11/11/13

IRON & STEEL

MEETING 11 BAHAN BANGUNAN

MONITA OLIVIA
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT
UNIVERSITY OF RIAU

HISTORY
ancient steel making (wootz steel)
1860s, Henry Bessemer
à  Hyderabad, Tiruchirapally, India (Englishman) found a method to
(3000 years ago) convert iron to steel

à was initially used for steel

railways

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IRON
Iron is found in the form of ores as oxides,
carbonates, silicates and sulfides

The most important iron ore minerals:

limonite (brown iron ore, Fe2O3.nH2O)
hematite (red iron ore, Fe2O3)
magnetite (magnetic oxide of iron, Fe3O4)

Hematite is the most commonly used iron

ore, contains 70% of pure iron. Specific
gravity: 4.5-5.3

Pure iron is soft and ductile,

addition of carbon to iron increases its
hardness and strength, but lower the
ductility

Conversion of raw material into different steel shapes

crushed fine
powder iron
ore
to remove
impurities

Sintering
is a process of
application of
pig iron molten
heat that results
steel
in the conversion
of fine ore into
hard and porous
lumps (10-50mm)
slag

BOF: to remove
excess carbon by
reacting carbon Use electric arc between
carbon electrodes to Killed steels: carbon
with oxygen to
melt and refine the steel; content greater than
form gases
adding alloys 0.25%
<300 tons of steel
in 25 minutes>
Mamlouk & Zaniewski. 2011. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers.

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IRON AND STEEL MAKING PROCESS

Collect molten iron at

Slag is collected from
Crush the mined ore the bottom of furnace
furnace for further
(25mm/smaller) and transport to
processing
steelmaking furnace

Heat the burn coke, Pig iron is used to

Reduce the particles iron, oxygen at produced steel and
into fine powder 1650OC to produce cast iron in BOF and
molten iron electric furnace arc

Mix coke and

Convert fine powder Molten steel is
limestone with pellets
into pellets/sinters produced
and put in the furnace

TERMINOLOGY OF IRON AND STEEL

MAKING PROCESS
Sintering
is a process op application of heat that
results in the conversion of fine ore into
hard and porous lumps (10-50mm)

Pelletizing
is a process of forming balls (10-20mm)

Slag
a nonmetallic product, consisting of silicates
and aluminosilicates of calcium and other
bases

Pig iron
is not pure iron, a metal nearly saturated
with carbon, contains manganese, silicon
and other materials

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The iron-carbon phase diagram

The diagram displays a strong relationship between steel properties and carbon content

Absis X
BCC between 400-912OC:
carbon à solution with
ferrite, solubility
Ordinat Y 0.022% at 727OC
crystalline FCC
below 912OC: ferrite at 727-1148OC
(BCC crystalline str) àcarbon solubility in
austenite is from
at 912OC: ferrite à 0.77-2.11%
austenite (FCC at 727OC and 0.77%
crystalline str) carbon à eutectiod
reaction: solid phase
change when either
at 1394OC: BCC temperature or carbon
at 1539OC: liquid crystalline content changes
structure (BCC)
iron carbide
at < 727OC: two phases
à a ferrite and iron
carbide

structural steel Iron carbide

carbon content (6.7% carbon) +
0.15-0.25% ferrite (0.022%
carbon) à thin
plates
Mamlouk & Zaniewski. 2011. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers.

Wrought iron
Steel
IRON PRODUCTS Cast iron

Carbon Silicon Manganese Tensile Tensile

Material content (%) (%) (%) strength modulus
(MPa) (GPa)
Pig iron 3.5 - 4.5 1-2 0.25 – 1 - -
Pure iron 0.01 – 0.02 <0.01 0.01 – 0.02 335 -
Wrought iron 0 – 0.1 0.1 – 0.2 <0.1 310 - 380 200
Mild steel <0.25 0.05 – 0.25 <0.68 450 207
High carbon steel 1.4 <0.8 <1.5 900 207
Cast iron 5.0 1.25 1 – 2.5 110 103 – 152

Tensile stress-strain diagrams of hot-rolled steel bars with different carbont

content.
Mamlouk & Zaniewski. 2011. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers.

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WROUGHT IRON
Wrought iron
= low carbon steel (less than 0.1% carbon by
weight), contains slag

à  Mechanical properties are nearly the same as

those of pure iron
à  Ductility is somewhat lower than that of steel
à  Tensile strength 310-380 Mpa
à  for pipes, corrugated sheets, grills, bars,
chains and other products

CAST IRON
Cast iron
= contains free carbon (graphite flakes) that
makes the metal weak and soft

à  Has high compressive strength, but low tensile

strength
à  for column building and beams, until 1800s

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STEEL
Steel
= combination of iron and carbon,
carbon content may range about 0.01-1%,
manganese (less than 1.6%), phosphorus,
sulfur, silicon (less than 0.6%), together with
some 20% alloys

à  The alloys are added to molten steel

à  Aluminium: to control deoxidation for
fine graining of steel
à  Chromium and nickel: to withstand
abrasion and shock, to give
toughness
à  Copper, chromium, nickel, silicon:
corrosion resistance of steel
à  Characteristics: hardness, tensile strength,
toughness

PROPERTIES OF STEEL
à  Influence by chemical composition,
heat treatment, mechanical work

à  Chemical composition:

à  Carbon and alloying elements
affect physical properties
(weldability and corrosion), and
mechanical properties (yield
strength, tensile strength,
ductility)

à  Heat treatment:

à  Ferrite iron: a stable form of iron
below 910OC
à  Polymorphic change to gamma
iron: at 1130OC
à  Delta iron: 1390OC

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•  Steels for construction projects are predominantly

low and medium-carbon plain steels

•  Alloying agents are used to develop better

performance characteristics

•  Steel used in building and bridge before 1900, did

not contains any chemical requirements

•  It needs at least 10 alloying elements in addition

to carbon (ASTM 1991)

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Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel

SNI 03-1729-2002
Tegangan putus/ Tegangan leleh/ Peregangan/
Jenis Baja Pull out stress Yield Stress min. Elongation
minimum, fu fy (MPa) minimum (%)
(MPa)
BJ 34 340 210 22
BJ 37 370 240 20
BJ 41 410 250 18
BJ 50 500 290 16
BJ 55 550 410 13
Modulus Elastisitas, E = 200000 MPa
Modulus geser, G = 80000 MPa
Nisbah Poisson, µ = 0.3
Koefisien pemuaian, α = 12 x 10-6 /OC

STRUCTURAL STEEL
à  is manufactured in many shapes
and grades

à  W shapes = doubly symmetric wide-

flange

à  HP shapes = wide-flanges shapes

whose flanges and webs

à  S shapes = doubly symmetric

shapes whose inside flange
surfaces

à  C shapes = channels produced with

inside flange surfaces having
approximately 16.67% percent slope

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THANK YOU

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