Hiremath R S

Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
Rasaausadhis are the back bone of the Ayurvedic therapeutics. It is chiefly
based on metals and minerals, small doses, tastelessness, quick action, effectiveness,
Rasayana property make Rasaausadhis more popular and superior over the other
medicines and this attract the attention of patients as well as pharmaceutical
manufacturers. Among the Rasaausadhis Kharaliya Rasayana are more in use due to
their easy method of preparation and long shelf life, less toxic thus there are
medicinally more valuable for physicians and patients.
As per the present impact of epileptic seizures, it affects nearly 1-5 % of
population. The epileptic treatment duration is minimum 3 years to life time, long
time usage of Anti-Convulsant drugs are having some of the adverse effects like
hypersensitivity, Osteomalacia Megaloblastic Anemia, Sedation, Dizziness, Vertigo,
Vomiting, and Diarrhea etc. long term treatment becomes an burden for low
socioeconomic population, affects the intellectual status of the patient.
There are lots of formulations for Apasmara have been explained in our
classics, but most of those are not retested according to current research
methodology, which is required in present scenario for the up gradation of
Ayurvedic science as well as updating of Ayurveda itself.
Apasmarari Rasa explained in “Rasakamadhenu” is one among those
formulations which is exclusively indicated in Apasmara, having minimum
ingredients like H.Parada, S.Gandhaka, S.Tuttha and bhavana dravyas like Guduchi
and Kadali Kanda Swarasa.
Parada and Gandaka are most renowned rasa dravyas in the field of Rasashastra as
well as Ayurveda. Being main ingredients of this formulation, it can give
“PREPARATION,PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSAT

ACTIVITY OF APASMARARI RASA – AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY” 1
Introduction
miraculous results in Apasmara. As this formulation is not in practice it is needed to
retest the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the formulation.
By observing all the above points, since the Apasmarari Rasa is having fewer
ingredients, cost effective, and easy to prepare, here an attempt is made for
“Preparation, Physicochemical Analysis And Anti-Convulsant Activity Of
Apasmarari Rasa- An Experimental Study.”
The study was planned and executed in the following ways.
1) Review of literature.
2) Preparation of Apasmarari rasa.
3) Physico- chemical analysis of raw material, intermittent and final product.
4) For screening of Anticonvulsant activity, LD 50 determination, and four
groups were made as Control, Standard A (Phenytoin), Standard B
(Smritisagar rasa) and Test group (Apasmarari rasa), on Albino rats by MES
induced method.
5) Observation: Abolition of Hind limb extension in times.
6) Results were analyzed by using Fisher Exact Test.
“PREPARATION,PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSAT

Aims & Objectives
2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. Preparation of Apasmarari rasa by adopting standard pharmaceutical
Processing techniques according to classical reference Rasakamdhenu
2. Physico – chemical analysis of Raw intermittent and prepared
Apasmarari rasa.
3. Anticonvulsant activity on Male Albino Rats.
“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTICONVULSANT

Review of Literature
3.1 APASMARARI RASA

Introduction.
Apasmarari Rasa1 is one of the kharaliya rasayana and comes under Murchita
Parada oushada yogas i.e. Sagandha Aagni murchana of Parada.
Historical review of Apasmarari Rasa.
In Rasagranthas:
Apasmarari Rasa its detail explanation related to preparation, pharmacological
, therapeutic properties,matra & anupana are mentioned.2
Method of preparation of Apasmarari Rasa
Hingulotta Parada, Shodhita Gandhaka , Shodhita Tuttha all are taken in equal
quantity taken in khalvayantra and the mixture is triturated continuously 6
hrs/day with Guduchi swarasa ,than this mixture subjected for swalpa agni and
again mixture is triturated continuously 6 hrs/day with Kadali swarasa
continued for a single days, till the mixture turns in to mridu, homogenous
black colored paste form is prepared.
Therapeutic uses: Apasmara
Dose : Adult - 2 Ratti.
Anupana: Ghrita, Bramhi swarasa, Moonga Yusha.
Amayika prayoga of Apasmarari Rasa.
Two ratti matra of Apasmarari rasa if taken with Ghrita or Bramhi swarasa it cures
Apasmara.
3.2 HINGULA
Occurrence. 3
It is available in “Darada desha”that is northern part of India. Now a day it is
available in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, China, and Japan. Artificially it is
prepared in laboratory as it contains Mercury and Sulfur.
Vernacular names.
1. Sanskrit -- Hingula, Darada.
2. Hindi -- Singaraph.
3. Kannada -- Inguleeyaka.
4. English -- Cinnabar.
Synonyms. 4
Rakta -- Colour looks like blood.
“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT


Suranga - Does colour.

Ranjana - Gives colour.
Darada - Found in darada
Mlecha - Found in mlecha
Chitranga- Having different shades.
Churna parade - Parada can be obtained from this.
Maraka -- One that causes death.
Maniraga -- Colour of this looks like Mani.
Rasodhbhava -- Utpatti of parade.
Ranjaka -- Gives colour.
Rasagarbha -- Contain parada in its garbha.
Verities of Hingula.
Two types of Hingula 5, 6
1. Khanija Hingula (Obtained from Mines).
2. Krutrima Hingula (Artificially Prepared).
7, 8
Three types of Hingula.
1. Charmara Hingula - Krishna varna -Black colour.
2. Shukatunda Hingula - Peeta varna -yellow colour.
3. Hamsapada Hingula - Japakusuma varna -Reddish pink with
white shiny lines.
Grahyagrahya lakshana 9- Best quality of Hingula should be just like
Pravala, Japakusuma or Bimbiphala in colour,it should possess whitelines or
salaka like structure i.e. long neddle shaped crystals & heavy in nature.
Artificial preparation of Hingula. 10
Parada 1part and Gandhaka 4part mixed thoroughly in Lohapatra. After
properly mixing it is heated on Deepagni for a few second. To this ¼ part of
Parada, Manashila is added. Stir it properly and after cooling take down the
vessel. Then make it into small pieces and put it in kachakupi. Then the
remaining procedure is same as kupipakwa rasayana. That is, the Kachakupi is
covered with mrutkapata and dried. This kachakupi is placed in valuka yantra
and heated on Mandagni.This is followed by Madhyama and Teevragni.Total
duration is of 6days. After swangasheeta it is taken out, lepana is removed.


Then the kachakupi is broken into pieces by the help of hot thread and pouring
cold water on that. Then we obtain red colored Hingula.
But in Rasendra Bhaskara, the author is not explained about manashila. The
remaining procedure is as same as explained above.
Extraction of Parada from Hingula.
Method – 1. 11
Bhavana to the Hingula churna with Paribadra swarasa or Changeri swarasa or
Jambira swarasa and mardana for one day.Bhavita churna subjected to
urdhwapatana process.
12
Method – 2.
Hingula churna is triturated with Nimbu swarasa for one prahara and
through Urdhvapatana process Parada is obtained from bhavita Hingula.
Method – 3.
Hingula churna is triturated with Nimba patrarasa or with Nimburasa for one
prahara and then through patanayantra Parada is collected.
Method - 4.
Hingula churna is triturated with Nimba patrarasa or with Nimburasa for one
prahara and then through Damaruyantra Parada is collected.
Hingulotta Parada gunas and properties. 13
Parada extracted from Hingula is considered to be best, because it is free from
various types of dosas. Hence it does not need any further sanskaras for the
removal doshas and could be used therapeutically without fear.
14
Hingulakrista rasa shuddhi.
“ Rasa gandhaka sambhutam Hingulam procchatae bhudaie
Tasmatsutam cha yadgrahyam shodhyam tadhapi sutavat.”
Hingula is a combination of Gandhaka and Parada. So the Parada which was
obtained from Hingula should be again subjected to samanya shodhana vidhi
of Parada.
CINNABAR 15
Cinnabar, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native
vermilion, the common ore of mercury. The name comes from the Greek -
"kinnabari" - used by Theophrastus, and was probably applied to several
distinct substances. Other sources say the word comes from the Persian


zinjifrah, a word of uncertain origin. In Latin it was known as minium,

meaning also "red lead" - a word probably borrowed from Iberian
Physical Properties.
Chemical formula-Mercury(II) sulfide,HgS.
Colour-Brownish-red
Crystal habit-Rhombohedral to tabular. Granular to massive.
Crystal system-Hexagonal.
Cleavage-Prismatic, perfect.
Fracture-Uneven to subconchoidal
Mohs Scale Hardness -2-2.5
Luster-Adamantine to dull
Streak-Scarlet.
Specific gravity-8.176
Optical properties-Uniaxial (+)
Refractive index- nω = 2.905 nε = 3.256
Solubility-1.04 x 10-25 gper 100 ml water (Ksp at 250C =2x10-32 ) (1)
Chemical properties.
• Insoluble in water and acids but dissolves in aqua regia (mixture of HCl
and HNO3 forms mercuric chloride)
• On heating mercury gets separated and sulphur dioxide is released.
HgS + O2 ---- Hg + SO2
Identification.
• It does not have any taste and smell.
• Insoluble in water.
• It does not undergo oxidation (if we keep in contact with air it does not
change)
• On heat it gives blue flame with smell of Sulfur and Mercury is
originated with a white colored small particles.
• Typical minerals found with cinnabar include silica, calcite, pyrite,
marcasite and bitumen. These minerals often comprise the waste
material in a mercury mine.


Structure.
• HgS adopts two structures, i.e. it is dimorphous. The more stable form
is cinnabar, which has a structure akin to that for HgO: each Hg center
has two short Hg-S bonds (2.36 Å), and four longer Hg---S contacts
(3.10, 3.10, 3.30, 3.30 Å). The black form of HgS has the zinc blende
structure.
Properties.
• Cinnabar is generally found in a massive, granular or earthy form and is
bright scarlet to brick-red in color.
• It occasionally occurs, however, in crystals with a non-metallic
adamantine luster. Cinnabar has a rombohedral bravais lattice, and
belongs to the hexagonal crystal system, trigonal division.
• Its crystals grow usually in a massive habit, though they are sometimes
twinned. The twinning in cinnabar is distinctive and forms a
penetration twin that is ridged with six ridges surrounding the point
of a pyramid.
• It could be thought of as two scalahedral crystals grown together with
one crystal going the opposite way of the other crystal.
• The hardness of cinnabar is 2 - 2.5, and its specific gravity 8.998.
• Cinnabar resembles quartz in its symmetry and certain of its optical
characteristics. Like quartz, it exhibits birefringence.
• It has the highest refractive power of any mineral. Its mean index for
sodium light is 3.08, whereas the index for diamond—a substance
of remarkable refraction— is 2.42 and that for GaAs is 3.93.
Occurrence.
• Cinnabar is found in all localities that yield mercury, notably
Almadén (Spain); New Almaden (California); Hastings Mine and
St. John's Mine, Vallejo, California; Idrija (Slovenia); New Idria
(California); Landsberg, near Obermoschel in the Palatinate; Ripa,
at the foot of the Apuan Alps (Tuscany); the mountain Avala
(Serbia); Huancavelica (Peru);Murfreesboro, Arkansas Terlingua
(Texas); and the province of Guizhou in China, where fine crystals
have been obtained.


• Cinnabar is still being deposited at the present day from the hot
waters of Sulphur Bank, in California, and Steamboat Springs,
Nevada.
• Cinnabar is a major ore for the production of Mercury. Historically,
it has been mined as far back as early Roman times, for mercury.
Cinnabar contains as much as 86% of mercury. It is a compound
of Mercury and Sulphur. It is obtained from the mines as a Natural
Mineral and prepared artificially in laboratory. That which is sold
now a day in the market is artificially prepared.
Artificial preparation of Cinnabar:
• Mercurous sulfide does not exist and it is always present in the form of
mercuric sulfide HgS. This is produced by passing H2S in mercury salt
solution.
• HgCl2+H2S------HgS + 2HCl
Extraction of Mercury from Cinnabar.16
• Cinnabar, the most important ore of mercury, is mercury(II) sulphide,
HgS. It is easily split up to produce the metal. The ore is heated in air and
splits up to produce mercury vapor, Hg, which is cooled to liquefy it. The
other product is sulphur dioxide gas, SO2
• HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2
• Mercury can be obtained from cinnabar by heating the cinnabar ore in a
current of air and condensing the mercury vapor formed. Due to its
relatively low boiling point mercury can be easily purified by vacuum
distillation. The reaction of mercury sulphide with oxygen is shown below
• HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2
• Other processes for the removal of mercury from cinnabar are also known
and the reactions are shown below, 17
• HgS + Fe → Hg + FeS.
• 4HgS + 4CaO → 4Hg + 3CaS + CaSO4.
3.3 PARADA
Historical review.
In Indian History it is being used from 3000 yrs,ago.


Vernacular names.
• Hindi -- Parada.
• English -- Mercury,Quick silver,
• Gujarati -- Para.
• Telugu -- Padarasamu.
• Bengali -- Patra.
Synonyms. 18
The various synonyms of Parada indicates either its
properties,appearance,form,colour or its mythological origin.
Achintya,Ananta,Amara,Amruta,Indra,Khechar,,Khechari,Chanchala,Chapala,Ja
itra,Janam,Trinetra,Trilochana,Divya,Dehar,Deva,Dhatur,Paramruta,Parad,Pavan
,Misraka,Rasa,Rasadhatu,Rasaraja,Rasaloha,Rasendra,Rasottam,Rudrateja,Lokes
h,Harabeeja,Shiva,Soota,Sootaka,Rajendra,Skanda,Haraja.
19
Occurrence.
It is occurred in two forms,
1. Native form.
2. Ore form.
1.Native forms of Mercury.
In this mercury is obtained in single form, and is called as
Galadroupyanibham,swayambu parada,sahaja parada.It is obtained from
Hingula.
2.Ores of Mercury .
Name of the Ore Chemical composition.
• Cinnabar Hgs.
• Meta cinnabar Hgs.
• Calomel. Hg2Cl2.
• Living stonite 2Sb2H3Hgs.
• Montryodite Hgo.
• Falh ore.
• Basrsenite.
• Gwadal kajarite.


• Steel ore of Mercury.

• Liver ore of Mercury.
• Carolline ore of Mercury.
The main location is Darada desha and small amounts are found in the Himalaya
also. But now a day’s no mercury is found in any part of India except sand of the
river ciotral where a few granules of Hingula are available.
Occurrence .
Italy. Chaina.
Japan. Hungery.
Germany, North America.
Spain, South America.
Russia, Yogoslovia.
Franc, Australia.
Iran, California.
Brazil, Porchugal.
Africa, Portughese.
Varieties.
Depending on the colour ,
Sweta -- White -- Brahmana -- used in sweta karma.
Rakta -- Red -- Ksatriya -- Therapeutics.
Peeta -- Yellow -- Vaishya -- Alchemy.
Krishna -- Black -- Shudra -- Maintining health.
Depending on source of origin. 20
Rasa - Rakta - Free from all types of impurities - Rasayana.
Rasendra - Syava - Free from all types of impurities - Rasayana.
Suta - Ischat peeta - With impurities - Deharogahara.
Parada - with impurities - Jara,mrityu,daridrata nashak.
Misraka - Mayurchandrika chaya with various impurities.
Doshas of Mercury. 21
Parada dosas.


Naisargika. Yougika Kanchuka
Visha Bahni Mala Nagaja Vangaja
Bhumija Varija Girija Nagaja – 2 Vangaja - 2

Parpati Patani Bhedi
Dravi Malakari Andhakari

Dhwanksi
1)Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

Are those which come or are present in the mercury from nature of natural
sources, and these produces effects like marana,santapa and murcha.
2)Yougika dosas(Artificial or Physical impurities).
Are those which have been mixed in mercury from outside mines by the traders from
commercial point of view. These are mixed in to it to increase its weight. These are
commonly Naga & Vanga.These dosas produces effects like jadya,admana and
kusta.
3)Kanchuka dosas.
Kanchuka means these form a covering on mercury like a layer and these produces
effects like kusta,jadhya,vatavyadhi,bali,palita,kalitya,dadru,gajacharma,mahasveta
kusta,udara,kamala,pandu,marmaccheda,vastiruja and virhyahani.
Effect of impure Mercury.
If it is used internally may produce various diseases in the body viz,
vidaha,krimi,kusta,agnimandhya,aruchi,vami,jadhya,and even death. As impure
Parada harms to the body hence should be purified before use.
Grahya-Arahya lakshanas . 22
The Mercury which has bright as mid day sun externally and which has a bluish
tinge coming from within and Galadroupyanibham means –just like liquefied
silver is considered as best quality. The Mercury which is smoky dull, or


yellowish white or with different colors is considered agrahya and must not be
used.
Pharmacological properties.
Rasa:Shad rasa.
Guna:Snigdha,sara.
Karma:Yogavahi,Rasayana,Atirusya,Balya,Stambakara,Agnikari,Ayuskara,Dipana,
Pustikara,Shodhana,Ropana,Krimighna
Dosa prabhava:Tridosaghna.
Therapeutic uses:
Krimi,Kusta,sarvavidha kusta,vataroga,valipalita roga,tridosaja roga,sarvarohga.
Different forms of Parada:Parada is used either in ash form, moorchita form or
Baddha form.
Shodhana of Parada.
Two methods are explained.
1. Samanya shodhana.
2. Vishesha shodhana.
Samanya shodhana. 23
The commonest method followed for shodhana is – Parada is rubbed with equal part
of sudha churna for three days and filtered through cloth.
The filtrate is then mixed with an equal part of Lashuna and half part of saindava
lavana and ground well till the paste becomes black. At the end mixture is washed
with hot water and purified Parada is collected.
Vishesha shodhana. 24
Under Vishesha shodhana eighteen and some are mentioned nineteen types of
samskaras. Which are performed either to remove its dosas or to potentiate it from
lohavedha or dehavedha purposes. These have been divided in two groups based on its
actions.
MERCURY
25
Discovery.
Mercury was known to ancient civilizations, such as the Chinese and Hindus,
and has been found in Egyptian tombs of 1500B.C.
Appearance.


Mercury is a heavy, silvery, liquid metal.

Source.
Mercury occurs very rarely free in nature, but can be found in ores, principally
cinnabar. This is mostly found in Spain and Italy, which together produce
about 50% of the world’s supply of this element. The metal is obtained by
heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor.
Some mercury salts and organic mercury compounds are still important,
including mercurous chloride (calomel), which is used in electrolysis, and
mercuric sulfide (vermilion), a high-grade paint pigment.
General Information.
Mercury is stable with air and water, uncreative to all acids except nitric acid,
and all alkalis. It is a rather poor
conductor of heat compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of
electricity.
Physical Information.
Atomic number 80
Symbol Hg
Name Mercury
Name origin Named for Roman god,Mercury,Symbol from
latin hydrargyrus,liquid silver.
Type Transition metal
Atomic mass 200.59
Melting point -39
Boiling point 357
Neutrons 121
Density 13.456
Crystal structure Rhombohedral
Discovered 1600 BC
Uses.
Mercury easily forms alloys, called amalgams, with other metals such as gold,
silver and tin. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in recovering
gold from its ores.


It is used in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by electrolysis

of brine. The metal is widely used in making advertising signs, mercury
switches and other electrical apparatus.
It is used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion
pumps and many other instruments.
Other uses are in pesticides, dental work, batteries and catalysts. Because of its
toxicity, all these uses are being phased out or are under review.
Compounds of Mercury. 26
A few of the compounds still used in the followings-
• Mercuric arsenate (HgHAsO4): waterproofing paints
• Mercuric benzoate (Hg(C7G5O2)2): medicine; used to treat syphilis
• Mercuric chloride, or mercury dichloride, or corrosive sublimate (HgCl2):
disinfectant, tanning of leather, spray for potato seedlings (to protect from
disease), insecticide, preservation of wood, embalming fluid, textile printing,
and engraving
• Mercuric cyanide (Hg(CN)2): germicidal soaps (soaps that kill germs),
photography
• Mercuric oxide (HgO): red or yellow pigment in paints, disinfectant, fungicide
(to kill fungi), perfumes and cosmetics
• Mercuric sulfide (HgS): red or black pigment in paints
• Mercurous chloride, or calomel (Hg2Cl2): fungicide, maggot control in
agriculture, fireworks
• Mercurous chromate (Hg2CrO4): green pigment in paints
• Mercurous iodide (Hg2I2): kills bacteria on the skin
• Mercury metabolism.27
• Inorganic mercury compounds like mercurous chloride and mercuric chloride
are white powders and do not generally vaporize at room temperatures like
elemental mercury will. If they are inhaled, they are not expected to enter your
body as easily as inhaled metallic mercury vapor.
• When inorganic mercury compounds are swallowed, generally less than 10% is
absorbed through the intestinal tract ;( the WHO has set up Provisional
Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) – that allows 3.3 mg/kg of methyl mercury
for tuna fish and shell fish) considering 1gm/kg is fed to rats which is very


high dose when compared to use of mercury in Ayurvedic formulations which

is 30-40mg /day in approximately 60 kg person comes out to be 0.5-0.6mg/kg.
(As compared with methyl mercury, the total amount of HgS accumulated in
the tissues ranging about one five-thousandth of methyl mercury) and dividing
it by 5000 it comes out to be .0001 a difference of 0 .9999 mg/kg between the
thinking pattern of ancient scholars and western scientists.
• Tissue distribution – (As compared with methyl mercury, the total amount of
HgS accumulated in the tissues is about one five-thousandth of methyl
mercury) and dividing it by 5000 it comes out to be 0.385/5000
=0.00007mg/kg bw/wk.
• According to the criteria of the WHO the weekly dose of mercury that can be
tolerated by the body is estimated and the United Kingdom’s Food Standards
Agency (FSA) uses the safety standard applied by the World Health
Organization (WHO) -- called the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake
(PTWI) -- that allows 3.3 micrograms of methyl mercury per kilogram of body
weight a week (ug/kg bw/week) for the general population and 1.6 micrograms
of methyl mercury per kilogram of body weight (ug/kg bw/week) for pregnant
and nursing women.
• Where as in U.S FDA /EPA reference dose is 0.7 micrograms per kg of body
weight per week. It therefore suggests that the amount taken in with 2 to 3 pills
is well below then WHO tolerance boundary for the maximum weekly dose.
3.4 Gandhaka
Introduction:
Gnadhaka is included under uparasa by all the rasagranthas. There are many kalpas
of parade and gandhaka, in the form of parpati, pottali, kupipakwa and kharaleeya
rasayana. Gandhaka is also used in tamra marana. Gandhaka is utilized in various
diseases as external and internal administration.
Historical Review :
From 8th century onwards, Gandhaka is used along with Parada in medicines and
also for Dhatuvada purposes. 28The text book Rasashastra placed Gandhaka in the


Uparasa Varga.It occupies a important in the field of Rasashastra. After Parada ,

Gandhaka is seen predominanatly used in Rasayana prakriya.29
Gandhaka Paryaya
1. Gandhapashana (as is Pashana Roopa)

2. Shukapuccha (Upamana Sadharmyat)
3. Sugandhaka
4. Saugandhika
5. Shulvari (Dravarupa of Gandhakamla melts Tamra)
6. Pamari (as is Kandughna)
7. Navaneetaka (Mriduta and Dravata)
8. Balivasa (Sevito Balirajena Prabhutabalahetave)
9.
Bali (Sevito Balirajena Prabhutabalahetave)
10.
Kitanashana (As destroys Kita)
11.
Kitaghna (As destroys Kita)
12.
Gandhi (Due to its gandha visheshata)
13.
Pootigandhi (Due to its gandha visheshata)
14.
Atigandhi (Due to its gandha visheshata)
15.
Kruragandha (Due to its gandha visheshata)
VERNACULAR NAMES
Indian Names
Kannada - Gandhaka
Sanskrit - Gandhaka
Hindi - Gandhaka
English - Brimstone,Sulphur
Latin - Sulphur
Gandhaka Bheda30
Gandhaka is of four kinds as shweta, rakta, pita and Krishna. The shweta variety of
gandhaka is called Khatika gandhaka and is used for vrana lepanartha and marana of
metal as well. The pita varna gandhaka is the amlasara gandhaka and is called


shukha piccha. It is said to be best among rasa sarayanas. The raktavarna gandhaka
which is like the beak of parrot is called Shukatunda and is more useful in dhatuvada
(lohasiddhi). The Krishna variety is durlabha. But can ward off senility and death.
31
Grahya Gandhaka
The gandhaka which has the colour similar to the pankhs of parrot which is mridu
like navaneet, masruna, kathina and snigdha is uttama.
Necessity of shodhana in general:
This is a process through which the external and internal impurities of metals /
minerals are eliminated. This process is performed for all minerals / metals and
certain herbal drugs. By this not only the physical elimination of impurities is served
but it also improves the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs.32
Shodhana is the process employed to remove the impurities. It should be made use of
along with the specific dravya mentioned for shodhana and subjected to mardana,
kshalana, nirvapana etc as indicated. 33
Gandhaka will have two type of doshas as Murtha rupa and amrutha swarupa visha.
The Murtha swarupa is compared to the physical impurities as mud, stone etc.
Amurtha swarupa is compared to the substances which produces effects like visha.
Thus is the necessity of shodhana.34
Shuddha Gandhaka Guna
Shuddha gandhaka when consumed with madhura padartha is atirasayana, ushna

virya and katu vipaka. It cures kandu, kushtu, visarpa and gajakarna. It is dipana,
pachana, amashoshana, vishahara, veeryaprada, kriminashaka, satwatmaka and
suthajith.35
Shuddha Gandhaka Laxana
Gandhaka during the shodhana process gets free from apadravya (physical
impurities) and Visha (chemical impurities) and attain panda roops.
PHARMACOLOGICAL & THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES:


Rasa - Katu , Tikta, Kasaya
Guna - Ushna, Sara
Virya - Ushana
Vipaka - Madhura (R. Cu.), Katuka (AP)
Karma - Dipana, Pacana, Vishara, Jantughna, Amonmocanasosana,

rasasosana, Rasayana, Vedhi, Sutamurccna-Parada, Surajit Balavirya-vardhaka,
Dirghayuskara, Drishtisakti-vardhaka.
Dosha Prabhava - Pittala, Kaphavatahara
Vyadhi Prabhava - Kadu, Kustha, Visarpa, Dadru,

Twakdosha,Amadosa, Visha Dosa, Bhuta dosa, Krimidosa, Pliharoga, Kshaya roga,
Jararoga, Netraroga, Jwaradiroga, Mrutyu, Kasa, Amajirna, Mandagni, Balakshaya,
Urdhwanga sakalaroga.
Yoga - Kajjali, Rasa parpati, Rasa sindhur, Hemagarbha pottali ,Apasmarari

rasa
SULPHUR
Introduction:
Sulphur is a element which occupies VI A Group . The other elements of VI A group

are Oxygen, selenium, Tellurium and polonium.
36
Historical
Sulphur was known to the ancients probably due to its frequent occurrence in free
state. It was used for fumigation and medicine by Aryans, Greeks and Romans, while
fumes of burning sulphur were used for bleaching.
Occurrence
Sulphur occurs in native i.e. elementary form in the volcanic regions of sicily, Italy,
Japan, South America, Russia, and Iceland. Small deposit has been found in Pakistan
(Balchistan) and India (Kangra dist in Himachal Pradesh). The biggest sulphur
deposits of world are Louisiana and Texas (U.S.A.).

Ores of sulphur
Table No. 1
Sulphides Sulphates
Zinc blend (ZnS) Gypsum CaSO42H2O.

Galena (PbS) Barytes BaSO 4
Coppur pyrite (CuFeS2) Epsonsalt MgSO4, 7H2O
Extraction of Sulphur 37
Extraction of Sulphur
Sicilian Process Frach Process
Herman Frash a German Born U.S. chemist developed a process subsequently

known by his name for extracting and raising pure sulphur from the deposits.
PROPERTIES OF SULPHUR
Physical properties 38
TABLE No.2
Atomic number 16
Atomic weight 32.064
M.P. 214.50C
B.P. 444.60C
1) Ordinary sulphur is pale yellow, brittle solid crystalline in nature.

2) It has market taste and faint odour; It is without physiological action on human
beings but poisonous to lower organisms.
3) It is soluble in water but readily soluble in carbon disulphide and sparingly
soluble in alcohol and ether. It is a poor conductor of heat and a bad, conductor of
electricity. It is therefore an excellent insulator.
Chemical Properties 39


1) Burning – It burns in air with a pale blue flame giving silphurdioxide and a little
trioxide as well.
S + O2 SO2
2S + 3O2 2SO3
2) Combination with elements.

It is active as oxygen and combines with number of elements, metals and non metals.
a) With carbon – It combines when sulphur vapours are passed our red
hot coke.
C + 2S CS 2
b) With most of the metals such as copper, Iron, Mercury, and Zinc it combines to
heating.
Fe +S FeS
Here it acts as oxidizing agent and oxidizes Iron to Iron sulphide.
3) Redacting action.
It reduces hot concentrated sulphuric and nitric acid.
2H2 SO +S4 3SO2 + 2H2 O
S + 6HNO3 H 2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2 O
Different Methods of Gandhaka shodhana
1st METHOD 40
Ashudha gandhaka churna Melt along with Ghrita Dhalana
in the godugdha Swedana for 1 ghati in godugdha Shudha
Gandhaka.


2nd METHOD 41
Gandhaka churna Melt Dhalana in Bhringaraja swarasa
procedure repeated for 7 times Shudha Gandhaka.
3rd METHOD 42
Sthali is filled with godugdha
And mouth is covered with vastra Ashudha gandhaka churna
Sprinkle over the vastra Again covered with sharava melted

gandhaka fall in to the godugdha Sh. Gandhaka
43
4th METHOD
Gandhaka + mardana for 1 prahara again mardana

with Nimbu rasa ,Asagandha swarasa
Karkatashringi / Dhattura/ Bhavita Gandhaka + Tila parni/kodrava

kwath equal quantity of ghrita
Melted on the mandagni Dhalana in the Ajadugdha Sh.gandhak

(procedure repeated for 7 times)
3.5 SASYAKA
INTRODUCTION
SASYAKA is very important astha maharasas. It is being used in Indian Medicine

from last 3200 years. The sasyaka is Mayura Kanthasadrusha. In books it is said that
the colour of sasyaka is neela, hareeta, and raktavarne. But now a day the sasyaka is
not available in these colours. Only available in the form of “Peacock Ore”. The
chemical composition of Peacock ore is Cu5FeS4 from this ore, copper sulphate is
extracted.44
SYNONYMS 45,46
• Amrut sang
• Mayuraka


• Shikigriva
• Tamragarba
• Mayur tutyaka
• Shikhi tutyaka
• Tutya
• Sasyaka
• Tutyanjana
• Vitunnaka
VERNACULAR NAMES
1. SANSKRIT - Sasyaka
2. HINDI - Tutya
3. ENGLISH - copper Sulphate
4. KANNADA - Mailututya
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CuSo47H2O (Copper Sulphate)
HISTORY
In Charaka Samhita the terms like “Tutya and Amrut Sangh” are used which are
synonyms of “SASYAKA”. Even in Sushruta Samhita, there is detailed description
regarding sasyaka is available. In other books the description of sasyaka is found. In
Rasa Granthas, it is told that “SASYAKA” is used for jarana, murchanadi karma of
parad. Therefore it is said that “SASYAKA” is very important rasa among Rasa
Dravyas.
In olden days “sasyaka” is used for used for preparation of different drugs to do the
shamana of different diseases. It was mainly used for Vranaropana lekhana,


kriminasha and skin diseases. It was used for treating animals.In agriculture the
solution of Sasyaka was given to crops, as it will prevent many diseases of plants.
AVAILABILITY
Sasyaka is available mainly in 2 sources
1. Artificial
2. Natural
Naturally it is found in mines and artificially it can be prepared in labs.Naturally it is

found in mines of swarna Makshika in small amount. It is mainly found in Simha
Bhoomi and Sasaram of Bihar. In Rajastan it is found in small quantity.Maximum
amount of sasyaka is prepared in lab only. It is mainly prepared at surat, Calcutta,
Amrutsar and Varanasi.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Colour is greenish blue (peacock blue)
2. It is Ativamaka dravya.
3. Sasyaka is having traces of water.
4. If Sasyaka is kept in atmosphere, it loses its water and turns to pale blue.
5. It is poisonous and insecticide.
6. Chemically formed by copper, sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen.
7. It is soluble in water.
PRASHASTA SASYAKA GUNA
Neela Tutta will do the shamana of vata, pitta, it does the harana of Vishaprabhava.
It cures shoola, arsha, kushta amlapitta and vibandha. It is Rasayana, does vamana
and virechana karma. It cures shweta kusta and visha aakraman.
ILL EFFECTS OF SASYAKA 47


If impure sasyaka is taken orally then it produces vamana and bhrama. It should be
taken only after the Shodhana.
TREATMENT FOR ILL EFFECTS 48
Jambeeranimbu Swarasa for three days or lajamanda with dhanya for three days.
SHODHANA OF SASYAKA
Purification is done in following methods
Method 1 49:
Pottali of sasyaka is tied to dola Yantra containing Gou, maheesha, or aja mutra.
Swedana is done for 3 praharas thus sasyaka is purified.
Method 2 50:
Sasyaka is powdered and triturated with nimbu Swarasa . Trituration is done for 6
hours and thus sasyaka is purified.
Method 3 51:
Tuttham will get purified by rubbing with the equal quantity of excreta of cat and
pegion and 1/10th part of tankan and subjected to mridu putam and then subjected to
Bhavana for tree times with curd water.
SASYAKA MARANA 52
Sh. Sasyaka - 100gms
Sh. Gandaka - 100gm
Sh. Tankana - 100gm
Lakucha Swarasa - Quantity sufficient
Procedure-
Take Sh. Sasyaka, Gandaka and Tankana in khalwa Yantra and triturated. Then for
this powder the Bhavana of lakucha Swarasa is given. Then its pills are prepared.


The pills are kept in Sharava and Kukkut puta is given. Like this 10 putas are given.
Then red coloured bhasma is obtained.
The sasyaka which is purified in nimbu Swarasa is taken. Then it is washed with
jala. Then the chakrikas are prepared. These chakrikas are kept in Sharava and
sandhi bhandhana is done then laghu puta is given. After auto cooling the bhasma is
taken out.To that bhasma dadhijala Bhavana is given and dried in sunlight.
PREPARATION OF TUTTA 53
EQUIPMENTS-
Flask, Stirrer, Sprit lamp.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
1. Copper pieces
2. Con. H2SO4
PROCEDURE-
1. Take pieces of copper in a flask.
2. Add Conc. H2So4 to that till the copper is immersed in the acid
3. Then stir it with the glass rod
4. Then it is heated over sprit lamp till the acid evaporates.
5. Keep it for self cooling
6. Blue coloured crystals are obtained in the flask. This is known as

Tuttya.
QUALITIES OF ASHUDHA SASYAKA
Impure sasyaka is
1. Ativamaka
2. Garavishagna


3. Vranaropaka
4. Kandugna
5. Kustagna
6. Shwitra Nashaka
7. Krimigna
8. Netra roga nashaka
QUALITIES OF SHUDHA SASYAKA
Shudha sasyaka is
Firanga nashaka, Upadhansha Nashaka,Netra Roga Nashaka,Vranaanashaka, Anti

dote of poison, Insecticide, Vamaka.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 54
Lekhana
Bedhana
Rasayana
Balya
Chakshushya
Pramehagna
Medohara
Krimigna
Kustagna
Shoola
Shwitra
Amlapitta


Arsha Nashaka
Twak vikara
Nadinam balam
BHASMA MATRA 55
Tha matra of Tuttha bhasma is 1/8th – 1/4th ratti .
Copper Sulphate 56
GENERAL
Trade name: Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate)
Formula: CuSO4.5H2O
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION/ PROPERTIES
Mol Weight: 249.68
Appearance: Blue crystals, granula or powder
Odour: Odourless
Melting Point: 110 0C. Above 100 0 C, copper sulfate loses water from
crystallization with formation of the monohydrate
Boiling Point: 653 0 C (decompose)
Solubility in Water: 320 g/L (20 0C)
Density: 2.284
QUALITY INDEX
Industrial Grade
Purity: 96.0% min
Water Insoluble : 0.2% max
Free Flowing Acid : 0.1% max
Appearance: Blue crystals powder
APPLICATION
It can be used to plate metals with copper, as a fungicide or herbicide, or as a
chemical test for water (the anhydrous form will absorb water, turning blue). Mixed
with lime it is called Bordeaux mixture. It is also used, in Fehling's solution, to test
for reducing sugars, which reduce the blue Cu2+aq ions to red copper (I) oxide. Still
other uses include hair dyes and the processing of leather and textiles.

Copper sulfate is also used to test blood for anaemia. A drop of the patient's blood is
dropped into a container of copper sulfate, if it sinks within a certain time, then the
patient has sufficient haemoglobin levels and is not anaemic. If the blood floats or
sinks too slowly, then the patient is iron-deficient and may be anaemic.
In a flame test, copper ions emit a deep blue-green light, much more blue than the
flame test for barium.
3.6 SUDHA
Introduction. 57
Sudha is one of the sudhavargeeya dravya.
The word Sudha is a streelinga pada.It has several meanings - Good liquid,
Good drink,Nector,Honey etc.
Historical review.
Samhita period
Sudha is considered as one of the Parthiva dravya. 58
59
Sudha is used to prepare Pratisaraniya ksara.
Rasagranthas.
Sudha is included in Shukla varga. 60
Sri Sadanand Sharma has described the synonyms, process to prepare
Curnodaka (lime water) and therapeutic indication of Curnodaka in his Text
Rasatarangini.
Vernacular names 61
• Kannada -- Sunna.
• Sanskrit -- Sudha.
• English -- Lime.
• Hindi -- Churna.
Synonyms. 62
• Curna.
• Curnaka.
• Sudha.
• Silaksra.
• Churnodaka.
• Sudhavilepa.


Grahya lakshanas63
The crystalline irregular in shape and white in colour.When water is added to it
,the chemical reaction results in production of heat and steam.
Properties 64
As such Sudha is not directly used for medicinal purposes, as it produces heat
and is irritant. It is used as medicine in the converted form after reacting with
water ,which has a chemical formula Ca(OH)2 and called as slaked lime. It
acts as Krimighna,Amlapittanashak,Udara and Grahaniroganashak.
LIME
Introduction.
The word Lime refers to products derived from burnt(calcined)limestone, such
as Quick lime and Hydrated lime(slaked Lime is a general term for calcium-
containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides
predominate.
Lime Stone.
Lime stone is naturally occurring and abundant sedimentary rock consisting of
high levels of Calcium and / or Magnesium Carbonate along with small
amounts of other minerals.
Occurrence. 65
Bihar is the largest limestone producing state in India. In Karnataka, it occurs
in Bijapur district, Gulbarga district, Tumkur district, Chitradurga district,
shimoga district, Belgaum district, near Yadawad.
Varieties.
Varieties on the basis of percentage of Magnesium carbonate in it.66
Lime stone. Percentage of MgCO3.
1.High Calcium lime stone <5%.
2.Magnecium limestone >5%.
3.Dolomite lime stone 30-40%.
Lime production process.
Limestone is extracted from quarries or mines.


Part of the extracted stone, selected according to its chemical composition and
granulometry, is calcinated at about 1000°C in different types of kiln, fired by
such fuels as natural gas, coal, fuel oil, lignite, etc.
Quicklime is produced according to the reaction:
CaCO3 + heat Æ CaO + CO2.
Quicklime can be hydrated, i.e., combined with water.
Hydrated lime is produced according to the reaction:
CaO + H2O ÆCa(OH)2.
3.7 SAINDHAVA
Introduction.67
Saindhava comes under Lavana varga.
Saindhava lavana is a mineral which is obtained from Punjab mines.Two
varities of saindhava are available i.e. white and reddish/red.According to
caraka saindhava is considered best amongst all the salts for internal use.
Vernacular names.
• Hindi ---- Sendha namak,sendhanona,lahauri namak.
• English ---- Rock salt.
Synonyms.
• Saindhava
• Sita siva
• Manima ntha
• Sindhuja
• Nadeya
Pharmacological properties.68
• Rasa-Madura
• Virya-Sita
• Guna-Snigdha,laghu.
Therapeutical properties.
It cures Aruchi,Netra roga,vrana and vibandha,and considered best among all
the lavanas.
SALT
Salt (Sodium chloride). 69


Salt, or sodium chloride, it is one of the rock origin mineral.
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is an ionic
compound with the formula NaCl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible
for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular
organisms. As the major ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a
condiment and food preservative.
Crystal structure.
The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each ion has six nearest neighbors,
with octahedral geometry.
Main article: Cubic crystal system
Sodium chloride forms crystals with face-cantered cubic symmetry. In these,

the larger chloride ions, shown to the right as green spheres, are arranged in a
cubic close-packing, while the smaller sodium ions, shown to the right as silver
spheres, fill all the cubic gaps between them. Each ion is surrounded by six
ions of the other kind; the surrounding ions are located at the vertices of a
perfect octahedron.
This same basic structure is found in many other minerals and is commonly
known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure. It can be represented as a
face-centered cubic lattice with a two atom basis. The first atom is located at
each lattice point, and the second atom is located half way between lattice
points along the unit cell edge.
Other names: Common salt,Halite,table salt, rock salt
Properties :
Molecular formula NaCl
Molar mass 58.443g/mol
Appearance Colourless/white crystalline solid
Odor Odourless

Density 2.165g/cm3
Melting point 8010C(1074K)
Boiling point 14650C(1738K)
Solubility in Glycerol, ethylene glycol, formic acid
Insoluble in HCl
Refractive index 1.5442(589nm)
Crystal structure Cubic
Biological functions.
In humans, a high-salt intake has long been known to generally raise blood
pressure, especially in certain individuals. More recently, it was demonstrated
to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel
homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth,
platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
Biological uses.
Many microorganisms cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is

drawn out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason salt is used to preserve
some foods. It can also be used to detach leeches that have attached themselves
to feed. It is also used to disinfect wounds.
3.8 NIMBUKA
Introduction. 70
The term Nimbuka was not traceable in the vedic literature as well as in
samhitas.
Its juice is considered to be vyadhiviparitarthakari chikitsa in Amlapitta/Sula.
Vernacular names.
Indian name.
• Kannada ---- Limbe,Nimbe


• Hindi ---- Limbu,Limu.

• English -- Lemon,Acid lime.
• Latin -- Citrus limon Linn.
Synonyms.
• Amlajambira.
• Dantughat.
• Jantumari.
• Rochana.
• Vahnibija.
• Bijapura.
• Amlasara.
• Jambira.
• Limpaka.
• Shodhan.
• Vahnidipya.
Rasa:Amla,Katu.
Guna:Laghu,Tikshna.
Virya:Usna.
Vipaka:Amla.
Karma-Vata Kaphahara,Dipana,Pachana,Chaksusya.
Indication-Agnimandya,Gulma,Sula, Amlapitta,Visuchi,Vataroga
Karnasula-The oil prepared by using Lime juice is useful in Amlapitta-Fresh
juice of jambeera may be given in the evening.
Dose-Fresh juice-10-20ml.
LEMON 71
Lemon is a small evergreen tree originally native to Asia, and is also the name
of the tree's oval yellow fruit. The fruit is used for culinary and no culinary
purposes throughout the world – primarily for its juice, though the pulp and


rind (zest) are also used, mainly in cooking and baking. Lemon juice is about
5% (approximately 0.3 mole per liter) citric acid, which gives lemons a tart
taste, and a pH of 2 to 3. This makes lemon juice an inexpensive, readily
available acid for use in educational science experiments. Because of the tart
flavor, many lemon-flavored drinks and candies are available, including
lemonade.
Botanical description.
Astraggling,bushy,small tree 3-4cmhigh with thorny branches.
Leaves-Ovate, Petiole, margined or winged.
Flowers-Small, white or pinkish, sweet sented.
Fruit-Oblong or ovoid, usually with a nippy shaped extremely, bright yellow,
thick; pulp acid, pale yellow.
Distribution.
Cultivated/grown in U P,Maharashtra,Tamil naduand Karnataka. Found wild in
the North-west regions of India up to 1300m.
Parts used-Fruit.
Chemical composition.
Moisture 90.1g, protein 1.1g, fat 0.3g, carbohydrates 8.2g, fibre 0.4g, ash 0.3g,
calcium 26mg, phosphorus 16mg, iron 0.6mg, sodium 2mg, potassium 138mg,
vit A 20 I U, thiamine 0.04 mg, riboflavin 0.02 mg, niacin 0.1 mg, ascorbic
acid 53 mg.
Medicinal Uses.
Lemon juice is widely known as a diuretic, ant scorbutic, astringent, and
febrifuge.
The sweetened juice is given to relieve gingivitis, stomatitis, and inflammation
of the tongue.
Lemon juice in hot water has been widely advocated as a daily laxative and
preventive of the common cold, but daily doses have been found to erode the
enamel of the teeth. Prolonged use will reduce the teeth to the level of the
gums.
Lemon juice and honey, or lemon juice with salt or ginger, is taken when
needed as a cold remedy.
72
3.9 LASHUNA


Introduction.
Lasuna is described in Atarva parisista and other contemporary texts.
Vernacular names.
• Hindi-Lahasuna.
• English-Garlic.
Synonyms.
• Ugragandha.
• Yavanesta.
• Lasuna.
• Mahousadha.
• Mlecchakanda.
Rasa:Madura, Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashya.
Katu rasa-root, Tikta-Leaf, Kashaya-Stem, Lavana-Stem tip/terminal bud,
Madura-Seed.
Guna:Snigdha, Guru, Tikshna, Sara.
Virya:Usna.
Vipaka:Katu.
Karma:Vat-kaphahara, Balya, Brahmhana, Rasayana, Vrisya, Netrya.

Indication: Vatavyadhi, Sula,Ajeerna,Vibandh,Gulma,Hrudroga,Swasa,Kasa,
Asthibhagna, Rajayaksma, Sotha,Krimi.
Amavata-Rasona, Sunthi and Nirgundi as decoctions.
Yoni roga-Juice of Garlic is given as early morning with milk and meat soup
as the diet. Plihavriddhi-Lasuna, Pippali mula Haritaki are given with cow’s
urine.
GARLIC 73
Originating in central Asia, garlic was introduced in the Mediterranean and is
now cultivated world-wide.It is a perennial, belonging to the Lily family. The
medicinal and food part is the bulb, which consists of individual bulblets or
cloves covered with a white papery skin and arranged around a central stem-
base.The leaves are flat and long. The plant sends up a flower stalk in the


summer, with a head of white, pink or reddish flowers, intermixed with small
bulbs.
The medicinal use of garlic dates back at least 5000 years- records from
ancient Greek, Chinese and Egyptian cultures document its use for infections,
high blood pressure and digestive complaints. Pasteur confirmed garlic’s
antibacterial properties in 1858.
Modern research has shown garlic to have antibacterial and antifungal action
as well as decreasing blood lipids, preventing blood clotting, stimulating the
immune system and potential anti-tumor and anticancer effects.
Distribution.
Cultivated throughout India. Mainly in Ludhiana, Karnataka, Tamilnadu,
Andhrapradesh, U P, and Gujarat.
Parts used-Bulb, Oil.
Chemical composition.
Chemical composition of Garlic for every 100gm contains, Water 59gm,
calories 149kcal, lipids 0.5gm, carbohydrates 33.07gm,fibre 2.1gm, manganese
1672mg, potassium 401mg,sulphur 70mg, calcium 181mg, phosphorus 153mg,
magnesium 25mg, sodium 17mg,vit B-6 1235mg,vit C 31mg, glutamic acid
0.805g,arginine 0.634g, aspartic acid 0.489g, leucine 0.308g, lysine 0.273g.
3.10 BHRINGARAJA 74
Botanical Name : Eclipta alba
Family : Asteraceae
Vernacular Names—
Hindi : Bhangara , Marathi : Maka , Punjabi : Bhangara
Synonyms :
esharanjana , Kesharaja , Markava , Bhrungara, Bhrunga , Mahanil , Ravipriya,

Angaraka, Suryavarta , Pitrupriya.
Introduction
• Bhringaraja is known to therapeutics since very early times.


• Paraskara grhyasutra , Keshava paddhali, Shounakiya Atharva , Koushika sutra etc.

explained Bhringaraja(Bhrngaraka) for its cosmetic as well as medicinal value.
• It is said to be used for Shwitra and Palita. It is also used with other drugs like
Haridra, Nilika and flowers of Indrayava. As a hair tonic it may be used along with
Kakamachi fruit juice externally.
• Though it is not described by Bhrihata Trayee in ganas and vargas, it is an important
herb in therapeutics.
• Charaka indicated it for Raktapitta while Vagbhatta advocated its consumption for
one month to have the Rasayana effect.
• In Rajanighantu, the blue variety is claimed to be the best Rasayana.
• At present its Hepatoprotective role is well established and used in Hepatitis.
Different Varieties—
In Rajanighantu, three varieties are mentioned.
Shweta Bhringaraja (E. alba)
Peeta Bhringaraja (Wedelia calendilaea Lees.)
Nili bhringaraja (E. alba?)
Bapalalji described another variety ,Rakta bhringaraja which is identified as Flaviera

rependa.
Botanical Description :
• Annual , erect or prostate herb , rooting at the noles.

• Leaves ; 2.5 to 7.5 cm long , variable in breadth , oblong-lanceolate ,sub entire ,
acute or sub acute, strigose.
• Flowers : in heads 6-8mm diameter , solitary or two on unequal axillary peduncles.
• Involucrol bracts about 8.
• Ray- flowers ligulate , white
• Disk – flowers tubular , corolla 4 toothed
• Fruit- Achene , cineaste , compressed and with a narrow wing.
Distribution


Found throughout India especially near the field and water sources.
Major chemical constituents—
Ecliptal , Wedelolactone , dis-methyl wedelolactone, stigmasterol , Heptacosanol ,

nentriacontanol , sixteen polyacetylenic thiophenes ect.
Properties :
Rasa – Katu , Tikta
Guna -- Ruksha , Laghu
Virya – Ushna
Vipaka – Katu
Karma – Kapha-vata hara , keshya , Rasayana , Balya , chakshyushya , dantya.
Indications—Pandu , kamala , shwasa , kasa , netra-roga , hridroga , krimi , kushta ,

shotha , shirashula.
Therapeutic uses---
• Garbhasthapana : cow milk with equal quantity of Bhringaraja swarasa should be

given to pregnant woman(vai. Ma.)
• Shwitra : Bhringaraja is fried with oil in iron vessel is consumed and after that milk
boiled with Beejaka should be given as anupana.(A. H.ci.20)
• Nakandhyata : Mastyanda boiled in Bhringaraja swarasa when consumed for a
period of seven days will cure night blindness. (C. D.)
• Parts used - whole plant
• Dosage -- swarasa: 5-10 ml
Important prepartions
• Bhringaraja taila
• Shadabindu taila
• Bhringarajasava


3.11 GUDUCHI 75
Sanskrit Name - Guduchi
Botanical Name - Tinospora cordifolia Miere
Family - Menispermaceae
English Name - Tinospora
Synonyms - Amrita, Amritavallari, Madhuparni, Chhina, Chhinaruha, Vatasadni,

Jeevanti, Chakralakshna, Rasayani, Tantrika, Guduchi.
Part Used - Leaves , Stem
Pharmacodynamics :-
Rasa - Tikta, Katu, Kashaya
Guna - Laghu, Snigdha
Virya: Ushna
Vipaka - Madhur
Doshaghnata -Tridoshaghna
Properties and Uses :-
According to Charaka it is used in Vishamajvara, Kamala, Pittajanya Vami,

Vatarakta etc.As per Sushruta in Vatarakta, Arsha, Vata Jvara etc.
According to Bhavamisra, Guduchi is considered as bitter, tonic, astringent, diuretic
and a potent aphrodisiac and curative against skin infections, jaundice, diabetes and
chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.76
Its use has been indicated in heart diseases, hypertension, leprosy,
helminthiasis and rheumatoid arthritis.Fleming remarked on its use as a febrifuge
and as a drug in gout.Tinosporin and a furanoid diterpene dilactone identical with
columbin, have been isolated (CSMDBIA,M).The other constituents reported from
stem are : tinosporide, cordifolide and unosporin, tinosporin, tinosporic acid and
tinosporol, heptacosanol, cordifol, B-sitosterol and tinosporidine, tinosporide,


octacosanol and a crystalline compound (C13 H16O5)6 and a new diterpenoid
furanolactone.
The plant, active principles and juice of fresh plant possessed a number
of pharmacological activities : Bitter, stomachic, antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, nutrient
and in gonorrhoea ; useful in chronic diarrhoea, alterative, and dysentery, diuretic; to
remove urinary stone; CNS depressant ; hypoglycaemic; antibacterial; antipyretic;
anti-inflammatory ; anti-rheumatic ; antiallergic ; caused bradycardia but increase in
ventricular contraction; analgesic; reduced blood urea ; hepatoprotective and non-
toxic.
Use of the plant as antipyretic, CNS depressant, hypoglycaemic,
antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and hepatoprotective were most
important as most of the properties had been confirmed after clinical trials.
Significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed against carrageenin, 5-HT,
formaldehyde, granuloma pouch and adjuvant arthritis in experimental animals.
77
3.12 KADALI
Botanical name : Musa paradisiacal linn
[M. sapientum linn]
Family : Musaceae
Vernacular names -
Hindi – Kela
English – Banana tree
Synonyms : Mocha , Ambusara , Amshumati , Rambha.
Introduction :
• It is tree like herb growing to a height of 3.9m. It is found all over India.
• It is quoted under Rodradi gana by Susruta and Vagbhatta.
• All the text have quoted its fruits under phala varga. All most all the parts of this
plant are used in therapeutics.


Major chemical constituents:
5- Hydroxytryptamine etc in raw pulp or Banana Rhizome ash is used.
Fruit – Ca , P ,oxalic acid , Vit. Etc.
Classical categorization
Susruta – Lodhradi gana
Vagbhatta – Rodhradi gana
Properties ---
Rasa – Madhura
Guna – Guru , Snigdha
Virya – Sheeta
Vipaka – Madhura
Karma – Pitta vata hara , bruhana , vrushya.
Indication – Amlapitta(kandu) , Daha , Trishna , Prameha , Kshyaya.
Therapeutic usage :
• Sidhma : Kadali kshara is given along with turmeric powder.[G. N.]

• Rakta pradara – Kadali fruit is to be given along with ghee[G. H.]
• Soma roga – Ripe fruit of kadali, mixed with juice of Amalaki , Madhu , Sugar is
given .[G. H.]
Part used - Tuber, flower, fruit, pith of stem.
Dosage - Fresh juice 10 -20 ml , powder 1-3gms.
3.13 Ghrita
Ghrita is one among the chatusneha intensively used in food and medicine. It is
obtained from the class mammalian of the animal kingdom. Though the griths of
these animals possess many common features Ayurveda discriminates their qualities


and recommends goghrits (cow’s ghee) as best and the grits of choice for both food
and medicine purpose.
Historical aspect of Ghrita :
Rigveda gives explanation about various qualities of ghrits. Apart from this the
Bruhatrayi too gives a systematic and scientific description about types of ghrits,
methos of preparation of aushdha siddha Ghrita and about sneha (sneha yoni etc) in
Ch Su(13,14,22,27), Su Su 946), Su Chi (31,15) & A H Su (16,18) A H Ka (16) 18
Acharya Bhavamishra gives a detailed explanation of different types of ghrits, their

rasa, guna, veerya & vipaka
78
Synonyms of Ghrita
Gritamajya, Havihi, Sarpihi, Kathyate
Bh. P.Ni. Ajya , Havi Sarpi.
79
Gavya Ghrita Guna
Apart from various other gunas explained, the shreshtatha of goghritha is told by
Yogaratnakara as follows.
Sarpigavam Ch Amritakam Vishaghnam Chakshushyam Arogyakaram ch Vrishyam|
Rasayanam Gandhamtiva Medhyam Snehottam Cheti Budhaha Stuvanti: ||
Yo. R.(Ghrita Varga)
goghritha is like Amruta, Vishanashaka, Netra hitakara, Arogyakaraka,

Viryavardhaka, Rasayana, Gandhayukta, Medhavardhaka & best among all sneha’s.
GHEE
Clarified milk fat or butter is known as ghee. It is prepared by heating butter

over 1000C to remove water content by evaporation and the residue is filtered out as
pure ghee.
The history of ghee is not properly recorded but it is very old. With the
advent of civilization man started domesticating cattle. His search for food taught


him to make use of milk. Due to lack of development of proper technology milk a
perishable product posed problems with preservation. It was the visualized that one
constituent of milk i.e. fat could be preserved for longer time without appreciable
deterioration. This fact led to the development of butter, ghee etc.
Chemistry:
Chemically ghee is nothing but 99.5% milk fat. It is a complex liquid of glycerides,
free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, sterol esters, fat soluble vitamins,
tocopherols, carbonyl, hydrocarbons, carotenoids, small amounts of charred casein,
traces of minerals like calcium, phosphorous, iron copper etc.
TABLE 3: Constituents of Ghee
Major Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)

constituents
Unsaponifiable Vit A,B carotene, Xanthophylls, lycopene tocopherol.

matter (soluble
Sterols: Vit D, cholesterol and cholesterol esters, 7-
in fat)
Dehydrocholesterol, Ergosterol, Xanosterol
Vit K.
Hydrocarbons-squalene
Trace Normally present but in widely variable amount, sometimes

constituents adventitious diglycerides, monoglycerides, phospholipids,
proteins, lactose. Free acids: water shoublee like formic acetic,
propionic and lactic , fatty acids like butyric, caproic, oleic etc. fat
breakdown products like fat hydroxyperoxides, free aldehydes and
ketones lactones etc. bound aldehyde, moisture dissolved gases
minerals like Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, etc.
The melting point of ghee is 350C which is less than normal temperature of
the human body.


The lipophilic nature of ghee facilitates entry of the active ingredients of the
drug into the cell as well as its delivery to the mitochondrium, microsome and
nuclear membrane. In the process of evaluating the activities of natural compounds,
it has been found that mixing of ghee with herbs potentiates their activity and utility
many times. 80
3.14 DEFINITION OF APASMARA

In vachasptyam, “smaran vilopana” condition is called as Apasmar 81.
Apasmara is defined as Apagamana of smruti associated with Tamah pravesh and
Bibhatsa chestha due to dearrangement of Dhi, Satva and Smruti, 82.
Loss of recollecting power is termed as Apasmara and it is due to samplava of Dhee
and Satva83.
TYPES OF APASMARA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS:
TABLE NO 4-
Types C S 84 S S 85 A S 86 G N 87
Vataj + + + +
Pittaj + + + +
Kaphaj + + + +
Sannipataj + + + +
Though there is mentioning of Agantuja Apasmara in the context of Chikitsa, but it

is missing under the subtypes of Apasmara. Chakrapani has clarified the reason for
exclusion of Agantuja Apasmara under the classification of Apasmara. He describes
that though there will be an Agantuja karana, but the symptoms will not be
manifested unless the occluded Doshas reach Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana unlike
other
diseases.88
MANAGEMENT OF APASMARA
Some of the important Rasaoushadi used in effective management of Apasmara are:
•
Chaturmukha Rasa
•
Anandbhairava Rasa


•
Maha Mritunjaya Rasa
•
Trailokya Chintamani Rasa
•
Unmada Gaja Keasari Rasa
•
Vata Kulantaka Rasa
•
Yogendra Rasa
•
Chanda Bhairava Rasa
•
Bhoota Bhairava Rasa
•
Swarna Bhasma
•
Rajata Bhasma
•
Haratala Bhasma
•
Pravala Pishti
•
Mukta Pishti
• Swarna Makshika Bhasma
REVIEW ON EPILEPSY
EPILEPSY:
• The word Epilepsy is derived from Greek and means, “to seize upon’’ 89
• Epilepsy can be defined as Condition characterized by recurrent episodes
primarily of cerebral origin, in which there is a disturbance of movement,
sensation. Behavior or consciousness. These episodes begin suddenly and
have a tendency to disappear spontaneously 90.
• Epilepsy (also called “seizures”) is characterized by uncontrolled excessive
activity of either part or all the central nervous system 91.
• A seizure is defined as a clinical manifestation of paroxysmal hyperactivity
of set neurons in the brain, which may involve a change in state of
responsiveness of an individual, and result in altered behavior92, Epilepsy
means a tendency to have seizures and is a symptom of brain diseases rather


than diseases itself. A single seizure is not epilepsy but an indication for
Investigation93 .
Historical Review:
• Hippocratus, the father of modern medicine in about 400 B.C. opposed the
supernatural explanation of epilepsy and correctly attributed it to abnormal
cerebral function 94
• In 4th century AD, Theodorus priscianus, a Latin author described a
generalized tonic clonic seizure and questioned the name “Falling
sickness”which was a popular term referring to epilepsy since antiquity 95.
• The knowledge about epilepsy further expanded by the growth in
understanding of synaptic in terms of excitation, inhibition and
interconnections between the synaptic systems. It was also clear that aberrant
changes in these systems lead to epileptic discharges. 96
• Incidence of Epilepsy97
Studies in developing countries suggest an annual incidence of 38-49 per
1, 00,000 population. Higher incidence in developing countries is said to be
because of higher chances of experiencing conditions which lead to
permanent brain damage e.g. meningitis, malaria, pre and postnatal
complications,
malnutrition and neurocysticercosis.
• Seizures and epilepsy98

A seizure (from Latin sacire ‘to take the possession of’) is paroxysmal event due to
abnormal, excessive, hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate of CNS
neurons.
Epilepsy –condition in which a person has recurrent seizures due to chronic
underlying process.
Epilepsy refers to a phenomenon rather than a disease entity, since there are many
forms for the cause of epilepsy.
• International Classification of epileptic Seizures 99:
1.A Partial (Focal, Local) Seizures - seizures in which the first clinical and EEG
changes indicate initial activation of system of neurons limited to part of one
cerebral hemisphere.


1.B Simple partial seizure – When consciousness is not impaired,

With motor signs
With somatosensary or special sensory symptoms
With autonomic symptoms or signs
With psychic symptoms.
1.C Complex partial seizures – With impairment consciousness.
2. Generalized seizures –Are those in which the first clinical changes indicate initial
involvement of both hemispheres. Consciousness may be impaired and this
impairment may be initial manifestation.
2.A Atypical absence seizures- a typical absence seizure has a sudden on set, lasts
for about ten seconds and ends suddenly. There is no warning and postictal phase.
B. Myoclonic seizures
C. Clonic seizures
D. Tonic seizures
E. Tonic-clonic seizures
F. Atonic seizures
3. Unclassified epileptic seizures-Include all seizures that cannot be classified
because of inadequate or incomplete data.
The Term status epilepticus describes a seizure, which persists for a sufficient
length of time or is repeated frequently enough that recovery of consciousness
between attacks does not occur.
Classification of status epilepticus
• Convulsive status
• Generalized major motor status
REVIEW ON PHENYTOIN 100 ( DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN)
Phenytoin is not a CNS depressant; some sedation occurs at therapeutic doses, but
this does not increase further with dose; rather toxic doses produce excitement. The
most outstanding action is abolition of tonic phase of maximal electroshock
Convulsions, with no effect on or prolongation of clonic phase. It limits spread of
Convulsion activity. Threshold for PTZ convulsions is not raised. Tonic- Clonic
epilepsy is suppressed but paroxysmal focal EEG discharge and “aura” persist.
¾ Mechanism of Action:


Phenytoin has a stabilizing influence on neuronal membrane Prevents repetitive

detonation of normal brain cells during “Depolarization Shift” that occurs in
epileptic patients and consists of a synchronous and unusually large depolarization
over which action potentials are superimposed. This is achieved by prolonging the
inactivated state of voltage sensitive neuronal Na+ channel and governs the
refractory period of the neurone. As a result high frequency discharges are inhibited
with little effect on normal low frequency discharges. This effect has been noted at
therapeutic concentration of phenytoin, while other effects like reduction in Ca2+
influx during depolarization, inhibition of glutamate and facilitation of GABA
responses have been demonstrated at higher concentrations. Intracellular
accumulation of Na+ that occurs during repetitive firing is prevented.
Therapeutic concentrations have no effect on resting membrane potential : normal
symaptic transmission is not impaired . Phenytoin, in contrast to Phenobarbitone and
valproate, does not interfere with Kindling. Its ability to selectively inhibit high
frequency firing confers efficacy in trigeminal neuralgia and cardiac arrhythmias as
well.
¾ Dose :
100 mg BD, maximum 400mg/day; Children 5-8 mg / kg / day, DILANTIN 25mg.
100mg cap,100mg/4ml oral suspension, 100 mg/2 ml inj., also EPILEPTIN
EPSOLIN, EPTION 100 mg cap.
¾ Uses :
Phenytoin is one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs for Generalized tonic -
clonic , simple and complex partial Convulsions. It is ineffective in absence
Convulsions.
Review on Samritisagar Rasa
Introduction.
Samritisagar Rasa is also one of the kharaliya / saganda rasayana.
Historical review of Samritisagar Rasa.
In Rasagranthas:
Samritisagar Rasa its detail explanation related to preparation, pharmacological,
therapeutic properties,matra & anupana are mentioned in many of the rasa classical
text .i.e. Yogaratanakar,Rasa Yoga Sagar, ,Ayurveda Sara Samgraha and also
explained in AFI Vol. 2nd etc.


Method of preparation of Samritisagar Rasa

Shodhita Parada, Shodhita Gandhaka , Shodhita Haratala , Shodhita Manashila and
Tamra Bhasma all are taken in equal quantity in khalvayantra and the mixture
triturated continuously with Vaca kwatha(Root) first for 21 times ,and afterwards
secondly with Brahmi swarasa (panchanga) again for 21 times and lastly with
Jyotishmati beeja taila for single time homogenous mixture is prepared.
Dose : Adult - 1 masha(1 gm)

Anupana: Ghrita
Amayika prayoga of Apasmarari Rasa.
Unamada ,Apasmara.
3.15 Analytical Study
Determination of Mercury by UV AAS method 101:
Weigh about 5gms of the sample in a round bottomed flask of the Bethge apparatus
(Apparatus used for Mercury digestion) Connect the flask to the condensate receiver
and reflux condenser. Add 2-3 glass beds, 10-12ml of concentrated Nitric acid and 2-
5ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid. Leave the flask and collect the Nitric acid in the
condensate receiver. Continue heating till the Sulphuric acid starts fuming and chars
the sample. Remove the burner , wait for few minutes and carefully allow the Nitric
acid to drain in to the flask.
Repeat this operation till the sample solution becomes just pale yellow in colour.
Wash down the condenser and condensate receiver. Add 150mg of Potassium
permagnate per gram of dry sample and 3 ml of distilled Hydrochloric acid. Cover
the flask with short steamed funnel and heat to boiling. Boil gently for 5 minutes,
cool and transfer in to a 50ml volumetric flask and make up to volume.
Remove the stopper of reaction vessel and teke suitable aliquot of the blank ,
standred or sample in it. Add required amount of 10% Nitric acid , 2ml of Stannous
chloride solution and replace stopper immediately. Switch on the magnetic stirrer


and stir vigorously for 5 minutes. Adjust 0% and 100% transmission. Start the pump
and allow the Mercury vapour generated in the reaction vessel to flow through the
absorption cell. Note the absorbance reading on the meter. The meter needle should
be back to 100% transmission and remain stable. Switch off the pump and magnetic
stirrer. Adjust 0% and100% transmission just before each measurement.
Repeate measurement for standred Mercuric preparation of different concentration.
Formula—
Mercury content in ppm= A-B / S
Where A = Absorbance of sample solution
B = Absorbance of Blank
S = sample weight in grams
Ppm = parts per million.
2. Estimation of Sulphur by Gravimetric method: 102
Gravimetric analysis involves the estimation of substance by the process weighing.

The constitute to be estimated is converted in to a compound of definite composition
and the weight of the original substance can be calculated.
Experiment ---
About 500mg of sample was fused with 10:1 of Sodium carbonate and Pottasium
nitrate in clean and dried nickel crucible and fused mass was dissolved in distilled
water. This solution was filtered and acidified with HCl added drop by drop with
occasional swinging and then 50ml of 5% Barium chloride solution was added drop
wise. The mixture was kept without disturbing for complete precipitation. Then
filtered through Waltman filter paper no. 40.
Paper was removed from the funnel and folded in the form of pocket so as to enclose
the precipitate taking care not to tear the paper. The pocket was placed in the point
down in a silica crucible, which was previously heated to dull redness and weighed.


The crucible was then mouthed on a clay triangle loosely covered by lid heated by
low flame. When all the moisture has been expelled the flame was increased
gradually so as to slowly carbonize the substance. When charring of the paper was
completed. The temperature was raised to dull redness and all the carbon burnt off
with free access of air. When yellow precipitate was changed to white, the crucible
was ignited at a red heat for10 mins. Then crucible was allowed to cool. Cooled
crucible was weighed along with substance.
The heating , cooling and weighing was repeated till results were obtained. This
procedure was repeated for all the samples.
Estimation of Copper sulphate by Gravimetric method:
Gravimetric analysis involves the estimation of substance by the process weighing.

The constitute to be estimated is converted in to a compound of definite composition
and the weight of the original substance can be calculated.
Experiment ---
About 500mg of sample was fused with 10:1 of Sodium carbonate and Pottasium
nitrate in clean and dried nickel crucible and fused mass was dissolved in distilled
water. This solution was filtered and acidified with HCl added drop by drop with
occasional swinging and then 50ml of 5% Barium chloride solution was added drop
wise. The mixture was kept without disturbing for complete precipitation. Then
filtered through Valtman filter paper no. 40.
Paper was removed from the funnel and folded in the form of pocket so as to enclose
the precipitate taking care not to tear the paper. The pocket was placed in the point
down in a silica crucible, which was previously heated to dull redness and weighed.
The crucible was then mouthed on a clay triangle loosely covered by lid heated by
low flame. When all the moisture has been expelled the flame was increased
gradually so as to slowly carbonize the substance. When charring of the paper was
completed. The temperature was raised to dull redness and all the carbon burnt off
with free access of air. When yellow precipitate was changed to white, the crucible
was ignited at a red heat for 10 mins. Then crucible was allowed to cool. Cooled
crucible was weighed along with substance.


The heating , cooling and weighing was repeated till results were obtained. This
procedure was repeated for all the samples.
3.16 REVIEW OF ANIMAL STUDY
SCREENING OF ANTI EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY

Preparation of doses /vehicle:
Drug was Semisolid so triturated with distilled water and gum acessia.
Administration of doses:
The test substance is orally administered in a single dose by using a stomach tube.
Animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to dosing.
Experiment model by MES Method:
An electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity to induce maximal seizure is applied by

means of an external device stimulator or convulsiometer .A supramaximal strength
is 50 mA in mice or 150mA in rats for 0.2 seconds is used .The stimulus is applied
via corneal or ear clip electrodes. MES seizures remain the primary screening for
potential Antiepileptic activity.
ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY BY MES METHOD 103
Objective:
To study the “Anti Convulsant activity of Apasmarari Rasa” against maximal

electroshock induced convulsions in wister albino rats.
Principle:
Different type of epilepsies i.e. grandmal, petitmal, psychomotor type can be studied
in laboratory animals. The maximal electro-shock (MES) induced convulsions in
animals represent grandmal type of epilepsy. Similarly chemo convulsions induced
by pentylenetetrazole, which produce clonic type of convulsions, resemble petitmal
type of convulsion in man. These are two procedures used to study convulsions and
to test anticonvulsant drugs in laboratory animals.


In MES convulsions electroshock is applied through the ear electrodes through

stimulation cortical excitation is produced. The MES convulsion are divided into five
phases such as 1) tonic flexion 2) tonic extensor c) clonic convulsion d) stupor and e)
recovery or death .A substance is known to possess anticonvulsant property if it
reduces or abolishes the extensor phase of MES convulsions this procedure may be
used to produce convulsions both in rats and mice.
Requirement:
Animals – Male Wistar Albino Rats
Standard Drug (A) - Phenytoin
Standard Drug (B) - Smriti sagar rasa
Test Drugs - Apasmarari rasa.
Equipments-Electro-convulsiometer, ear electrodes (apply 150mA current for

0.2sec)
Procedure
1. Weigh and number the animals. Divide them into four groups each consisting
of 6 rats first group is used as control and second for drug phenytoin and third group
as a Ayurvedic standard Drug is to be given, for group fourth test drug Apasmarari
rasa should be given respectively.
2. Hold the animal properly, place corneal or ear electrodes on the cornea or ear
pinna and apply the prescribed current, note different stages of convulsion i.e. A)
Tonic flexion B) Tonic extensor phase C) Clonic convulsions D) Stupor E) recovery
or death. Note the time in seconds spent by the animal in each phase of the
convulsions. Repeat with other animals of control group.
3. Administer phenytoin Samritisagar rasa and Apasmarari rasa orally to
different groups. Wait for 180 min and subject the animals to electro convulsions as
described earlier.
Note the reduction in time or abolition of tonic extensor of MES convulsions.


Previous work done:
• Antar dhooma evam bahir dhooma Tamra sindoora kalpana evam Apasmara roga par
prabhavatmaka adhyayana.
• Anti – convulsant activity of roots and bark of Calotropis gigantean Linn , Kalpana
S. Patil et al “Journal of Natural Remedies “ Vol 8/1 (2008 Pp 109 -114.
• Anticonvulsant activity of roots and rhizomes of glycyrrhiza glabra.
• Shirish d. Ambawade et all indian journal of pharmacology 2002; 34: 251- 255
• An experimental evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of vitex-negundo ,V. R.

Tandon and r. K. Gupta,Post graduate department of pharmacology & therapeutics,
Govt. Medical college,Jammu – 180 001


Methodology

Aim : Preparation of Apasmarari rasa.
4.1 NIMBUKA SWARASA EXTRACTION.
Aim : Extraction of swarasa from Nimbu fruits.
Principle: Extraction of swarasa from Nimbuka fruits.
Source of collection : Nimbuka fruits are procured from market and got
authenticated from the experts .
Date of commencement: 2/12/09.
Date of completion: 4/12/09.
Equipments :
• Tulayantra.
• Cloth piece.
• Knife.
• Juice extractor.
• Vessel, plate.
• Measuring cylinder.
• pH meter.
Table No.5 - Showing ingredients required for Nimbu swarasa extraction.
SI No. Ingredients Latin name Part used No of fruits Qty of swarasa

1 Nimbuka Citrus limon Linn Fruit 25 570ml
Procedure:
1. Fully ripened 25 Nimbu fruits are taken and washed with water &
cleaned by cloth piece.
2. Then cut in to two halves with the help of Knife and seeds are removed
from the Nimbuka cut pieces.
“PREPARATION, PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTICONVULSANT


Methodology

3. Next Nimbu pieces are kept in juice extractor and pressed and the juice
was collected in a vessel and again filtered through cloth piece.
4. Collected swarasa was measured through measuring cylinder.
Precautions:
• Fully ripened fruit must be collected.
• Seeds should be removed.
• The equipments used for procedure should be clean.
Observations:
• Collected swarasa was dull yellow in colour.
• Measured, 570ml in quantity.
Table No.6 - Showing organoleptic features of Nimbu swarasa.
SI No. Features Results
1 Color Light yellow.
2 Touch Soft liquid.
3 Odor Sweetish odor.
4 Taste Sour.
5 pH 2.51.
4.2 HINGULA BHAVANA.

Aim: Bhavana to the Hingula.
Reference: Rasatarangini 5/38-42
Principle: Nimbu swarasa bhavana to the Hingula, to convert it in to
fine particles, suitable for further procedure.
Source of collection : Grahya Hingula was procured from market –
Dorle & Sons,Kolhapur and got authenticated from the experts in the
Subject of Rasashastra.
Equipments:
•Tulayantra.


Methodology

•Khalva yantra .
•Juice extractor.
•Knife.
•Vessel, plate, spoon.
Table No. 7 - Showing ingredients required for Hingula bhavana.
SI No. Ingredients English /Latin name Chemical formula Quantity
1 G.Hingula Cinnabar/Mercuric Hgs 570gms
sulphide
2 Nimbu Lemon/Citrus limon --------- 570ml
swarasa Linn.
Procedure:
1. Priory weighed grahya Hingula is taken in khalvayantra,
pounded and then crushed in to fine powder form.
2. To this Nimbu Swarasa added until the powders immersed
completely and wait for few minutes.
3. Then the mixture is triturated continuously for one day i.e. for
about 12 hrs.Trituration is continued till the consistency turns in
to thick paste form.
4. Intermittently the Hingula sticked to the khalva yantra scraped
carefully to avoid wastage.
5. Then this homogenous mixture allowed to dry in khalvayantra &
covered with thin plastic sheet.
6. On 2nd day, the mixture is in semisolid form, and again triturated
for 3hrs and allowed it to dry.
7. Then completely dried Hingula powder was collected carefully
and weighed and preserved in an airtight container.
Precautions:
• After the fine powder of Hingula, Nimbuka swarasa added and
mardana was done carefully, so that it should not spill out.
• After complete drying only, the mixture should be stored in
container.
Observations:


Methodology

• On immediate trituration with Nimbu swarasa the colour noticed
was Aruna varna(dark red colour).
• On continous trituration, the consistency became thick and
colour became dark red.
• After the procedure, the Hingula mixture loses its shining, and
the particles become finer.
• The time consumed for one Bhavana was 14hrs.
• Pleasant smell of Nimbuka was present minimally.
• Total quantity obtained 577gms.
• Weight gain was noticed at finally about 7gms.
Table No.8 - Organoleptic features of Hingula before and after
Bhavana.
SI No Features. Before After
1 Color Shiny reddish brown Darkred reduced shining.
2 Touch Rough powder Fine, soft powder
3 Odor Odorless Nimbukavat.
4 Weight 570gms 577gms
4.3 PARADA NISKASANA FROM HINGULA.
Aim : Parada niskasana From Bhavita Hingula.
Ref : Rasatarangini5/38-42
Principle: Parada Niskasana from B.Hingula through vidhyadhara procedure.
Equipments :
• Tulayantra
• Khalva yantra


Methodology

• Plate and spoon
• Assembled vidhyadharayantra
• Cloth piece
• Mrittika.
• Gas burner
• Thermometer
• Thermocouple
• Ice cubes
Table No.9 - Showing ingredients required for Parada Niskasana.
SI No. Ingredients English name Chemical Quantity

formula
1. B.Hingula Mercury HgS 550gms
sulphide
Procedure:
1. Two earthen vessels taken and the mouth of one vessel is wide, and the base
of another one vessel should be broad one selected. Both the vessels
properly cleaned with the cloth.
2. About 550gm of Bhavita Hingula placed and spread inside the wide mouth
vessel.
3. Broad bottom vessel is placed over the wide mouth vessel i.e. the base of
upper(broad bottom) vessel touch the mouth(wide mouth) of lower vessel
and this type of arrangement of vessels was known as vidhyadhara yantra.
4. Sandhibandhana done with mrittika lepita vastra, after drying one lepa
another lepa is applied; likewise, 4-6 mrittikavastra lepa was applied,
and dried it completely.
5. Then vidhyadhara yantra is subjected to agni.


Methodology

6. Upper vessel filled with ice water, after every 15 mins water is
changed for proper condensation.
7. Thermocouple applied to note the temperature.
8. Thermometer used to see the temperature of water, which was placed
in upper vessel.
9. Tivraghni was maintained throughout the procedure, continued for
about 8 hrs.
10. After swangasita of yantra, sandhibandhana was removed and
globules of parada are collected, those are adhered to the bottom of the
upper vessel.
11. Globules of Parada were scraped with the spoon and collected
in container.
12. Collected globules along with black powder (burnt sulphur)
filtered through four fold cloth for 4 times, weighed and preserved
H.Parada in airtight container.
13. Brownish black colored residue was collected from the lower
vessel.
Precautions:
• Properly cleaned Khalvayantra should be used to avoid any type
of
contamination.
• Bhavita Hingula should be spread equally all over.
• Sandhibandhana should be done carefully for 4-5 times, to avoid
any leakage and it has to sustain more temperature.
• Heat should be maintained equally throughout the procedure.
• Condensation should be done properly to get more amount of
Parada.
• After procedure,Vidhyadhara yantra should be opened carefully,to
avoid any wastage of Parada globules.
• Parada globules are collected carefully to avoid any loss.
• Collected Parada globules are filtered for 4 - 5 times, so to get
clean & clear H.Parada.


Methodology

Observations.
• At the bottom of upper vessel, fine globules of Parada were adhered and
bottom was completely black in color due to the burnt sulphur.
• The residue remained in lower vessel was turned to brownish dark black
color.
• Obtained Parada brightens more like silver compared to market sample
of Parada.
• Total wt of Bhavita Hingula -550gm.
• Total wt of residue remained (lower vessel) - 376.4gm.
• Total wt of Parada obtained was -89.6gm.
• Thermocouple shows the temperature up to (big gas burner)-8600C.
• Room temperature was-260C.
• Temperature of ice cube water was-150C.
• For whole procedure ice cubes required was-20kg.
Table No.10 - Showing organoleptic features of H.Parada.
SI No Features H.Parada
1 Color Silvery white.
2 Touch Soft & cold.
3 Odor Odorless
4 Total qty obtained 89.6gm.
4.4 H. PARADA SHODHANA.
Aim: Shodhana of H.Parada.
Reference: Rasatarangini -5/27-30.
Principle: Mardana of H.Parada with sudharaja for 3 days & then with nisthusha
lashuna & saindhava lavana.This procedure helps to remove impurities and to
increase the potency of the drug.


Methodology

Equipment:
• Tulayantra.
• Khalva yantra.
• Vastra.
• Plate, spoon.
• Jala.
Table No.11 – Showing ingredients required for H.Parada shodhana.
SI No. Ingredients English/Latin name Part used Quantity

1 H.Parada Mercury (Hg) Whole 80gms
2 Sudharaja Lime (Ca(OH)2) Whole 80gms
3 Saindhava Salt (NaCl) Whole 36.4gm
4 N.lashuna Allium sativum Linn. Bulbs. 75.02gm
Procedure
1. Weighed quantity of Hingulotta Parada and Sudharaja are taken
in khalva yantra and triturated continuously for 3 days i.e. 6hrs
/day.
2. On fourth day, mardana was done for about 1hr, colour of
Sudharaja turns into black. Most of the Parada was get collected
in the middle of khalva which was shining. This Parada was
collected in the glass jar seperatly.Remaining Sudharaja was
washed with hot water and remaining Parada was collected after
vastra galana.
3. To this Parada equal part of Nistush lashuna and its half part
Saindhav lavana was added and triturated well till the khalka
turns in to Krishna varna.
4. Next,this is to be washed with water and shiny,clean and clear
Parada was collected and stored in glass jar.


Methodology

Precautions:
1. Properly cleaned Khalvayantra should be used, to avoid mixing
of any type of contamination.
2. Trituration should be carried carefully,to avoid wastage of
Parada.
3. While collecting Parada from Sudha mixture,little water should
be added to collect Parada easily.
4. While washing with water care must be taken otherwise Parada,
floats on the surface of water and goes out with water.
Observations
On 1st day
• While triturating H.Parada with Sudharaja, after 1 hr Parada
mixed with sudha in the form of small droplets.
• After 5hrs mardana, color of Sudha becomes dull.
On 2nd day
• On second day, mardana was done for about 6hrs.
• Parada mixed with Sudha in the form of fine droplets. Dullness
of Sudharaja increased.
On 3rd day
• On third day, mardana was done for about 6hrs.
• While trituration, shining globules of Parada were gets collect at
the centre of Khalva, and colour of Sudharaja turns in to dark
grey.
On 4th day
• On fourth day, mardana was carried and intermittently the Parada,
which was collected at centre, was taken out simultaneously and
stored.
• Colour of Sudharaja turns completely black. Most of the Parada
was get collected in the middle of khalva, which was shining.
• Luster of Parada was increased.
• Weight of Parada obtained after mardana with Sudha- 78.00gm.
• With Sudha,Parada loss was seen about -2.0gms.
On 5th day


Methodology

• On fifth day mardana of this Parada was done by taking its equal
wt of Nistusha lashuna and its half part of Saindhava.Immediatly
Parada get mixed with Rasona in the form of very small droplets.
• Slowly colour of Rasona Kalka became blackish somewhat large
globules of Parada were seen in lashuna Kalka.
• After 5hrs, Kalka become black. Most of the Parada collected in
the middle of the khalva.
• Obtained Parada was very shiny, clear.
• Wt of shodhita Parada obtained is - 75gm.
• With Kalka,Parada loss was seen about 3gms.
• At the end, total quantity of Parada obtained after whole
procedure was -75gms.
• Total quantity of Parada lost during whole procedure was about -
5gms.
Table No.12 – Showing organoleptic features of H. Parada before &
after shodhana.
SI No. Features Before shodhana After shodhana
1 Color Silvery white Silvery, bright white
2 Touch Soft & cold Soft & cold
3 Odor Odorless Odorless
4.5 BHRINGRAJ SWARASA NIRMANA
Aim: To prepare the Bhringraj Swarasa
Source of collection: Bhringraj collected from natural habitat and get

authenticated.
Principle : Extraction of swarasa from Bhringraj.
Reference : Sha.Sam.Mad.Khanda ½.


Methodology

Date of Commencement: 18/12/09
Date of Completion: 18/12/09
Equipments:
• Cloth
• Steel container
• Plate
• Measuring cylinder
• Knife
Instruments: pH meter
TABLE No. 13 Showing the Ingredients for Bhringraj Swarasa preparation :
Sr no . Name of the drug Latin Name Part used Quantity

1. Bhringraj Aclipta alba Leaves 100ml
Procedure:
1. Fresh Bhringraj leaves were collected from natural habitat.
2. These were washed properly and wiped.
3. Then leaves were pounded well. Till it becames paste form.
4. This kalka was placed in a clean cloth and squeezed properly in a vessel,
until all the swarasa comes out.
5. When we keep the swarasa in a container it sediments down. While doing
shodhana of Gandhaka it was stirred well and used for Dhalana.
Observation:
1. Kalka formation becomes easier with fresh Bhringaraja plant.
2. Extraction of juice becomes easier and less time consuming.
3. The fresh juices of Bhringaraja plant was dark green in colour on extraction,
but turned to a blackish shade on keeping for half an hour.


Methodology

4. Keeping of swarasa in stable position, make the small minute particles of
kalka to settle down to the base of the pot.
Precautions:
1. Bhringaraja taken should be well grown one and free from krimis.
2. While pounding care was taken so that it should not spill out.
3. Squeezing of kalka done properly.
4. Clean vessel should be used.
Table No.14 Oraganoleptic characters of Bhringaraja swarasa
Sr Dravaya Color Odour Touch Taste pH

no.
1. Bhringaraja swarasa Dark green Dravyagat Thick, Sheet Tikta 6.03
4.6 GANDHAKA SHODHANA
Aim: To Gandhaka Shodhana
Source of collection:
Bhringraj collected from natural habitat and Gandhaka is taken from Kolhapur
market and get authenticated.
Reference : Rasatarangini 8/21-22
Principle : Melting of Gandhaka and pouring it in Bhrungraj swarasa
Procedure:
1. Dravana (melting)
2. Dhalana (pouring in to liquid)


Methodology

Equipments:
• Vastra
• Loha darvi
• Paatra
• Khalwa yantra,
• Spatula
• Chullika.
Ingredients:
• Gandhaka
• Bhringaraja swarasa: Q.S.
• Goghrita: Q.S.
Procedure:
1. Previously weighed Gandhaka was powdered finely in khalwa

yantra.
2. This powdered Gandhaka was taken in a loha darvi, smeared

with Goghrita and then subjected to mandagni.
3. Gandhaka should be stirred with spoon intermittently.
4. When Gandhaka melted completely, it was poured in to a
Bhringaraja swarasa in a vessel.
5. The Gandhaka from Bhringaraja swarasa was collected and
washed thoroughly with hot water.
6. Then it was dried under shade.
7. This procedure was repeated for 7 times.
Precautions:
1. Equipments should be clean and dried.

2. Mandagni should be maintained throughout the procedure.


Methodology

3. Gandhaka should be poured, as soon as it gets melted.
4. The Bhringaraja swarasa to which Gandhaka is poured should be
changed after each process.
Observations:
1. Time required for liquefaction of Gandhaka; 6-8 minutes, on an

average.
2. Gandhaka liquefies completely at 116 0C in the first procedure. It
liquefied at 110 0C in the second procedure. In the subsequent
procedures, it liquefied at 105 0C.
3. Colour changed from Dark yellow to oranges yellow during
liquefaction of Gandhaka.
4. After each process Gandhaka becomes more brittle.
5. Ugra gandha of Gandhaka reduced considerably in subsequent
procedures.
6. In the end of the procedure color of Bhringraja swarasa turned to
yellowish green with oily appearance.
7. Gandhaka found in Bhringaraja swarasa as a greenish yellow
granular solid mass.
8. Amount of Bhringaraja swarasa left over after first dhalana is very
negligible.
9. In the same way, the quantity of Ghrita required in the first procedure
was much compare to the requirements in the subsequent
procedures.
10. After first procedure, Gandhaka appears dull greenish yellow and
even after several hot washing, it was sticky.
• Gandhaka Taken – 100gms
• Gandhaka Obtained – 90gms
• Weight loss - 10gms
Table No. 15 Changes during shodhana of Gandhaka


Methodology

No of Qty. of B. Qty of Time taken Melting Wt. of Wt. of
procedure R.S. taken B. R.S. for temp. of Gandhaka Gandhaka
left over complete Gandhaka Before after
liquification procedure procedure
1st 200 ml 160 ml 8 min 116 100 gms 98 gms
3rd 150 ml 110 ml 7 min 110 96 gms 93 gms
7th 100 ml 90 ml 6 min 104 90 gms 90 gms
• Key note; B. R. S.—Bhringaraja swarasa
4.7 TUTTHA SHODHANA

Aim: Shodhana of Tuttha
Reference Rasatarangini, Pp 534 Shloka no: 106/107
Date of Commencement: 26 / 12/2009

Date of Completion: 26/ 12/ 2009
Tuttha is collected from Kolapur market and get authenticated and Nimbu fruits
are collected from Belgaum market and get authenticated.
Principle: Nimbu swarasa bhavana to the Tuttha to convert it in to fine paste.

Step 1: Shodhana of Tuttha
Table No. 16 Showing the Ingredients for Tuttha shodhana :
1. Tuttha Copper sulphate Whole 100gm
2. Nimbu Citrus lemon Fruit 90ml
Procedure:
1. All the required equipments are taken in one place.
2. 100 gm of Tuttha is taken, and equal quantity of Swarasa is taken
for Bhavana.


Methodology

3. Weighed quantity of Tuttha is taken in equal quantity of Swarasa is
taken for Bhavana.
4. Weighed quantity of Tuttha is taken in Khalva Yantra and triturated
till it becomes a fine power form.
5. Add nimbu Swarasa to it and triturate slowly.
6. Trituration should be continued for one day and kept it for drying.
7. After drying the Tuttha is collected and weighed.
Observations:
1. Colour of the raw Tuttha – Blue (mayur kanth varna )
2. Colour of nimbu Swarasa – Whitish
3. pH of Nimbu Swarasa – 2.22
4. Changes seen every hourly while trituration –
I. After 1hr of trituration colour is blue but getting slight dull.
II. After 3 hrs of triturating colour is getting slight greyish.
III. After 6hrs of trituration, it becomes paste like and become soft.
IV. After 7hrs of trituration, it becomes paste like and getting dry from
the sides of khalwa.
V. Than after 7hrs, paste allowed it to dry.
Precautions:
1. Before adding nimbu swasara to the Tuttha , it should be made into fine
powder form.
2. Equal to the weight of Tuttha Nimbu Swarasa should be added.
3. Trituration should be continuous.
4. Care should be taken that the mixture should not spell out.
5. After the procedure, the dried Tuttha powder is weighed and noted.
Table no . 17 Showing organoleptic features of S.Tuttha .

SI No Features Bhavita mixture
1 Color Grayish
2 Touch Soft & fine powder
3 Odor Odorless
4 Texture Dull, no shining


Methodology

5 Weight 95gms
Sidda Yoga Pramana

1. Quantity of Tuttha taken before Shodhana - 100gm
2. Quantity of Tuttha taken after Shodhana - 95gm
4.8 GUDUCHI SWARASA NIRMANA
Aim: To prepare the Guduchi Swarasa
Source of collection: Guduchi collected from natural habitat and get

authenticated.
Principle : Extraction of Swarasa from Guduchi.
Equipments:
• Cloth
• Steel container
• Plate
• Knife
Instruments:
pH meter
TABLE No. 18 Showing the Ingredients for Guduchi Swarasa preparation:


Methodology

1. Guduchi Tinnospora Leaves / 200ml
cordifolia Stem
Procedure:
1. Fresh Guduchi were collected.
2. Completely developed Guduchi plants were taken. These were washed
properly and wiped.
3. Then plants were made in to pieces and pounded well. Till it became a
paste.
Bhavana with kajjali and S.tuttha it was stirred well.
Observation:
1. Kalka formation becomes easier with fresh Guduchi plant.
2. Extraction of juice becomes hard-hitting and more time consuming.
3. The fresh juices of Guduchi plant was dark green in colour on extraction.

Precautions:
1. Guduchi taken should be well grown one and free from krimis.
Table No.19 Organoleptic characters of Guduchi Swarasa


Methodology

Sr no Dravaya Color Odour Touch Taste pH
1. Guduchi Dark green Dravyagat Thick, Sheet Tikta 5.8

swarasa
4.9 BHAVANA WITH GUDUCHI SWARASA.
Aim: To prepare Apasmarari rasa.
Reference: Rasa Kaam Dhenu, Shloka 3rd Pp -156
Principle: Mardana of Kajjali with S.Tuttha with Guduchi Swarasa in

khalvayantra, this helps to convert it in to homogenous, paste form.
Equipments:
• Tulayanmtra
• Khalvayantra.
• Plate, spoon.
Table No.20 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of
Apasmarari rasa
SI No. Ingredients Quantity

1 Kajjali 150gms
2 S.Tuttha 75gms
3 Guduchi Swarasa 200ml
Procedure:


Methodology

1) Weighed quantity of Kajjali and S.tuttha is taken in khalvayantra,
pounded, and triturated till it turns in to fine powder form.
2) Then to this sufficient quantity of Guduchi Swarasa and the mixture
is triturated continuously for about 6hrs/day.
3) Likewise, the mixture is triturated continuously till complete
dryness of liduid media (Guduchi swarasa) and made it in to round
bolus form (Gola).
Precautions:
• Bhavana dravya to be add up to complete immersion.
• Trituration should be carried continuously without disturb.
• While triturating care should be taken, to avoid any wastage.
• After preparation observed mridutva and fineness.
• Prepared powder should be stored in airtight container.
Observation:
• Mixture become black in colour.
• After triturating it easily turned in to paste form.
• After continuous trituration (dridamardana) for about 1hour, slight
color change was seen, i.e. black to shinny black.
• After 2-6 hrs trituration mixture goes on changes from shinny black
to dull black colour and get in to semisolid form.
• After trituration, the mixture is turned too soft and too fine form.
• And the powder was soft in nature.
Table No. 21 - Showing organoleptic features of Bhavita mixture of

Kajjali and S.Tuttha .
SI No Features Bhavita mixture
1 Color Black
3 Odor Odorless
5 Weight 230gms


Methodology

4.10 AGNI SAMSKARA
Aim: To give agni to the gola(bolus).
Ref: Rasa Tarangni 3/49
Date of Commencement : 18/01/10
Date of Completion : 18/01/10
Principle : Application of Agni using cow dungs (indirect method) .
Materials :
• Badarkalka Q.S
• Gopichandana Mruttika Q.S
• Vastra: Width 2.5inch, Length 46.6cm
• Thermo-couple.
• Sharava – 2
Table No.22 Showing Sizes of the Sharavas
No. of Sharava Circumference Depth Border
1 24.2cm 4.3cm 28.5cm
2 24.5cm 4.6cm 29.1cm
Fuel used:
Cow dung cakes - 8 no’s
Approx. weight of the total cow dung - 1.760kgs


Methodology

Average Circumference of cow dung - 25.3 cm
Average Thickness of cow dung - 4.3 cm
Average Weight of cow dung - 200 Gms
Temperature measuring instrument: Thermocouple– J Type.
Ingredient and Quantity:
Guduchi swarasa bhavita golas - 230 gms
Procedure:
• These gola’s are taken in a sharava after recording their weight before and
after drying.
• Eleven Gola’s (230gms) taken in sharavas.
• It is closed with remaining other two sharavas each.
• The mouth of both sharava is sealed properly by using Badarakalka.
• Then followed by gopichandana lepita vastra and kept for dry.
• In the same manner 7 times kapadmitti is done.
• After complete dry it is subjected for agni samskara.

Precaution:
During preparation:
• Sharavas were well pakwa & dried one.

• Gap should be avoided while doing sandhibandhana.
While giving Puta:
• Pit was dry and cow dung cakes were placed properly without leaving gap.
• Cow dung cakes were carefully kept 2/3rd below and 1/3rd above the sharava.
• Thermocouple sensor was kept at the base of middle sharava.
• The temperature is measured by using thermocouple at every interval of half
an hour.
• Sharava were taken out after complete cooling and opened carefully.


Methodology

Observation:
Initial Weight of the Gola’s - 230gms
Final Weight of the Gola’s - 120.7gms
Loss - 109.3gms
After Puta:
Colour of the Gola’s - Dull Black
Shape of the Gola’s - Round (like bolus)
Average size of the Gola’s -
- Circumference - 1.00cm
- Thickness - 3.2cm
- Weight - 20gms
Table No. 23 Organoleptic properties of mixture after agni samaskara
Colour Touch Taste Odour
Dull black Soft Characteristic Odourless
1. The temperature reading is taken at every hour of interval.

2. The initial temperature - 25oC
3. The maximum temp - 260oC
4. The maximum temp i.e - 230 oC – 260 oC maintained for 1/2 hr.
Table No. 24 Temperature chart


Methodology

Time Temperature
Initial 10.00a.m 25oC
10.30a.m 75 oC
11.00 a.m 230 oC
11.30 a.m 260 oC
12.00 200oC
12.30 p.m 150 oC
1.00 p.m 100 oC
1.30 p.m 50 oC
2.00 p.m 30oC
Time - Temperature Graph


Methodology

4.11 KADALI KANDA SWARASA NIRMANA
Aim: To prepare the Kadali Swarasa
Kadali collected from natural habitat and get authenticated.
Principle : Extraction of Swarasa from Kadali.
Equipments:
• Cloth
• Steel container
• Plate
• Knife
Instruments: pH meter
TABLE No. 25 Showing the Ingredients for Kadali Swarasa preparation:

1. Kadali Musa paradisiacal Stem 100ml
linn.
Procedure:
1. Fresh Kadali were collected.
2. Completely developed Kadali plants were taken. Outer greenish coverings
were removed and inner white part was taken out.


Methodology

3. Then stem was made in to pieces and pounded well. Till it became a paste.
Bhavana it was stirred well.
Observation:
1. Kalka formation becomes easier with fresh Kadali stem.
2. Extraction of juice becomes easier and less time consuming.
3. The fresh juices of Kadali plant was light milky white in colour on
extraction.

Precautions:
1. Kadali stem taken should be well grown one and free from krimis.
Table No.26 Oraganoleptic characters of Kadali Kanda Swarasa
Sr no. Dravaya Color Odour Touch Taste pH
1. Kadali Light Milky Dravyagat Sheet Madhura 6.02

Swarasa Whitish
4.12 BHAVANA WITH KADALI KANDA SWARASA AND

PREPARATION OF APASMARARI RASA
Aim: To prepare Apasmarari rasa.
Reference: Rasa Kaam Dhenu, Shloka 3rd Pp -156


Methodology

Principle: Mardana of agni samskrita material with Kadali kanda Swarasa in
khalvayantra,and to fill Apasmarari rasa in capsule.
Equipments:
• Tulayanmtra
• Khalvayantra.
• Plate, spoon.
Table No.27 - Showing ingredients required for preparation of
Apasmarari rasa
SI No. Ingredients Quantity

1 Agni Samskrita Material 115gms
2. Kadali kanda Swarasa 100ml
Procedure:
1. Weighed quantity of Agni Samskrita Material is taken in
khalvayantra, pounded, and triturated till it turns in to fine powder
form.
2. Then to this sufficient quantity of Kadali Kanda Swarasa and the
mixture is triturated continuously for about 6hrs/day.
3. Likewise, the mixture is triturated continuously till complete dryness
of liduid media (Kadali Kanda Swarasa) and made it in to fine power
form.
4. After complete dryness, Apasmarari rasa filled in 250mg capsule and
kept in an airtight container.
Precautions:
• Bhavana dravya to be add up to complete immersion.
• Trituration should be carried continuously without disturb.


Methodology

• While triturating care should be taken, to avoid any wastage.
• After preparation observed mridutva and fineness.
• Prepared powder should be stored in airtight container.
Observation:
• Mixture becomes black in colour.
• After triturating, it easily turned in to paste form.
• After continuous trituration (dridamardana) for about 1hour, slight
color change was seen.
• After 2-6 hrs trituration mixture goes on changes from shinny black to
dull black colour and get in to semisolid form.
• After trituration, the mixture turned too soft and too fine form.
• In addition, the powder was soft in nature.
Table No. 28 - Showing Organoleptic features of Apasmarari Rasa.

SI No Features Apasmarari Rasa
1 Color Black
3 Odor Odorless
5 Weight 120gms
4.13 ANALYTICAL METHOLOGY.

Aim of the study.
Physico-chemical analysis of Raw, intermittent and Apasmarari Rasa
Method.
1) Physical analytical study.
i. Qualitative analysis.
ii. Quantitative analysis.
Method of collection of data.
1. Qualitative analyses were carried in Research laboratory of K.
L. E.’s Shri B M K Ayurvedic College.


Methodology

2. Physico-chemical analyses were get done in the well established
laboratory BTH Bangalore and Late Shri.P.V.Bhide Foundation
Lab, Pune.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:
The following analytical study carried on Apasmarari rasa.
1. pH value
2. Loss on drying
3. Specific gravity
4. Solubility test
1) Determination of pH value.
Aim: To determine the pH of sample.
Apparatus: pH meter, Glass beaker.
Materials: Apasmarari rasa.
Procedure:
1) Standardization of pH meter.
2) Switch the pH meter on and let electronic component warm up and sterilize
before proceeding equilibrate electrodes in buffer solution and sample solution
at the same temperature before pH measurement.
3) Set the temperature indication knob of the instrument at the observed room
temperature at the time of pH measurement.
4) Standardize the pH meter with buffer solution of pH 7 using standardization
knob control and then repeat with standardize solution of pH 4 using control
knob of instrument.
Measurement of pH of sample Apasmarari rasa.
Preparation of test solution:
• A 10 percent w/v suspension is prepared by taking Apasmarari rasa powder in
separate beaker.
• Apasmarari rasa powders weighed accurately about 2.5gms to this add 25 ml
distilled water, and the mixture stirred properly.
• Shake well and homogenize the sample just before taking pH reading, Dip the
Electrode in sample solution in such a way that the glass bulb of the electrode


Methodology

fully immersed in solution. This ensures the glass membrane is in proper
contact with the solution.
• Measure the pH and note the constant reading.
Table No.29 - Showing pH measurement of different samples.
SI No. Samples pH
1 Apasmarari rasa 5.03
2) Determination of loss on drying.

Aim: To know the moisture content of the sample Apasmarari
rasa .
Apparatus: Oven, Crucible, and Chemical balance.
Materials: Apasmarari rasa.
Procedure:
1) Weigh the crucible & preconditioned it.
2) Weigh 2 gms of sample by placing it in pre-weighed,
preconditioned crucible.
3) Place the crucible in hot air oven at 1100 C for half an hour till a
constant weight
is obtained.
4) Difference in the weights of sample before & after placing in hot air
oven is the Loss on drying at 1100C.
Table No.30 - Showing readings Apasmarari rasa
SI No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1. Apasmarari 90.780 92.780 92.697 2.024 0.083

rasa
Where;
W1= Wt of Empty Crucible.
W2= Wt of Crucible + sample
W3= Wt of Crucible + Residue
W4= Wt of Sample.


Methodology

W5= Wt of Residue.
Calculation:
% Moisture content = W5 x 100
W4
Where, W4= Wt of Sample.
W5= Wt of Residue.
Apasmarari rasa: % Moisture content = 4.10%.

3) Determination of Specific gravity.
Aim: To know the specific gravity of the given sample.

Apparatus: Pycnometer,Digital balance.
Materials: Apasmarari rasa ,Distilled water.
Procedure:
First pycnometer sterilization is carried. Then empty picnometer with
stopper is weighed on digital balance, and reading should be noted. Next
pycnometer is filled with water up to mark and stopper is placed and its
weight is noted. Then the sample solution is prepared in 1:10 ratio i.e.1 part
sample and its 10 part water is mixed,& stirred properly. Then prepared
solution is filled slowly in pycnometer up to mark and then stopper is placed
on mouth of pycnometer slowly and its weight is noted.
Observations:
Table No.31 Showing readings of Apasmarari rasa.
SI No Sample W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
1. Apasmarari 20.545gm 45.080 gm 45.100gm 24.535gm 24.555gm

rasa
Where,
W1= Wt of empty picnometer
W2= Wt of picnometer + Distilled water
W3= Wt of picnometer + sample solution
W4=Wt of distilled water


Methodology

W5= Wt of sample solution
Specific gravity = W5 x 1
W4
Apasmarari rasa:
Specific gravity = 1.00081
Table No.32 Showing Specific gravity of Apasmarari rasa.

SI No. Samples. Specific gravity.
1. Apasmarari rasa 1.00081
Determination of the Solubility of sample.
Aim: To determine the solubility of given sample.

Apparatus: Glass beakers, Stirrer, water bath.
Materials: Apasmarari rasa,Water.
Chemicals: Ether,Alcohol,Chloroform,Methanol.
Procedure:
1) Dissolve 1gm of sample in an appropriate solvent in which one
want to check the solubility of sample. Warm the solution (in
case of the organic solvents like chloroform, methanol, etc heat
on the water bath).
2) Observe how the mixture looks, is it completely mixed with
solvents, or the drug completely settles at the bottom of vessel, or
is it partially mixed some part remains as it is, colour changes are
observed .
Table No.33 -Solubility of Apasmarari rasa in different
solvents.
SI No Different Solvents Apasmarari rasa
1 Water Insoluble
2 Ether Sparingly soluble
3 Alcohol Soluble


Methodology

4 Chloroform Soluble
5 Methanol Soluble
4.14 ANIMAL STUDY METHODOLOGY.

PLACE OF WORK:
The Experimental study was conducted in the Animal House of K.L.E.University’s

Shri BMK AM Belgaum.
SOURCE OF ANIMALS:
The required numbers of animals were procured from Animal House

K.L.E.University’s Shri BMK AM Belgaum the rats weighing between 110-
180gms were procured.
HOUSING AND FEEDING OF ANIMALS:
The animals were maintained at room temperature of 250c, with 12 hrs day
and dark cycles. The standard laboratory diet was given with an unlimited supply of
drinking water.
PREPARATION OF ANIMALS:
The animals were randomly selected, marked to permit individual

identification and kept in their cages for one week prior to dosing to allow for
acclimation to the laboratory condition.
DETERMINATION OF LD 50 (TEST COMPOUND) 104 – Fixed does method

(OECD guideline No. 420 of CPCSEA) will be followed to carryout LD 50 for the
extract.
Requirement:
Animals – Wister Albino Rats (150-200 gm)
Test Drugs- Apasmarari Rasa.


Methodology

Healthy Wister Albino Rats weighing between 150-200 gm are selected and
grouped containing 3 animals.
Animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to dosing. And observation is made for 24
hours.
TEST PROCEDURE WITH STARTING DOSE OF 2000MG/KG BODY
WEIGHT
TABLE-34 Showing dose schedule for LD 50 Determination
ROUTE OF OBSERVATION
GROUP DRUG DOSE
ADMINISTRATION
LD – 50 Apasmarari rasa 200mg/kg Orally 24 hrs
SCREENING OF ANTI EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY

Preparation of doses /vehicle:
The Drug was in powder form so triturated with distilled water.
Administration of doses:
Animals were fasted over night prior to dosing.
MES Method:
An electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity to induce maximal seizure is

applied by means of an external device stimulator or convulsiometer .A
supramaximal strength is 50 mA in mice or 150mA in rats for 0.2 seconds is used


Methodology

.The stimulus is applied via corneal or ear clip electrodes. MES seizures remain the
primary screening for potential Antiepileptic activity.
Requirement:
Animals - Healthy Male Wister Albino Rats (150-200 mg)
Drugs - Phenytoin (300mg/ kg) and Smritisagar rasa (1000mg/kg)
Test Drugs - Apasmarari rasa (300mg/kg)
Equipments-Electro-convulsiometer, corneal or ear electrodes (apply 150mA

current for 0.2sec)
Procedure
1. Weigh and number the animals. Divide them into four groups each
consisting of 6 rat’s first group is used as control and second for drug
phenytoin as a standard (A) and third group as Ayurvedic standard drug (B)
i.e. Samritisagar rasa to be given, and for fourth test drug Apasmarari rasa
should be given respectively.
2. Hold the animal properly, place corneal or ear electrodes on the cornea or
ear pinna and apply the prescribed current, note different stages of
convulsion i.e. A) Tonic flexion B) Tonic extensor phase C) Clonic
convulsions D) Stupor E) recovery or death. Note the time in seconds spent
by the animal in each phase of the convulsions. Repeat with other animals
of control group.
3. Administer Phenytoin, Samritisagar rasa and Apasmarari rasa orally to
different groups. Wait for 180 min and subject the animals to electro
convulsions as described earlier.
Note the reduction in time or abolition of tonic extensor of MES convulsions
TABLE NO.35: Showing dose schedule for all groups


Methodology

ROTE OF TIMEOF ADMINI
GROUP DRUG DOSE
ADMINISTRATIO STRATION PRIOR
N TO INDUCE MES
Control Distilled 1 ml/rat Orally 180 min

water
Standard Phenytoin 7.2mg/kg Orally 180 min

Drug (A)
Standard Samritisagar 18mg/kg Orally 180 min

Drug (B) rasa
Test Apasmarari 5.4mg/ Orally 180 min

Rasa kg
4.15 STATISTICALS STUDY METHOD
Fishers Exact Test: 105
Probability (p) = R1 x R2 x S1x S2 X 1
N axbxcxd
Where R1 stands for total number of animals (protected and not protected) when
they were given antiepileptic drug in full therapeutic equivalent dose.R2 stands for
total number of animals (protected and not protected) when animals were given sub
anticonvulsant dose of antiepileptic drug .S1 stands for total number protected in
both groups and S2 stands for total number not protected in both groups.
a, b, c,d are individual figures of protected and not protected animals in each group
and N = Total of a+b+c+d.
Table No. 36 Showing an Example of Fisher Exact Test:
Drug/dose Protected Not protected Total


Methodology

-ve HLE +ve HLE
Phenytoin 6(a) 0(b) R1 = a + b
Control 5 (c) 1(d) R2 = c+d
S1 = a +c S2 = b+d N = a+b+c+d
Probability (p) is calculated only when one of the column shows zero ,if not then
the figure in each column is increased or decreased ,till one of the column shows
the zero in that case the probability rates are taken as P1,P2,P3 etc. and final p value
is obtained by addition of all the p values.


Results

5. RESULTS
The results are produced mainly under three headings,
5.1 Observational
5.2 Analytical
5.3 Anticonvulsant activity
5.1 OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS.
Pharmaceutical process – Preparation of Apasmarari rasa.
Table no.37: Showing Organoleptic features of Hingula before and after
Bhavana.
SI No Features. Before After
1 Color Shiny reddish brown Dark red, reduced
shining.
Table no.38 : Showing Organoleptic features of H. Parada.

SI No Features H.Parada
1 Color Silvery white.
2 Touch Soft & cold.
3 Odor Odorless
4 Weight 89.6gms.
Table no.39: Showing Organoleptic features of H. Parada before & after

shodhana.
1 Color Silvery white Silvery, bright white
2 Touch Soft & cold Soft & cold
3 Odor Odorless Odorless
“PREPARATION PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTICONVULSANT

ACTIVITY OF APASMARARI RASA – AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY”. 92
Results

Table no.40 : Showing Organoleptic features of Gandhaka before & after
shodhana.
1 Color Yellow Greenish yellow
2 Touch Rough Fine, Smooth
3 Odor Foul smell Odorless
Table no.41 : Showing Organoleptic features of Tuttha before & after shodhana.
1 Color Bluish Grayish blue
Table no.42 : Showing Organoleptic features of H.Parada ,S.Gandhaka and

S.Tuttha before and after Bhavana with Guduchi swarasa.
SI No. Features Before After
1 Color Black Black
2 Touch Smooth Fine, soft powder
3 Odor Not Specific Guduchikavat
Table no. 43 : Showing Organoleptic features of H.Parada ,S.Gandhaka and

S.Tuttha before and after giving Puta.
SI No. Features Before Puta After Puta
1 Color Dark Black Dull Black
3 Odor Guduchikavat Not Specific

Results

Table no. 44 : Showing Organoleptic features before and after giving Kadali
kanda Swarasa bhavana .
SI No. Features Before K.K.Bhavana After K.K.Bhavana
1 Color Dull Black Dark Black
3 Odor Odourless Not Specific
Table no. 45 : Showing Organoleptic features of Prepared Apasmarari rasa.

SI No Features Apasmarari rasa
1 Colour Black
3 Odor Odorless
4 Weight 120gms
5 Texture Dull, no shining.
5.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS

1. Qualitative analytical results
Table No.46 - Showing Qualitative analysis of prepared Apasmarari Rasa.
SI No. Parameters tested. Apasmarari Rasa.
1 pH 5.04
2 Specific Gravity 1.000
3 Loss on Drying 4.1%
Quantitative analytical results.
Table No. 47 - Showing quantitative analysis of Hingultta Parada by AAS
(Instrumental) method & by Gravimetric method.
SI No Parameters tested H.Parada
1 Mercury (Hg %) 35.6

Results

Table No 48 - Showing quantitative analysis of Gandhaka & Shodhita
Gandhaka by AAS(Instrumental) method & by Gravimetric method.
SI No Parameters tested Gandhaka S.Gandhaka.

1 Gandhaka (S %) 91.9 87.00
Table No.49 - Showing quantitative analysis of Tuttha & Shodhita Tuttha by

AAS (Instrumental) method & by Gravimetric method.
SI No Parameters tested Tuttha S. Tuttha

1 Copper (Cu %) 23.84 19.12
2 Sulpher (S %) 1.26 ------
Table No. 50 - Showing quantitative analysis of Kajjali by AAS

(Instrumental) method & by Gravimetric method.
SI No Parameters tested Mercury Sulphur

1 Kajjali 55.43% 44.35%
Table No. 51 - Showing Quantitative Assay of prepared Apasmarari

Rasa by AAS (Instrumental) method & by Gravimetric method..
SI No Elements Apasmarari Rasa
1 Mercury 18.57%
2 Sulphur 8.85%
3 Copper 15.26%

Results

5.3 ANTICONVULSANT RESULTS
Table No 52 : MASTER CHART (Duration of all the stages in seconds)
Group/Dose Sl.No Flexion Extension Clonus Stupor Recovery

time
Control. 1H 4sec 8 sec 0 sec 120 sec 130 sec
1.5ml/200gm
2N 3 sec 11 sec Absent 149 sec 165 sec
3B 1 sec 12 sec 0 sec 200 sec 207 sec
4T 3 sec 12 sec 66 sec 430 sec 301 sec
5L 2 sec Absent 95 sec 145 sec 129 sec
6UM 2 sec 7 sec 0 sec 120 sec 129 sec
Phenytoin. 1H 12 sec Absent 0 sec 144 sec 156 sec
7.2mg/200gm
2N 4 sec Absent 16 sec 122 sec 142 sec
3B 3 sec Absent 0 sec 155 sec 158sec
4T 7 sec Absent 0 sec 147 sec 154 sec
6UM All stages are absent
Smritisagar 1H 4 sec Absent 20 sec 330 sec 624 sec
Rasa.
18mg/200gm 2N 3 sec Absent 00 sec 158 sec 161 sec
3B 1 sec Absent 10 sec 158 sec 169 sec
5L 9 sec Absent 1.29 sec 98 sec 196 sec
6UM 2 sec 15 sec 8 sec 123 sec 148 sec
Apasmarari 1H 10 sec 3sec 36 sec 173 sec 222 sec
Rasa.
5.4mg/200gm 2N All stages are absent
3B All stages are absent

6UM 00 sec Absent 00 sec 00 sec 00 sec

Results

Statically Analysis
Table no.53 : Showing Effect of therapeutic dose of phenytoin and its anti
convulsant effect with other therapeutic equivalent drugs on MES
Sr. no Drug/dose +ve -ve % P value

1 Phenytoin 0 6 100 >1
2 Samritisagar rasa 2 4 66.6 >0.22
3 Control 5 1 16.6 < 0.0075
4 Apasmarari rasa 2 4 66.6 > 0.22
• Control group failed to provide significant protection.

P> 0.05 denotes insignificant difference as compare to phenytoin (anti convulsant
dose group)
Table no.54 : Showing Effect of therapeutic dose of Samritisagar rasa and its
anti convulsant effect with other therapeutic equivalent drugs on MES

1 Samritisagar rasa 2 4 66.6 >0.22
2 Control 5 1 16.6 < 0.0075

• P> 0.05 denotes insignificant difference as compare to Samritisagar
rasa(anticonvulsat dose group)

Results

Table no.55 : Showing Effect of therapeutic dose of Apasmarari rasa and its
anti convulsant effect with other therapeutic equivalent drugs on MES

2 Smritisagar rasa 2 4 66.6 >0.22
3 Control 5 1 16.6 < 0.0075

• P> 0.05 denotes insignificant difference as compare to Apasmarari rasa
(anticonvulsat dose group)
Other Observation –
Nasal and orbital bleeding was observed in control and standard group but it
was absent in test groups.
Nasal bleeding Orbital bleeding

Discussion

6. DISCUSSION
The present study is about Preparation of Apasmarari rasa, its physico-
chemical analysis and Anticonvulsant activity on Male Albino rat.
The discussion is carried mainly under three headings.
I. Pharmaceutical processing of Apasmarari rasa
II. Analytical results.
III. Anticonvulsant results.
I. Pharmaceutical processing of Apasmarari rasa.
Procurement of Raw materials

The main raw materials required for are Apasmarari rasa Grahya Hingula,
Grahya Gandhaka and Grahya Tuttha.
1) Grahya Hingula.
Hingula was collected from Kolhapur, after observing the grahya
lakshana.
2) Grahya Gandhaka
Grahya Gandhaka was collected from Kolhapur, after observing the
grahya lakshanas.
3) Grahya Tuttha
Grahya Tuttha was collected from Kolhapur, after observing the grahya
lakshanas.
4) Sudha and other required drugs like Nimbuka, Lashuna , Saindhava,
from the market based on grahya lakshanas and
Bhringraj,Guduchi,Kadali collected from their natural habitat.
In process.
1. Hingula bhavana
a. The Nimbuka Swarasa is added for trituration; here Swarasa acts as media
that helps to convert rough particles of Hingula in to fine and soft particle
form.


Discussion

b. The Swarasa was taken equal to the weight of Hingula and added to Hingula
powder, on waiting for 5 minutes the reduction in the supernant Swarasa
was observed.
c. The shining property of Hingula gradually reduced after continuous
trituration of about 8-10hrs, due to this the fineness of Hingula increased
the shining property was reduced.
d. The practical difficulty felt at the time of trituration in starting stage due to
addition of more swarasa the mixture was triturated slowly, as it spills out
of khalva and while collecting the Hingula powder after completion of
bhavana as the most of the Hingula was adhered to the surface of
khalvayantra, which was difficult to collect on scraping, so the little
wastage of powder is observed.
e. Even though the wastage of Hingula powder the weight gain of about 7gms
was seen, it might be due the addition of equal amount of swarasa to the
Hingula churna, i.e. equal to weight of Hingula (Ref-Chakradatta-pp-192.)
f. At the end colour changes from shiny dark brown to dark red and the
mixture has fragrance of Nimbuka.
2. Extraction of Parada from Hingula.
a. For extraction of Parada from artificial Hingula,Bhavita powder 550gm is
taken & spread in assembled vidhyadhara yantra and subjected to Agni for
8hrs, here large size gas burner was used and the temperature noted was
8600C, and Parada obtained was 89.6gms. So by this we can say that to get
more % of H.Parada it may requires temperature more than 8600C-10000C.
b. In the text there is explanation regarding superiority of Hingulotta Parada,
as it is devoid of Saptakanchukadosas and having properties like
Shadgunabalijarita Parada, and this was explained mainly for the Parada
that was extracted from the ores of Hingula. Parada which we get from
extraction from Hingula is very chanchala, bright and shines like silver.
However Hingula which is available in the market is artificially prepared
from Hg+S combination and in the process of extraction, we are separating
the Hg from the sulphur. The process is very tedious and not at all cost

Discussion

effective. So we should think about the use of Hingulotta Parada, which
was extracted from artificial Hingula.
3. H.Parada shodhana.
a. Actually the Parada which was obtained from Hingula was considered as
superior in qualities and said that it was free from all types of dosas and
having properties like shadgunabalijarita Parada, so there is no necessity of
further shodhana and it can be directly used for preparation. But in Parada
samhita 31/112, Pp – 239 (main ref - Rasa Raja Sundara 66 & Todarmalla
17) he explained that Hingulotta Parada should be subjected to shodhana
before using in any preparation. As Hingula is a combination of Gandhaka
and Parada, so the Parada which was obtained from Hingula should be
again subjected to samanya shodhana vidhi of Parada. So here shodhana of
H.Parada was done according to samanya shodhana method.
b. While doing shodhana of H.Parada with Sudha churna – Parada completely
mixes and converted in to fine form and again after some time collects at
the centre in globular form, and that was collected in a container by
triturating the mixture repeatedly. It is difficult to collect Parada from
Sudha churna and it takes more time i.e two days. If the procedure is
carried carefully then minimum loss of Parada was seen.
c. After triturating with nisthusha lashuna kalka and saindhava Parada easily
mixes and converted in to fine globular form and the mixture turns in to fine
black colored paste (5hrs). After washing with water due to its heaviness
Parada settles at the bottom of vessel and it is easy to collect but some of
Parada particles which are too fine floats on the surface of water in a thin
layer form and it goes out with water, so if carefully washed there will be
minimum loss of Parada was observed. After washing the Parada which was
collected has more shining, and it shines like silver. At the end of the
procedure there was a minimum loss of Parada is seen about 4gms.After
shodhana colour and shining of Parada was increased compared to the
extracted H.Parada which was dull in colour.


Discussion

Gandhaka shodhana:
1. Color of Gandhaka before shodhana have light yellowish color but after
Shodhana it attain greenish yellow colour it may be due to Bhringraja swarasa
Bhavana.
2. Stickiness in Gandhaka remains even after washing with hot water.
3. Its ugra gandha becomes mild and most important change is that it becomes very
brittle. Thus it easily turns in to the churna form.
4. Gandhaka shodhana explained in all the text by using different Medias. When we
want to use Gandhaka in the preparation of Apasmarari rasa, its shodhana is
especially done in the Bhringaraja Swarasa as Bhringraj is having rasayana action.
Tuttha shodhana:
1. Color of Tuttha before shodhana have bluish color but after
Shodhana it attains dull grayish colour.
2. After completion, it becomes paste like and getting dry from the sides of khalwa.
And it’s a bit difficult process to scrap dried Tuttha from khalwa.
Kajjali Nirmana:
Here Kajjali is prepared in proportion of S.H. Parada and Shudha Gandhaka is

1:1. On keen observation the kajjali, there is no change in their organoleptic characters
but while preparation, black powder form without any shinning (Nischandratva) has been
considered.
Bhavana with Guduchi Swarasa:
After shodhana the materials subjected for bhavana with Guduchi Swarasa.
Extraction of Guduchi Swarasa is also time consuming and difficult process. After
Bhavana the solid mass made it in to bolus form. But in the reference of Apasmarari rasa
there is no clear cut idea being given regarding the bolus weight and size .So that bolus
prepared at an average weight of 20gms each all together eleven bolus are formed out of
220gms and put them in to Sharava,sandhibandhana done then subjected for prescribed
puta.


Discussion

Agni sanskara
For this preparation in classical reference there is no direct or clear idea given
about how much Agni is to be given .But in classical text (Rasa trangani 3/49) while
explaining puta concept Acharya has mentioned about Anukta Puta that in any process if
agni is not mentioned than scholar has to set his own criteria depending on the nature of
the material. So that based on the materials of Apasmarari rasa laghu puta was required
and the temperature noticed between 200C0 to 2600C. As per Dr. Ishwar J Koulagi
(Taranath Government Ayurvedic College Bellary )dissertation on standardization of
puta had mentioned if we take 1.201kg cow dung cakes it will give temperature up to 158
o
C. And in this procedure 1.760kg of cow dung cakes taken and temperature was noticed
in between 2000C-2600C.
Bhavana with Kadali kanda Swarasa:
After agni samskara bhavana is given with Kadali kanda Swarasa.Extraction of

Kadali kanda Swarasa is easy process. After giving bhavana material become smooth and
fine in nature. After giving bhavana with kadali kanda swarasa final product i.e.
apasmarari Rasa was prepared.
Apasmarari rasa packed in to capsule of 250 capacity 250mgs .
Discussion on Analytical results.

Quantitative analysis.
a. Grahya Hingula shows 35.6% of Hg in it, but the obtained Parada
from 550gm of bhavita Hingula is 89.8gm, so here compare to the %
of Hg and wt of bhavita Hingula the obtained Parada was less in
quantity. So to get more amount of Parada standardization of Yantra
and heating pattern is necessary.Even though a modified Vidyadhara
yantra had been used for the extraction but still more modification
are to be looked-for.
b. H.Parada shows 99.39% (Hg).In classics related H.Parada
explanation available is, the Parada which is extracted from Hingula


Discussion

is considered best, because it is free from various types of dosas and
therefore it does not need any further shodhana or any sanskaras for
the removal of dosas and can be used even without subjecting it into
eight sanskaras.
c. However, in one of Rasagrantha Parada samhita (Parada samhita is
one of the compiled book – in that main ref –Todaramalla 17& Rasa
raja Sundara 66 mentioned the necessity of further shodhana of
H.Parada) explained that H.Parada should be used after the samanya
Shodhana method of Parada only. So here shodhana was adopted.
H.Parada was dull grey colour & S.H.Parada was bright shining
silvery white in appearance.
d. Grahya Gandhaka shows 91% of Sulphur, and after shodhana, its
percentage comes to 87%. As during shodhana the impurities which
are present. And after shodhana Gandhaka becomes greenish yellow
in colour, its ugra gandha becomes mild and most important change
is that it becomes very brittle.
e. Grahya Tuttha shows 23.84% of copper and 1.26% sulphur, and
after shodhana, its percentage comes to 19.12%. As during shodhana
the impurities which are present get diminish. And after shodhana
Tuttha becomes grayish in colour, it becomes smooth and fine form.
f. In Samagandhi kajjali -- % of Hg is 55.43%, % of S is 44.35%.
g. Prepared Apasmarari rasa shows 18.57% of Hg, 8.85% of S and
15.26% of Cu.
III. Discussion on Anticonvulsant activity.
The animal study was carried in KLEU’s Shri BMK AM Belgaum.
Convulsion induced using MES method through ear electrode to Male
Wistar Albino rats.
In this study animal were divided in to four groups, Control, Standard A
(Phenytoin), Standard B (Samritisagar Rasa), Test Drug (Apasmarari Rasa) and
also LD 50 determination of test drug was done. After LD 50 drug considered to


Discussion

be safe and rest of the study was done as per classical dose i.e. 2 ratti which was
converted to animal dose. i.e.
Animal Dose =Human Dose X Surface Area of Animal (0.018)
Animal study was divided in to LD 50 determination and anti convulsant activity

on four different group containing Control group , two Standard groups
(Phenytoin and Samritisagar rasa) and one test drug group (Apasmarari
rasa).Study shown some significant results in test drug when compared to other
two standards. No doubt, that both standard drug also shown good results when it
comes to HLE (hind limb extension) ,but if we consider other factors such as time
duration of flexion, tonus, clonus, recovery etc. in test drug group these all
factors shown better results. Some other observation such as nasal bleeding and
orbital bleeding was also absent in test drug group.
Abolition of Hind limb Extension, and fast recovery was an experimental

observation.


Conclusion
7. CONCLUSION
1. The selected formulation for the research work i.e. Apasmarari rasa, needs
raw materials like – Hingula, Gandhaka, Tuttha, Guduchi, and Kadali
which are easily available.
2. As Natural form of Hingula and Tuttha (Sasyaka) not available in the
market, So Artificial Hingula and Tuttha were used. Artificial Hingula is
prepared by using Hg + S and while extraction, we are separating the
combination of Hg and S. So we should think about the extraction of
Parada from Hingula as the method is tedious, time consuming and not at
all cost effective.
3. The pharmaceutical processing of Apasmarari rasa is easy and very
economic.
4. LD-50 study which is carried out to fix the dose on Male Albino rat
suggests that up to dose of 2000mg/kg body weight has not shown any
toxicological symptoms so it’s clear that up to this dose Apasmarari rasa is
safe for use.
5. Apasmarari rasa has shown significant anti convulsant results on Male
Albino rats by MES method.

Scope for further study
8. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
1. Clinical trials can be undertaken for the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in
different ailments.
2. Standardization and toxicity study of Apasmarari rasa.
3. Toxicity study can conducted for a longer duration.
“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTICONVULSANT

Summary
9. SUMMARY
The present study was conducted to assess the physico-chemical analysis of
Apasmarari rasa and its anticonvulsant activity. The formulation is prepared
according to classical text Rasakamdhenu and it is mainly indicated for the treatment
of Apasmara.
For the study raw materials like Grahya Hingula,Gandhaka was collected
from market by observing grahya laxanas.Herbal drugs like Nimbuka, Lashuna,
collected from market and Bhringraj,Guduchi,Kadali are collected from natural
habitat,and all the collected raw materials get authenticated from experts in the
subjects of Rasashastra & Dravyaguna. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were
carried in Research laboratory of KLE’s BMK Ayurvedic college, Shri P V Bhide
foundation Lab,Pune and Banglore Test House Banglore. Animal study was
conducted in Animal House of KLEU’s BMK AM Belgaum.
For the preparation of Apasmarari rasa the steps followed are bhavana to
the Hingula with nimbuka swarasa.Next bhavita Hingula is placed in assembled
vidhyadhara yantra and is subjected to tivragni to extract Parada from it. Then
collected H.Parada is subjected to further shodhana and the method followed is
samanya shodhana vidhi of Parada. H.Parada shodhana is done with Sudha churna,
nisthusha Lashuna kalka and Saindhava. Gandhaka shodhana is done by pouring
melted Gandhaka in Bhringraj Swarasa. In Tuttha shodhana bhavana is given with
nimbuka Swarasa. Then all are taken in equal quantity and mardana done with
Guduchi Swarasa. After Bhavana gola’s to be prepared and Sharava samputa is
done. Sharava subjected to agni. This material is taken out and lastly bhavana given
with Kadali kanda Swarasa.
The physico-chemical analysis was carried to evaluate the qualitative and

quantitative data. Organoleptic changes are observed and noted in each step during
the preparation of Apasmarari Rasa. Qualitative analyses like LOD, Ash value,
Specific gravity, Solubility test are carried for Apasmarari rasa. Quantitative analysis
of Grahya Hingula, Gandhaka, Tuttha is carried before and after shodhana to rule
out Hg%, S%, Cu% and Apasmarari rasa to rule out Hg% , S% and Cu% .
“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ANTI-CONVULSANT

Summary
Apasmarari Rasa has shown equally significant result when compared to

Ayurvedic standard drug i.e Samritisagar rasa in abolition of Hind Limb Extension
(66.6% significant). But test group animals i.e. Apasmarari rasa shown fast recovery.
“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ANTI-CONVULSANT

Bibliography

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Annexure Photo Features
1) Grahya Hingula 2) Bhavita Hingula Powder
3) Hingulato Parada 4) Sh.Hingulato Parada
5) Grahya Gandhaka 6) Shudh Gandhaka

7) Kajjali
8) Grahya Tuttha 9 ) Shodhita Tuttha
10) Guduchi Swarasa,Sh.Tuttha 11) Prepared Gola

And Kajjal

12) Shrava Samputa 13 ) After Agni
14 ) Mixture and Kadali Kanda 15)Apasmarari rasa

Swarasa
16) Cap.Apasmarari Rasa

Anticonvulsant activity
17) Electro Convulsometer
18 ) Clipping 19) Extension


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Introduction

Rasaausadhis are the back bone of the Ayurvedic therapeutics. It is chiefly

medicines and this attract the attention of patients as well as pharmaceutical

medicinally more valuable for physicians and patients.

As per the present impact of epileptic seizures, it affects nearly 1-5 % of

hypersensitivity, Osteomalacia Megaloblastic Anemia, Sedation, Dizziness, Vertigo,

socioeconomic population, affects the intellectual status of the patient.

methodology, which is required in present scenario for the up gradation of

Ayurvedic science as well as updating of Ayurveda itself.

Apasmarari Rasa explained in “Rasakamadhenu” is one among those

formulations which is exclusively indicated in Apasmara, having minimum

and Kadali Kanda Swarasa.

well as Ayurveda. Being main ingredients of this formulation, it can give

“PREPARATION,PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSAT

miraculous results in Apasmara. As this formulation is not in practice it is needed to

retest the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the formulation.

“Preparation, Physicochemical Analysis And Anti-Convulsant Activity Of

Apasmarari Rasa- An Experimental Study.”

The study was planned and executed in the following ways.

2) Preparation of Apasmarari rasa.

3) Physico- chemical analysis of raw material, intermittent and final product.

4) For screening of Anticonvulsant activity, LD 50 determination, and four

groups were made as Control, Standard A (Phenytoin), Standard B

5) Observation: Abolition of Hind limb extension in times.

6) Results were analyzed by using Fisher Exact Test.

“PREPARATION,PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSAT

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. Preparation of Apasmarari rasa by adopting standard pharmaceutical

Processing techniques according to classical reference Rasakamdhenu

2. Physico – chemical analysis of Raw intermittent and prepared

3. Anticonvulsant activity on Male Albino Rats.

“PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTICONVULSANT

3.1 APASMARARI RASA

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

Suranga - Does colour.

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

zinjifrah, a word of uncertain origin. In Latin it was known as minium,

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

• Steel ore of Mercury.

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

Naisargika. Yougika Kanchuka

Visha Bahni Mala Nagaja Vangaja

Bhumija Varija Girija Nagaja – 2 Vangaja - 2

Dravi Malakari Andhakari

1)Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

Mercury is a heavy, silvery, liquid metal.

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

It is used in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by electrolysis

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

high dose when compared to use of mercury in Ayurvedic formulations which

“PREPARARTION PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI CONVULSANT

Uparasa Varga.It occupies a important in the field of Rasashastra. After Parada ,

1. Gandhapashana (as is Pashana Roopa)