18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

Name- KARM PATEL Name of the experiment- BENDING TEST ON MILD

STEEL
ID Number- 19BME058 Date- 24/09/2020

Aim of the experiment

To study the behaviour of mild steel rod subjected to gradual increasing equal loads at
1/3rd span and to determine its mechanical properties.

Theory
Bending strength is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load; it
represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture.
There are two types of bending tests. Three point bending test and four point bending
test. In a three point bending test the area of uniform stress is quite small and
concentrated under the centre loading point. In a four point bending test, the area of
uniform stress exists between the inner span loading points (typically half the outer
span length).

When a specimen is bent, it experiences a range of stresses across its depth. At the
edge of the concave face the stress will be at its maximum compressive value. At the
convex face of the specimen the stress will be at its maximum tensile value. Most
materials fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress, so the
maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained before the specimen fails is its
flexural strength. The flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength if the
material were homogeneous. Therefore the flexural properties of a specimen are the
result of the combined effect of all three stresses as well as (though to a lesser extent)
the geometry of the specimen and the rate the load applied. Bend testing provides
insight into the modulus of elasticity and the bending strength of a material. From
bending equation,

Two point loads ‘P/2’ are applied at a distance of 1/3 L from the ends.
18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

The moment due to two point loads P/2 at 1/3rd span is and moment of inertia about the

neutral axis is

Then the yield stress is

Then to determine the deflection at the centre of the span,

Deflection with respect to A is = moment of M/EI diagram between AE about A

Then the deflection at B above E is =moment of M/EI diagram between BE about B

The deflection of B below A=

Then the deflection under point load P/2 at B is

18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

TEST PIECE:

Round, square, rectangular or polygonal sections are used in this test. Any areas of the material affected
by shearing or flame cutting and similar operations during the cutting of the test piece shall be removed.
The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded to a radius not exceeding one-tenth of the thickness
of test pieces. During bending the un-machined side of the test piece shall be at the tension side.

The variation of modulus of rupture with position of application of load:

RELEVANT INDIAN STANDARD FOR DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

IS 5242 (1979): Method of test for determining shear strength of metals.

APPARATUS

1. Universal testing machine

2. Dial indicators
3. Scale & Vernier callipers
4. Testing piece

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the initial diameter of the bending test specimen in the perpendicular directions using
vernier calipers, calculate the initial area and moment of inertia.
18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

2. Measure the length of the specimen using scale keeping the span of the beam as L=690mm based
on the limitations of the experiment setup.
3. Based on the span of the beam being L=690mm mark on the test sample mild steel rod using a
chalk at the mid span and one third loading points where a dial gauge is placed.
4. Insert the specimen between the special 2 point loading setup with roller supports which is being
tied on the lower cross head of the universal testing machine. Adjust the dual gauge to zero.
5. Start the loading process, note down the deflections using dial gauges under mid span, one third
span. stop the experiment once the specimen has been yielded.
6. Once the yield limit is crossed, the specimen mild steel rod will have a permanent bend or
deformation as it has crossed the elastic limit.
7. Plot load vs deformation at mid span.
8. 8Plot theoretical deflection at one third span vs average experiment deflection at one third span
with elastic limit.

Experimental/numerical observations

Initial diameter in x-direction = 24.5mm

Initial diameter in the y-direction = 24mm

Average initial diameter = 24.25mm

Span of the beam = 690mm

The initial cross sectional area of the specimen = 461.86mm2

The moment of inertia about the initial axis = 16975.27mm4

Dial indicator readings Dial indicator readings

at 1/3rd span points
at mid-span (div) (div)
Total load Point Point
(kg) A B Average
0 0 0 0 0
50 75 65 67 66
100 155 135 128 131.5
150 229 198 194 196
200 312 267 262 264.5
250 397 335 325 330
300 476 396 395 395.5
350 555 450 470 460
400 634 511 542 526.5
450 718 560 620 590
500 801 604 712 658
550 895 680 765 722.5
600 995 740 840 790
650 1086 810 900 855
670 1135 845 920 882.5
18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

690 1193 860 955 907.5

710 1241 880 986 933
730 1298 910 1010 960
750 1362 920 1050 985
770 1422 930 1094 1012

OBSERVATION TABLE

Stress at yield point (MPa) 524.04

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 210.68

GRAPHS

GRAPH 1
18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

GRAPH 2

Comments and conclusion

The yield strength of the specimen = 524.04 MPa

the modulus of elasticity = 210.68 GPa

ASSIGNMENT

1. What is bending strength?

Flexural strength or bending strength is defined as the maximum stress that a
material exhibits at failure due to a three or four-point flexural load.
2. Which type of load is applied here?
The type of load which is applied here is the gradually increasing tensile load.
3. Which is the IS code used for bend test on steel?
The IS code used for the bending test on steel is IS 1599:2019.
4. What is the equation governing simple bending?
E/R = M/I = f/y is a bending equation. It is also known as flexure equation
(or) equation for theory of simple bending.
5. How is the failure of ductile and brittle materials under bending load?
18MI203P Lab report Strength of Materials Lab

QUIZ

1. In bending equation M/I = f/y = E/R

Answer – (i) Knowing deflection y experimentally, E can be found , (ii) By
knowing value of E, theoretical value of y can be computed
2. Failure of mild steel specimen in
bending test is Answer – Excessive
deflection
3. Pure bending is observed
Answer- When there is no internal shear acting in mid-span of specimen
4. Computation of bending stress using formula f/y = M/I. This formula is valid
within elastic limit only.
Answer-True
5. Is extensometer required in bending test of
mild steel Answer - No