Nevadosde Chilln Leoetal

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NEVADOS DE CHILLÁN VOLCANIC COMPLEX (SOUTHERN ANDES, 36°55'S):

GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND MAGMA EVOLUTION
Conference Paper · August 2006
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TOMO 2 - Volcanismo y Magmatismo
NEVADOS DE CHILLÁN VOLCANIC COMPLEX (SOUTHERN

ANDES, 36°55’S): GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY
AND MAGMA EVOLUTION
Leopoldo López-Escobar (1), Bernard Déruelle (2), José Antonio Naranjo (3) Frederick Frey
(4), Rosemary Hickey-Vargas (5) and Hugo Moreno (6)
(1) Grupo Magmático, Instituto GEA, Universidad de Concepción. Casilla 160-C,
Concepción 3, Chile. e-mail: llopez@udec.cl
(2) Laboratoire de magmatologie et géochimie inorganique et expérimentale, ESA CNRS
7047 —Université Pierre et Marie Curie and IUFM, académie de Versailles. 4, place
Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France. e-mail: deruelle@ccr.jussieu.fr
(3) Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Avenida Santa María
0104, Santiago Chile. e-mail: jnaranjo@sernageomin.cl
(4) Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. e-mail: fafrey@mit.edu
(5) Department of Earth Sciences Florida International University, Miami 33199, USA. e-
mail: hickey@ fiu.edu
(6) Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). Servicio Nacional de
Geología y Minería. Cierro Ñielol s/n. Casilla 23 D. Temuco, Chile. e-mail
hmoreno@sernageomin.cl
INTRODUCTION
Nevados de Chillán is the southernmost volcanic complex (36°55’S) of the TSVZ of the
Andes and is separated by about 60 km from Antuco volcano (37°25’S), which is the northernmost
stratovolcano of the CSVZ. Within the TSVZ, there are marked changes in tectonism along strike
that controlled the relative role of petrogenetic processes. In this presentation we discuss the
geological setting, mineralogy, and chemical and isotopic composition of Upper Pleistocene-
Holocene lavas from Nevados de Chillán in order to better understand the evolution of these
magmas.
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XI CONGRESO GEOLOGICO CHILENO
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Nevados de Chillán, an elongated volcanic chain striking N140° for ~10 km, is constructed
on a basement of granitic intrusive rocks and Cenozoic lavas. Block-type lava flows (20 to 50 m
thick) predominate over aa-type lavas (~ 5 to 10 m thick)(Naranjo et al. 1994). Dixon et al. (1999)
divided the complex into the NW Cerro Blanco subcomplex (predominantly andesitic) and the SE
Las Termas subcomplex (predominantly dacitic and rhyolitic). This chain is located inside the remnants
of a caldera which was probably related to Upper Pleistocene ignimbrite eruptions. The youngest of
these deposits has been dated at 37,500±500 BP (Dixon et al., 1999). On this basis, the Nevados
de Chillán post-caldera stratovolcanoes and cones are Upper Pleistocene to Holocene in age.
PETROGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY
Post-caldera andesites, dacites and rhyolites contain phenocrysts of plagioclase (An71-46
in andesites to An59-30 in dacites), orthopyroxene (En78 in andesites to En48 in dacites),
clinopyroxene (En40Fs20Wo40), magnetite, and rare olivine, apatite and ilmenite. Hornblende and
biotite are absent in these lavas. Olivine (Fo70.4-72.4) is observed in one basaltic andesite which
also contain just clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Olivine xenocrysts occur in some lavas and typically
have a pyroxene reaction rim.
GEOCHEMISTRY
The post-caldera products of Nevados de Chillán range in composition from basaltic andesite
(55.5 wt% SiO2) to low silica rhyolite (69.5 wt% SiO2). Lavas are calc-alkaline, medium-K2O,
with high Al2O3 contents and no iron enrichment. SiO2 shows negative correlations with Al2O3,
Fe2O3*, CaO, Sr, Sc, V, Cr, Co and Ni, and positive correlations with K2O, Rb, Ba, Y, Zr, Hf,
Nb, Th and REE. Primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams are characterized by a Ta and
Nb trough and relative LREE enrichment, typical of arc-type lavas. Eu negative anomaly are presented
just by the most evolved lavas. The Sr- and Nd-isotope ratios are 0.70386 and 0.512872 respectively
in one basaltic andesite and 0.70388 and 0.512877 in one rhyolite. These isotopic values are amonst
the lowest of the SVZ Quaternary lavas.
496 "
TOMO 2 - Volcanismo y Magmatismo
DISCUSSION
Our results for Nevados de Chillán combined with published literature data show that from
35° to 37° S there are major changes in magma evolution, that probably are controlled by tectonism.
From 35° to 36° S, major volcanic centers are characterized by open system processes during the
evolution of basaltic to silicic magmas. At 36°12’ S, the Nevado de Longaví complex is dominated
by andesite and two nearly CSFC sequences, including an older series of lavas created by fractionation
of anhydrous phases and a younger system where amphibole was a dominant fractionating phase
(Sellés et al. 2004; Rodríguez et al., 2005). At Nevados de Chillán (36°55’S) basalt is absent and
although the lava sequence from basaltic andesite to rhyolite can be explained by CSFC of just
anhydrous phases, other factors, such as the linear trends in element – element plots, the continuity
of lava compositions in the range of 55.5-69.5% SiO2, and the Rb and Th enrichments in Nevados
de Chillán rhyolites compared to Puyehue rhyolites, which are generated by CSFC (Gerlach et al.,
1988), also favor mixing as a major process. The high Rb-Th endmember could be (based on similar
Sr and Nd isotopes in mafic and silicic endmembers) due to: 1) super-differentiated liquid trapped in
cumulus minerals, 2) partial melt of young volcanic pile related to earlier eruptive episodes, 3) bulk
contamination by underlying relatively young granitic intrusives and 4) contamination by partial melts
of underlying young granitic intrusives.
CONCLUSIONS
Post-caldera lavas from the Nevados de Chillán volcanic complex in the Southern Volcanic
Zone of the Andes are calc-alkaline andesite, dacite and rhyolite. Basaltic andesite is rare and basalt
is absent. The phenocrysts of the most silicic phases are dominantly plagioclase with lesser amounts
of olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and magnetite; hornblende and biotite are absent. Sr and
Nd isotopic ratios in a basaltic andesite and rhyolite samples are similar. CSCF of the anhydrous
phenocryst phases present and magma mixing are major processes controlling the evolution of this
complex from basaltic andesite to rhyolite.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was possible thanks to a Chilean-French cooperative program financed by the
ECOS-CONICYT project C97U04. Some Antuco data used in this paper are a contribution of
the FONDECYT (CHILE) project 800-0006 and ECOS-CONICYT project C01U03.
" 497
XI CONGRESO GEOLOGICO CHILENO
REFERENCES
Dixon. H.; Murphy, M.; Sparks, S.; Chávez, R.; Naranjo, J.; Dunkley, P.; Young, S.; Gilbert, J.; Pringle, M. 1999.
The geology of Nevados de Chillán volcano. Revista Geológica de Chile, Vol. 26, No.2, p. 227-253.
Gerlach, D.C.; Frey, F.A.; Moreno, H.; López-Escobar, L. 1988. Recent volcanism in the Puyehue—Cordón
Caulle región, Southern Andes, Chile (40.5oS): Petrogenesis of evolved lavas. Journal Petrology,
Vol. 29, p. 333-382.
Naranjo, J.A.; Chávez, R.; Sparks, S.J.; Gilbert, J.; Dunkley, P. 1994. Nuevos antecedentes sobre la evolución
cuaternaria del complejo volcánico Nevados de Chillán. In Congreso Geológico Chileno, No. 7,
Actas, Vol. 1, 342-345. Concepción.
Rodríguez, A.C.; Sellés, D.; Dungan, M.; Leeman, W.; Langmuir, C. 2005. Nevado de Longaví volcano
(Chilean Andes, 36.2°S): The origin of adakitic magmas by fractional crystallization of amphibole-
rich assemblages from water-rich parent magmas. In Symposium on Andean Geodynamics
(ISAG), No. 6, p. 608-611. Barcelona.
Sellés, D.; Rodríguez, A.C.; Dungan, M.A.; Naranjo, J.A.; Gardeweg, M. 2004. Geochemistry of Nevado de
Longaví Volcano (36.2oS): a compositionally atypical arc volcano in the Southern Volcanic Zone of
the Andes. Revista Geológica de Chile, Vol. 31, No.2, p. 293-315.
498 "
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

NEVADOS DE CHILLÁN VOLCANIC COMPLEX (SOUTHERN ANDES, 36°55'S):

Conference Paper · August 2006

José Antonio Naranjo Rosemary Hickey-Vargas

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Hugo MORENO Roa

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NEVADOS DE CHILLÁN VOLCANIC COMPLEX (SOUTHERN

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