side should be taken equal to 0.25 L. R= 0.45 L.
A convergence of 1 in 20 in the However, Spring suggested a value
former case and 1 in 40 in the letter of R equal to 180 to 250 meters for
case also been suggested by him . rivers having velocities between 2.4
His recommendations are based on to 3.1 m/sec, respectively.
assumptions that the structure is Gales, on the other hand suggested a
constructed well within the khadirs value of R= 250 meters for rivers
and is provided with two training having high flood discharge between
buds. Based on Gales 7,000 to 20, 000 cumecs (with
recommendation, the general layout sharper curves permissible for

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discharges less than 7,000 cumecs) may very from 1.5. H.: 1V to 2.5 H
and a value of R = 580meters for V, (but generally kept as 2 H: 1 V),
discharges varying from 40,000 to depending on the construction
70,000 cumecs . For intermediate materials and the height of the bund
discharges i.e. between 20,000 A freeboard of 1.2 to 1.5 m is
40,000 cumecs, the value of R may generally provided.
be obtained by interpolation. (VI) Slope pitching: The sloping
The upstream curve is extended to water side of the entire guide bund
subtend an angle of 1200 to 140 at its as well as the sloping rear side of
center, as shown in figure below. the curved portions are pitched with
one man stone ( i.e. a stone which
can be lifted by one person-
weighing 40 to 50 kg) or concrete
blocks. The pitching should extend
up to 1 m, higher then HFL. The
rear side of the shank portion is not
pitched, but is generally coated with
0.3 to 0.6 earths for encouraging
vegetation growth, so as to make it
resistant against rain, wind etc.
Figure:
(b) Downstream curved portion. On The thickness of the
the downstream, the river fans out so pitching on the river side may be
as to attain its normal width. The calculated by the formula
downstream portion of the guide t = 0.006 Q1/3
bank ensures the safety of approach Where, t is the thickness of stone
embankments and prevents the river pitching in meters Q is the discharge
from attacking them. This purpose in cumecs.
can be well served by providing The thickness of pitching should be
short guide bund with sharp curved 25% more at the impregnable head
head. A radius equal to half the than for the rest of the bund.
radius at the upstream side may be (VII) Launching apron: Whenever a
provided, as shown in the above sloping face is protected by stone
figure. pitching against scour the pitching is
extended beyond the toe on the bed,
(V) The shank portion and section called Launching apron.
of bund: The straight portion of the If no such protection is provided
guide bund BC is called the shank scour will occur at the toe with
portion. The guide banks should consequent under –mining and
have a minimum top with of 4 collapse of the stone pitching. In
meters so as to provide sufficient order to obviate such a danger to the
carriage-way. Extra width may, slope, the pitching is extended on the
however be provided for storing horizontal river bed portion, which
pitching materials, etc side slope

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falls down in to the scoured portion which they are extended by

as soon as the scour occurs. deflecting the current a way from
the bank. As the water is unable to
take a sharp embayment the bank
gets protected for certain distance
upstream and downstream of the
groyne is subjected to tremendous
action of water and has to be
heavily protected by pitching etc.
The action of eddies reduces from
the head towards the bank and
therefore, the thickness of slope
pitching and apron can be reduced
accordingly.

Figure: Launching apron details. Types of alignment: The groynes

may be built either perpendicular
The launching apron is generally laid to the bank line or they may be
in a width equal to 1.5 times the inclined upstream or downstream,
depth of scour (d) below the original as shown in figure.
bed. The total scour below HFL is
taken as xR, where R is the Lacey
normal scoured depth given by
equation

1/ 3
Q
R = 0.47 
 f 
 where Q is the
 
discharge and f is silt factor and
values of x are tabulated for
different places in Table.
EXAMPLE

3. Spurs of Groynes Figure: Groynes

3. Spurs or Groynes A groyne pointing upstream [Fig.
Groynes are the embankment type (b)] has the property of repelling
structure constructed transverse to the flow away from it and scour
the river flow, extending from the holes caused by the formation of
bank in to the river. That is why vertical eddies are developed away
they may also be called Transverse from the bank and near the head of
Dykes. They are constructed in the groyne such groynes are called
order to protect the bank from repelling groynes.
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pocket is formed where the

On the other hand a groyne pointing suspended sediment carried by
downstream [Fig (C) has the the river gets deposited. The head
property of attracting the flow of such a groyne however causes
towards it and is called an severe disturbance in the flow at
attracting groyne. its nose where heavy scour take
places. Due to this heavy attack
In an attracting groyne, scour holes of swirling river current at the
are developed nearer the bank as head, a repelling groyne needs
compared to those in a repelling heavy protection at and near its
groyne. Since such attracting head in the form of heavy stone
groynes bring the water current as pitching and apron laid by
well as scour holes nearer the bank placing stones filled in wire
and make it more susceptible to crates in and around the earthen
damage, they are generally not groyne.
used.
Length of the groynes: The lengths
The groynes are therefore of the groynes depend upon the
generally aligned either position of the existing bank line
perpendicular to the bank or and the designed or expected bank
pointing upstream the line for trained river. Too long
perpendicular alignment is groynes on easily erodible rivers
generally used on convex banks are susceptible to damage and
and the upstream pointing is failure. In such cased the best
generally used on concave banks. results can be obtained by starting
When the length of an upstream with a shorter length and to extend
pointing groyne is small such the groynes gradually, as silting
that it changes on the direction of between them proceeds. However,
flow without repelling it is called no general rule can be formulated
a deflecting groyne instead for fixing the length of the groynes.
calling it a repelling groyne. It depends mainly upon the
exigencies arising in specific case.
The repelling groynes are For example, if the entire river
generally found to serve the course is required to be changed
desired result, provided they are repelling it towards the opposite
properly located with due regard bank by means of a single groyne,
to their positioning in relation to the groyne must necessarily be
the meander length. It is sufficiently long. Erosion of the
desirable to test their opposite bank caused by this shift
performance in hydraulic models water should be anticipated and
before constructing them in allowed for whenever necessary.
actual field.
On the upstream side of a Spacing of the groynes: As each
repelling groyne, a still water groynes can protect a certain length,

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the primary factor governing the or embankment groynes.

spacing between two adjacent These groynes may be rock
groynes, is their length. The spacing fill embankments or earthen
is therefore, taken as a certain embankments, armoured with
proportion of their length. Apart stone pitching, concrete
from the length spacing may be blocks, etc, The head of
governed by the following factors: groynes needs special
protection and is generally
(a) Type of bank where the provided with a launching
groyne is to be located. Larger apron in addition to the
spacing is required locating increased pitching, as shown
groynes on convex banks, and a in figure below. These
smaller one for concave banks groynes are called
with intermediate values at the impermeable groynes
crossings. A spacing of 2 .5 times because they do not allow
the length of the groyne is any significant flow through
generally adopted at convex them.
banks, while a spacing equal to
the length of the groyne is mostly
adopted for concave banks.

(b) The width of river. For rivers

of equal flood discharges, a
larger spacing is preferred for
wider rivers than for narrower
rivers.

(C)Type of groyne. A higher Figure: Impermeable Groyne

value of spacing may be used for Section
permeable groynes as compared
to that required for impermeable Their design is the same as
groynes. that for the guide bund with
an apron. Commonly adopted
dimensions of the groyne
embankment are:
Types of groynes: Based upon their Freeboard =1m
material of construction, the groynes Top with = 3m
may be divided in to two types, Side slopes =2:1
namely: Head = square and having a
(i) Impermeable groynes slope of 5:1
(ii) Permeable groynes. Apron = as per standard
(i) Impermeable groynes. design requirement
Impermeable groynes are
also called as solid groynes (ii) Permeable groynes:
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Permeable groynes do permit Balli spurs are being successfully

restricted flow through them. The used these days on many rivers in
groynes are more or less plains, and are becoming popular.
temporary structures and are
susceptible to damage by floating
debris, etc. The common T-shaped groyne: Denehey’s T-
materials used as permeable shaped groyne is a special type of
groynes, are groyne developed in India. it is an
ordinary groyne provided with an
(a) Trees used as extra cross groyne at the head giving
groynes, called it a T-shape. The cross groyne
Tree spur. protects the main groyne on the same
(b) Timber stakes or principles as the main groyne saves
wooden piles the bank.The longer arm (ab) of the
called Balli spurs. T is provided on the upstream, and
(c) Stone filled in the shorter one (bc) on the
balli crates. downstream, see figure:
(d) Stone filled in
wire crates.

Permeable groynes simply obstruct

the flow, reducing its velocity and
causing silt deposition. They are,
therefore, best suited for rivers These groynes are usually spaced at
carrying huge sediment load in about 800 meters apart.
suspension. In comparatively clear Hockey-shaped groynes: These
rivers, they reduce the erosive groynes are shaped like a hockey
strength of the current and thus, stick at their lower end as shown in
prevent local bank erosion. figure.
Permeable spurs do not change the
flow abruptly as is done by
impermeable spurs, and intense and
serious eddies and scour holes are
not developed. They are cheaper and
perhaps the best for silt laden rivers. These groynes exert an attracting
When the groyne is to be submerged, type of flow and hence are not useful
then permeable groynes give much for bank protection for repelling the
better results, because they do not current away from it.
generate so strong turbulence as is Concluding remarks on groynes:
generated by submerged- In the end, it may be repeated that
impermeable groynes, making them the groynes should be constructed
susceptible to be washed away due to after model studies. Their design is
over-topping. not much amenable to theoretical
investigation and has to be checked

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and tested with model studies.

Whereas, a series of groynes may be
useful for general deflection of the
river, a single groyne placed suitable
may best serve the purpose of
controlling a river at a certain works-
site.

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