BFC 42301 Conceptual Drawing & Loading Arrangement: by Shahrul Niza Bin Mokhatar Shahruln@uthm - Edu.my

BFC 42301
Conceptual Drawing
& Loading Arrangement
By
Shahrul Niza Bin Mokhatar
shahruln@uthm.edu.my
Design Process
Architect Structural Engineer/ Designer (Consultant)
Architecture Engineering Action Structural Design and

Detailing Construction
Plan Layout Analysis Analysis Checking
Site
Engineer/
Safety
Contractor
Main principle
Economical
of structural
design
Serviceability
Architecture Drawing
Design Process
o The first stage in design is the planning carried out by the architect to
determine the arrangement and layout of the building that meet the
client’s requirements.
o The structural engineer then determines the best building form and
structural system to bring the architect’s concept into reality.
o Construction in different materials and with different arrangements may

require extensive investigation to determine the most economical
answer.
o Architect and structural engineer should work together at this

conceptual design stage.
o Good structural design came from a sound structural layout planning.
o Structural layout planning (engineering plan) is the most important step

in the structural design.
Design Process
o Once the building form and structural system have been
finalized, the structural design can be conducted as follows:
− idealization of the structure into load bearing frames and
elements for analysis and design
− determination of characteristic strength of materials
(concrete and steel) based on durability requirements
− specification of design in term of initial size, diameter of
reinforcement and nominal cover
− estimation of design actions (characteristic variable and
permanent actions)
− structural analysis to determine the moments, shear forces
and axial forces for design
− design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for
slabs, beams, columns, foundations etc.
− production of arrangement, drawings and bar schedules
Conceptual Drawing
o Before any analysis and design can be conducted, structural layout
(key-plan) must be produced.
o Structural layout planning is always started from the lowest floor. Step
to produce structural layout:
o Study and understand the architectural drawings (floor plans,
elevations, cross sections, isometric view, specific details and so
on).
o Identify location and orientation of columns.
o Identify location and position of beams.
o Sketch the structural plans.
o For a simple layout, structural layout can be sketched on the
architectural drawing by using colour pencil.
o For a complex layout, structural layout can be sketched on the butter
paper by tracing from the architectural drawing.
Conceptual Drawing
o Location, orientation and dimension of columns:
o Some are stated in the architectural drawings.
o At the corner and intersection.
o The distance between column and column is not too far and
too close. Typically about 3m to 6m.
o Flush with brickwall / shear wall
o Location, position and dimension of beams

o Location of brickwall, to brace the columns, to flush and
brace the brickwall, to form spanning slab.
o Dimension of beam is governed by thickness of brickwall,
types of building, type of floor (ground or upper floor, upper
floor with or without ceiling, head room), span and
architectural drawing.
Conceptual Drawing
Architectural Plan
Conceptual Drawing
Engineering Layout
Conceptual Drawing
Engineering Layout
Conceptual Drawing
Slab
Slab Slab Slab
Engineering Layout
Slab
Slab Slab Slab Slab
Slab
Slab Slab Slab Slab Slab
Slab Slab Slab Slab Hollow

Eurocode Standard (EC)
o EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design
o EN 1991: Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures
o EN 1992: Eurocode 2 – Design on concrete structures
EN standards are adopted as Malaysia Standard (MS) by the

department of Standards Malaysia. The equivalent Malaysian
Standards:
o MS EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design
o MS EN 1991: Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures
o MS EN 1992: Eurocode 2 – Design on concrete structures
MS standards shall be used together with Malaysia National

annex to EC.
British Standard (BS)
o BS 6399: 1984 – Design loading for building
o Part 1: Code of practice for dead and imposed load
o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 1: 1997: Code of practice for

design and construction.
o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 2: 1985: Code of practice for

special circumstances.
o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 3: Design charts for singly

reinforced beam, doubly beams and rectangular beams.
Common data for design
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck : 35 N/mm²

Characteristic strength of rebar (steel), fyk : 500 N/mm²
Characteristic strength of rebar (steel), fyk : 500 N/mm²
Diameter of rebar, Øbar : 12 mm
Diameter of link, Ølink : 10 mm
Characteristic load for finishes (dead load) : 1.0 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete / density : 24 kN/m3
Characteristic load for variable (live load) : 1.5 kN/m2
Unit weight of bricks : 2.6 kN/m2
Cover : 25 mm
Grade of concrete
Grade Common Usage
C7, C10 Plain or mass concrete
C15, C20 RC – lightweight aggregate
C25 RC – with dense aggregate
C30 Concrete with post-tensioned tendons
C40 Concrete with pre-tensioned tendons
C50, C60 RC – High strength special design
On-site mixing
Grade Ratio
G7.5 1 : 3 : 6 (Cement : Sand : Aggregate)
G20 1:2:4
G25 1 : 1.5 : 3
G30 1:1:2
* Conduct cube test for approval before use the ratio
Type of Steel Reinforcement
oMain reinforcement
 Y, High yield steel: 410 N/mm2 (ribbed bar)
 T, High tensile steel: 460 N/mm2 (ribbed bar)
 H, High steel: 500 N/mm2 (ribbed bar)
* Eg: 4T20 (4 is number of rebar and 20 is diameter)
oLink
 R, Mild steel rebar: 250 N/mm2 (round bar)
* Eg: R6 - 150 (6 is diameter of link and 150 spacing of link)
Design Actions
o The characteristic actions normally thought as maximum
loads which should not be exceeded during the life of
structure.
o The characteristic actions used in design and defined in
EC2 are as follows:
o Characteristic permanent action, Gk
o Characteristic variable action, Qk
o Characteristic wind action, Wk
o The characteristic actions are multiplied by the appropriate
partial safety factor to give the ultimate design action:
o NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk  maximum load
o NEd = 1.35Gk  minimum load
Design Actions
o The characteristic actions used in design and defined in BS
are as follows:
o Dead load, gk
o Live/imposed load, qk
o Characteristic wind action, wk
o The characteristic actions are multiplied by the appropriate
partial safety factor to give the ultimate design action:
o Wmax = 1.4gk + 1.6 qk  maximum load
o Wmin = 1.4gk  minimum load
Load Distribution
(Example: Slab to beam)
nL x   L x 
2

Wgk1  3  
6  L  
  y  
Loading distribution
Distribution of
actions on slab
Action on slab
and wall transfer
to beam
Axial load on
column
Distribute to
foundation
INTRODUCTION
o The Esteem Integrated Total Solution - structural building
analysis, design and detailing.
o Input of key plan grids, beam, slab panels, column profile,

brick wall along grids, lift core, shear wall and foundation.
o The floor key plans are linked sequentially to generate

loading for columns design, detailing and scheduling.
o After the floor key plans are linked, the loading for footing
is generated for footing design, detailing and scheduling.
KEY FEATURE
o Design according to BS 8110: 1997, BS 8110: 1985, EC 2 &

EC 8 code of practise, can be selected for the design.
o Slab load distribution to beam (UDL, trapezoidal and

triangular load).
o Slab reinforcement (top and bottom) is presented on the

key plan when detailing process is in progress.
o Able to control the stirrup size according to the column

size, i.e. able to set maximum and minimum stirrup range.
KEY FEATURE
o Step by step result verification of pad and pile cap design.
o There are 9 basic default files in this program, which are;

o General
o Plan
o Slab
o Beam
o Column
o Pad footing
o Pile footing
o Quantity
o Differential placement cost
CREATE A NEW PROJECT
o Click File and choose New Project.
o Fill up the Project Name.
o Choose the Location.
o Put the Number of Key Plans.
o Rename the Floor Name (if necessary).

SETTING A BASIC PARAMETER
o Click Setting and Project Parameter.
o Choose the Code of Practise.
o Setting other items

o Drawing
o Material
o Design
o Detailing
o Reporting
o Click Setting -> Floor Parameter.
o Click Setting -> Project Properties.

GRID INPUT
o Activate the Grid Input icon. Set the format of the
gridline. eg: vertical axis identify by numbers.
o Click the gridline (horizontal or vertical axis) and

put the distance. The unit for distance used in
Esteem is millimetre for length.
o The numbering of the key plan can be changed.

eg: from letter to numbers / numbers to letter.
o Click the main gridline and put the distance for

intermediate gridline.
BEAM INPUT
o Activate the Beam Input icon. Set the
dimension or other parameters.
o Click the intersection of the gridline to

generate the beam.
o Click the beam to change the parameter (if

necessary).
SLAB INPUT
o Activate the Slab Input icon. Set the
o Click the area of within the gridline to

generate the slab element.
o Click the slab to change the parameter (if

necessary) or to make a drop for the slab.
COLUMN INPUT
o Activate the Column Input icon. Set the
o Click the intersection of the gridline to

generate the column element.
o Click the column to change the parameter

(if necessary).
BRICK INPUT
o Activate the Brick Input icon. Set the
o Click the beam to generate the brick wall.
o Click the brick to change the parameter (if

necessary).
GENERATE THE UPPER FLOOR
KEY PLAN (MULTI-STOREY)
o Right click at the current key plan to set the
upper floor. Choose New Plan or Copy the
current floor parameter to upper key plan.
or
o Double click at the bottom floor key plan

label and create new gridline in the upper
floor key plan. (not recommended). It will
produce grid discrepancies if there is misalign
occurs.
KEY PLAN VERIFICATION
o Check the Plan Integrity
o To avoid grid discrepancies between bottom and upper key plan.
o Check Grid Usage

o To avoid redundant or unused grid.
o Check the Project Grid Integrity
o Check the Project Verification
o Check the 3D view

BATCH PROCESS
o Click Analysis, then choose Batch
Process.
o Tick Slab design, Beam design,

Column design.
ANALYSIS RESULT
o Click Analysis Result to check all the
analysis results for each element.
o All reaction forces, displacements,

moments, shears, torsions, FEM
reports can be obtained.
DESIGN RESULT
o Click Design Result to check all the design
results for each element.
o Slab, Single beam, multiple beam, column

and footing detailing as well as Quantity
Take Off can be obtained.
BATCH EXPORT
o Click Batch Export to transfer all the drawing and report to
other desired file (eg: Word, dxf).
o Key Plan, Detailing of each element and Design Report can

be transfered.
EXERCISE 1
o Redesign the structural key plan for single storey building.
Slab Thk: 125

C1 (200 x 200)
C2 (150 x 150)
gb (150 x 450)
EXERCISE 1
C1 (200 x 200)
C2 (150 x 150)
gb (150 x 450)
Thank You

BFC 42301 Conceptual Drawing & Loading Arrangement: by Shahrul Niza Bin Mokhatar Shahruln@uthm - Edu.my

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BFC 42301

Architect Structural Engineer/ Designer (Consultant)

Architecture Engineering Action Structural Design and

o Construction in different materials and with different arrangements may

o Architect and structural engineer should work together at this

o Good structural design came from a sound structural layout planning.

o Structural layout planning (engineering plan) is the most important step

o Location, position and dimension of beams

Slab Slab Slab Slab Hollow

EN standards are adopted as Malaysia Standard (MS) by the

MS standards shall be used together with Malaysia National

o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 1: 1997: Code of practice for

o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 2: 1985: Code of practice for

o BS 8110: British Standard – Part 3: Design charts for singly

Characteristic strength of concrete, fck : 35 N/mm²

o Input of key plan grids, beam, slab panels, column profile,

o The floor key plans are linked sequentially to generate

o Design according to BS 8110: 1997, BS 8110: 1985, EC 2 &

o Slab load distribution to beam (UDL, trapezoidal and

o Slab reinforcement (top and bottom) is presented on the

o Able to control the stirrup size according to the column

o There are 9 basic default files in this program, which are;

o Fill up the Project Name.

o Choose the Location.

o Put the Number of Key Plans.

o Rename the Floor Name (if necessary).

o Choose the Code of Practise.

o Setting other items

o Click Setting -> Floor Parameter.

o Click Setting -> Project Properties.

o Click the gridline (horizontal or vertical axis) and

o The numbering of the key plan can be changed.

o Click the main gridline and put the distance for

o Click the intersection of the gridline to

o Click the beam to change the parameter (if

o Click the area of within the gridline to

o Click the slab to change the parameter (if

o Click the intersection of the gridline to

o Click the column to change the parameter

o Click the beam to generate the brick wall.

o Click the brick to change the parameter (if

o Double click at the bottom floor key plan

o Check Grid Usage

o Check the Project Grid Integrity

o Check the Project Verification

o Check the 3D view

o Tick Slab design, Beam design,

o All reaction forces, displacements,

o Slab, Single beam, multiple beam, column

o Key Plan, Detailing of each element and Design Report can

Slab Thk: 125

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