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Microstrip Antenna
Thesis · June 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32541.46560
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Anudeep N Rao
Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Engineering and Technologyy, Dharwad
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Chapter 2
Microstrip Antenna
2.1 Introduction
Decamps G.A. first proposed the concept of microstrip antenna in 1953.However,
practical microstrip antennas were developed by Munsoon and Howell in 1970. The
numerous advantage of microstrip antenna, such as its low weight, small volume and ease
of fabrication using printed-circuit technology led to the design of several configurations
for various applications. With increasing requirements for personal and mobile
communication, the demand for the smaller and low profile antenna have brought the
microstrip antenna (MSA) to the forefront.
As shown in Figure 2.1, conventional Microstrip antenna consists of a pair of parallel

conducting layers separating a dielectric medium, referred as substrate. In this
configuration, the upper conducting layer or “patch” is the source of radiation where
electromagnetic energy fringes off the edges of the patch and into the substrate. The
lower conducting layer acts as a perfectly reflecting ground plane, bouncing energy back
through the substrate and into the free space. Physically the patch is a thin conductor that
is an appreciable fraction of a wavelength in extent. The patch which has resonant
behavior is responsible to achieve adequate bandwidth. Conventional patch design yields
few percent bandwidths. In most practical applications, patch antenna is rectangular or
circular in shape; however, in general any geometry is possible.
Figure 2.1 Microstrip antenna
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Microstrip antenna should be designed so that its maximum wave pattern is normal to the
patch. This is accomplished by proper choice of mode of excitation beneath the patch.
Generally, patch of microstrip antenna thickness is very thin in the range of t˂˂λ0 (λ0 is
free space wave length) and the height h of dielectric material is between
0.003λ0<h<0.05λ0. For a rectangular patch, the length L of the element is usually
λ0/3<L< λ0/2.
There are numerous substrates that can be used for the design of microstrip antenna, and
their dielectric constant are usually in the range of 4.4<εr<10, where εr is relative
dielectric constant. The substrate whose size is thick and dielectric constant is in the range
of lower end provides better efficiency and bandwidth, but it expenses large element size.
2.2 Radiation mechanism of microstrip antenna
Radiation from Microstrip can be understood by considering the simple case of a

rectangular microstrip patch spaced a small fraction of wavelength above ground plane as
shown in the figure. Field vary along the patch length which is about half wavelength
(𝜆/2). Radiation from Microstrip antenna occurs from the fringing fields between the
open circuited edge of Microstrip antenna conductor and the ground plane. The fields at
the end can be resolved into normal and tangential components with respect to ground
plane. The normal components are out of phase because of the patch length is λ long,
therefore the far field produced by them cancelled in the broadside direction. The
tangential components (those parallel to ground plane) are in phase and resulting fields
combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure: i.e.
broadside director.
Figure 2.2 Microstrip patch antenna

7
The radiation from discontinuities in Microstrip antenna was first examined by Lewin,
whose analysis is based on the current flowing in the conductors. This can also be
described as the surface current distribution on the patch. A patch, which is connected to
the microwave source, has a charge distribution on the upper and lower surface of the
patch as well as ground plane. The patch is half wavelength (𝜆/2) long, at the dominant
mode which creates the positive and negative distribution as shown in the Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3 Microstrip antenna charge distribution
2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

Microstrip antenna have several advantages compared to the conventional microwave
antennas. Some of the advantages of microstrip antennas discussed are listed as follows -
 They are light weight and have a small volume and a low-profile planar
configuration.
 They can be made conformal to the host surface.
 They ease of mass production using printed –circuit technology leads to a low
fabrication cost.
 They are ease to integrate with MICs on the same substrate.
 The antenna has low scattering cross sections.
However, MSAs suffer disadvantages as compared to conventional microwave antennas.
Some of them are as follows:
 Quite large size for lower microwave frequencies.
 Narrow impedance bandwidth.
 Low efficiency.
 Low gain.
 Low power handling capability.
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2.4 Applications of microstrip antennas:
 The telemetry and communication antennas on missiles need microstrip antenna.
 Radar altimeters use small arrays of microstrip radiators.
 Satellite imaging systems.
 Global system for mobile communication (GSM) and global positioning system
(GPS) are major uses of microstrip.
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Thesis · June 2019

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

As shown in Figure 2.1, conventional Microstrip antenna consists of a pair of parallel

Figure 2.1 Microstrip antenna

2.2 Radiation mechanism of microstrip antenna

Radiation from Microstrip can be understood by considering the simple case of a

Figure 2.2 Microstrip patch antenna

Figure 2.3 Microstrip antenna charge distribution

2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

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