Designation: D 228 – 08

Standard Test Methods for

Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,
Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing and
Waterproofing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling, bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt- 2. Referenced Documents
containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. These
materials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets, 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
and shingles. Any of these materials are allowed to be partially D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
or fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combination Bituminous Materials by Distillation
thereof. D 146 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-
1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appear Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Wa-
in the following order: terproofing
Section Content
D 225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)
Surfaced With Mineral Granules
5 Types of Roofing D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-
6 Sampling
7 Mass and Area Determination
ing
8 Selection of Representative Specimens D 1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of
9 Moisture Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
10 Pliability
11 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating
D 2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roof-
12 Tear Strength ing and Waterproofing
13 Fastener Pull-Through Resistance D 2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-
14 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimens
for Analyses
ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing
15 Analysis of Glass Felt Products D 3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass
16 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
17 Ash of Desaturated Felt
18 Calculation
D 3909 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)
19 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter and Surfaced With Mineral Granules
Back Surfacing D 4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber Base
20 Report
21 Precision and Bias Sheet Used in Roofing
D 4897 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber Vent-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the ing Base Sheet Used in Roofing
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical D 4932 Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- tance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,
tion only and are not considered standard. and Shingles
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D 6380 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Organic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Felt)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,
and Staples
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on
2
Roofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D08.02 on Prepared Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 228 – 06. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 228 – 08
3. Terminology nonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid or
3.1 Definitions: embossed shingles (where not all of the product has the same
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, see thickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.
Terminology D 1079. 3.1.4 As referenced in 14.4, “Materials of Multiple Layer
3.1.2 As referenced in 14.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo- Composition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-
sition” designates products that are manufactured to be the tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.
same thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areas 3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-
of the material. This would include traditional mineral surfaced tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the long
rolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas of dimension of a roll product (before samples or specimens are
material removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but the cut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwise
rest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type known and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “Cross
1 or Type 2. Direction” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-
3.1.3 As referenced in 14.2, “Materials of Nonuniform dicular to the MD.
Composition” designates products that are intentionally manu- 3.1.6 A production lot is defined as all material produced
factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area within within one production shift of the same type, composition, and
different areas of the product. Examples of materials of color (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as a

NOTE 1—Not to scale.

NOTE 2—Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this product
with asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.
FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and Shingles

2
 D 228 – 08
shipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the same amples of known variations, which shall not be prohibited
type, composition, and color (where applicable). include (but are not limited to):
5.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,
4. Significance and Use 5.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,
4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling, 5.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions for
examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt roll the layers, and
roofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water- 5.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions
proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed to
include, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineral 6. Sampling
stabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing. 6.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with this
4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required by section constitute the representative sample used in Sections 7
every product standard that references Test Methods D 228. and 8.
The individual product standards are the authority for which 6.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Do
tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited to run not select any material that shows visual indications of damage
tests in addition to those required in the product standards, but from shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass per
these test methods make no claim to their suitability or g/m2 (lb/100 ft2) and the standard deviation in accordance with
significance. 7.1-7.8.
4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to or 6.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed to
less than 1000 packages. The number of samples required for Section 7. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow the
lots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation in second part of the sampling plan in 6.4.
the unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-step 6.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on the
sampling plan in 6.4. standard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:
4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, and t2s2
compositional analysis are required for each sample. The n 5 (1)
d2
analytical data are further used to compute the probable
minimum and the probable range for the average mass of each where:
of the components. n = total number of samples required (n − 5 more rolls or
packages must be selected at random as samples),
5. Types of Roofing t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminary
5.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided into test series for 4° and a 95 % confidence that the
the following types for the purposes of these test methods (see calculated average mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776),
Fig. 1). and
5.1.1 Type 1—A single thickness of glass felt, coated with d = 100 g/m2(2 lb/100 ft2) (the mean mass obtained from
asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D 2178, the analysis should be within 6100 g/m2 of the true
D 3462, D 3909, D 4601, and D 4897. The backing material value, with 95 % confidence).
(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall be 6.5 See Fig. 2.
permitted to be any suitable material that prevents these
products from sticking together while packaged. 7. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Types
5.1.2 Type 2—A single thickness of asphalt-saturated felt of Roofing
coated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi- 7.1 Gross Mass—Determine and record the mass of each
cations D 225, D 2626, and D 6380, Class M. The backing representative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg (0.2 lb).
material (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall 7.2 Net Mass—Disassemble each package or unroll each
be permitted to be any suitable material that prevents these roll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacing
products from sticking together while packaged. and determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or the
5.1.3 Type 3—Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated and entire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg (0.2 lb). Where a product
surfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of the standard requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected and
saturated felt such as in Specification D 6380, Class WS. This the mass determined.
type also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 that 7.3 Packaging and Fixture Mass—Determine and record
have overlay or embossed areas. This does not include prod- the mass to the nearest 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of the packaging and all
ucts that are fabricated in multiple layers. associated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of the
5.1.4 Type 4—This material is comprised of multiple layers representative sample, such as nails and adhesive.
bonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate- 7.4 Dimensions of Roll Products—Measure and record the
rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of the length and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage width
bond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1 to the nearest 3 mm (1⁄8 in.).
illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type” 7.5 Shingle Count and Dimensions—From each of the
description is provided to aid the user in understanding how to representative sample packages generated in Section 6, count
match a given product composition and assembly to its and record the number of shingles in each package. Select one
corresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or exclude shingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,
products with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex- length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selected

3
 D 228 – 08

In Section 6, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 7.
In Section 8, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 7.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 6). These are confirmed
to be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 7.6) for the corresponding representative sample.
In Section 9 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D 95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”
for determination of water.
In Section 10, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.
In Section 11, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.
In Section 14, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large Specimens” for analysis by Section 15 (for glass felt) or
by Section 16 (for organic felt).
FIG. 2 Sample Selection Summary and Flow Diagram
(See Individual Sections for Sample Selection Details)

shingles to the nearest 1 mm (1⁄32 in.). Calculate and record the t = appropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n − 1
average for each of these measurements. dF (t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult standard reference
7.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass per table for other values of n).
unit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area as
g/m2 (lb/100 ft2) for each representative sample (without 8. Selection of Representative Specimens, All Roofing
packaging, cut outs or loose surfacing). Types
7.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit area 8.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-
for the combined representative samples (without packaging, nated in Test Methods D 228 for tests that are not specifically
cut outs, or loose surfacing) as (lb/100 ft2). covered by Test Methods D 228. Unless otherwise specified in
7.8 Calculate and record the estimate of the standard devia- these test methods, the large specimens and small test speci-
tion by: mens shall all be selected from the representative sample (roll
or package selected in Section 6) that has the individual net
s 5 Π(X2 ~ (X!2
n 2 1 2 n~n 2 1! (2) mass per unit area closest to the average net mass per unit area
for the combined representative samples as determined in
where: Section 7. If more than one roll or package needs to be selected
s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation, to provide sufficient specimens for all the tests dictated within
(X2 = the sum of the squares of the individual mass the product standard, any additional specimens shall be se-
determinations, lected from the representative sample that has the net mass per
((X)2 = the square of the sum of the individual mass unit area that is next closest to the average net mass per unit
determinations, and area of the combined representative samples.
n = the number of rolls or packages in the representa-
NOTE 1—It is the intent of these test methods that whenever not
tive sample.
specifically directed to select specimens in some other manner, specimens
7.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the average shall be selected from the representative sample that is the closest in mass
mass by: per unit area to the average mass per unit area of the combined
(X ts representative samples.
n 6 =n (3)
8.2 For roll products, select a specimen of roofing, the full
sheet width and at least 1 m (3 ft) in length from each roll,
where: starting a minimum of three wraps into the roll. For shingle
(X = sum of the individual mass determinations, and
products, the shingles from 7.5 shall be used.

4
 D 228 – 08
8.3 Determine the mass of each specimen and calculate the is viewed in the bent condition on the mandrel block. Separa-
mass in g/m2(lb/100 ft2). tion of granules or other superficial fissures that do not extend
8.4 For Types 1, 2, or 3, discard all specimens that differ by through the coating asphalt surface to the reinforcement do not
more than 1.5 % from the net mass determined in 7.6, select constitute cracking. Fracture through the specimen is also
replacements, and determine the mass as in 8.3. considered a failure. Report the number of specimens passing.
8.5 Continue this process until five representative speci- NOTE 2—Some products require testing with granules surfacing up and
mens are obtained, no more than one from each package or roll, granule surfacing down. Those products shall have that additional
that reflect that roll or package’s average net mass as deter- requirement clearly stated in their product standard. The additional
mined in 7.6. samples are to be selected in a manner consistent with the instructions
8.6 If fewer than five specimens are available, use all the above. This test method is intended for use only with coated products. See
available specimens and adjust the final calculations to reflect Test Methods D 146 for pliability testing on non-coated products.
the lower number of samples tested. 10.2 See Fig. 2.
8.7 See Fig. 2.
11. Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating
9. Moisture 11.1 Cut two test specimens, each approximately 100 by
9.1 Determine the water in each sample in accordance with 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) from a large specimen selected in
Test Method D 95; use 50 g (0.11 lb) of product for each accordance with Section 8. Condition the smaller specimens
determination, cut up to fit in the flask. Report the water for 24 h in a desiccator, determine the mass to the nearest 0.1
content as a percent of the dry (water-free) product mass. g, and then by means of a thin wire fastened through holes
9.2 See Fig. 2. punctured near one edge, suspend them vertically in the center
of an air oven maintained at 80 6 3°C (176 6 5°F) with the
10. Pliability cross machine direction vertical. The internal dimensions of
10.1 From one of the large specimens selected in Section 8, the oven shall be not less than 305 by 305 by 305 mm (12 by
cut ten small test specimens 25.4 6 3 mm (1 6 1⁄8 in.) in width 12 by 12 in.). The oven shall be electrically heated with forced
by 200 6 50 mm (8 6 2 in.) in length, five MD and five CD. draft. Insert a thermometer in the center of the oven to such a
For Type 3 materials, these small test specimens are to be taken depth that its bulb is in line with the center of the specimens.
from the area that is asphalt-coated and surfaced with mineral Maintain the specimens at the prescribed temperature for 2 h 6
granules. For Type 4 (laminated) materials, unless the product 5 min, then cool in a desiccator and determine the mass of each
standard to be applied directs otherwise, the small test speci- specimen. Calculate the average loss of volatile matter as a
mens are to be cut from a single layer. It is not prohibited to use percentage of the final specimen mass. Record any change in
single layer specimens from a multiple layer section of the appearance of the specimen such as blistering, absorption of
shingle that has been separated into individual layers with the asphalt coatings, or sliding of coating or granular surfacing.
suitable care. Any material damaged or significantly bent or Record the extent of the latter to the nearest 2 mm (1⁄16 in.).
creased during the separation process is to be discarded. Unless 11.2 See Fig. 2.
the product standard being evaluated directs testing at another
temperature, condition the small specimens and the block at 23 12. Tear Strength
6 2°C (73 6 4°F) for 2 6 0.1 h and perform the test at 23 6 12.1 Tear Strength—Use Test Method D 1922 as modified
2°C (73 6 4°F). Perform the test with the weather side up, at here.
a uniform speed through 90° in approximately 2 s over the 12.1.1 Specimens shall be rectangular, 76 by 63 mm (3 by
rounded edge of a block. If a water bath is needed to hold the 2.5 in.) 63 %.
designated temperature, the samples are to be placed in a 12.1.2 Condition specimens at 23 6 2°C (73 6 4°F) for at
plastic bag before placing them in the water bath so that they least 2 h prior to testing and conduct tests at 23 6 2°C (73 6
can be tested dry. Evaluation of the sample for cracking is 4°F).
much clearer when the sample does not have a wet surface. 12.1.3 Each specimen will be composed of a single layer.
10.1.1 The corner radius over which the small specimens Cut specimens from shingles in areas free of sealing resin and
are to be tested is typically specified in the individual product release tape. The 76-mm edges of the specimens shall be
standards. If not otherwise specified, the block will be 75 mm parallel to the long dimension (machine direction) of the
minimum (3 in. minimum) square by 50 mm minimum (2 in. shingles so that the tears will run in the short dimension (cross
minimum) thick with rounded corners of 13 6 1 mm (1⁄2 6 machine direction) of the shingle. Enough specimens shall be
0.04 in.) radius for Type 2 roofing and 19 6 1 mm (3⁄4 6 0.04 prepared so that ten results can be recorded after excluding any
in.) radius for Types 1 and 3 roofing. When bending, hold the that must be rejected as prescribed in 12.1.4.
specimens by hand tightly against the upper face of the block 12.1.4 Use an Elmendorf Tear Strength Tester with 3200 or
and bend the projecting end of the specimen over the rounded 6400 g (31 or 63 N) full scale capacity. Make all tests with
corner without exerting any stress other than that required to granule surface of specimens facing away from the knife blade.
keep the specimen in contact with the block and avoid kinking. Do not reject the results from specimens that tear through a
10.1.2 For coated products, failure of a specimen in this test side edge as opposed to the top edge. Reject results of
is defined as cracking of the coating asphalt that exposes the specimens that tear in such a way that the portion of the
reinforcement of the specimen (organic or fiberglass). The specimen that is in the stationary jaw rubs against the pendu-
cracking shall be visible to the naked eye when the specimen lum.

5
 D 228 – 08
12.1.5 Report the average tear resistance of ten specimens to in a row nor more than four specimens in a row are cut from
the nearest 0.1 N (10 g). one large specimen when generating the ten specimens re-
12.1.6 The following criteria shall be used to judge the quired for testing. If specimens include areas containing
acceptability of the results at the 95 % confidence level: sealant (factory-applied adhesive) or release tape, or both,
12.1.6.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same op- because it is inherently located in the nailing area, then it shall
erator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than be noted in the report since it could affect the result.
17 %. NOTE 4—Specimens shall be permitted to include areas containing
12.1.6.2 Reproducibility—The results submitted by each of factory-applied adhesive (sealant) or release tape, or both, if this is
two laboratories should be considered suspect if they differ by expected to be in the nailing area when the shingles are applied in
more than 28 %. accordance with the manufacturers’/sellers’ instructions. If this is the case,
it shall be noted in the report since it could affect the result. For normal
13. Fastener Pull-Through Resistance testing, the central area of the specimen where the nail penetrates shall be
13.1 Scope—This test method measures the force required typical of the single thickness exposed area of the shingle under test. For
multi-layered shingles, the test shall be performed in the area specified for
to pull a fastener head through a specimen of material under
fastening in the manufacturers’/sellers’ instructions.
defined conditions in a specified test apparatus. See the
individual product standards for the significance and use of this 13.5 Conditioning—Condition specimens at the tempera-
test. tures prescribed in the appropriate product standard for at least
13.2 Fasteners—Various fasteners suitable for application two hours prior to testing, and conduct the test at the prescribed
of asphalt roofing materials shall not be prohibited in this test. temperatures. Other test conditions shall be permitted to give
The following instructions and procedures are based on a indications of fastener pull-through resistance at different
standard galvanized roofing nail with 10 mm (3⁄8 in.) diameter temperatures, provided that the specimens are conditioned for
head (as specified in Specification F 1667, Table 29). See Note at least 2 h and test at the desired temperature, and that the
3. The specific fastener(s) required or allowed is specified in temperature used is noted in the report.
the product standard where this test method is applied. When 13.6 Nail Placement—Push a 38 mm (11⁄2 in.) long galva-
this test method is not used for determining compliance to a nized roofing nail with a 10 mm (3⁄8 in.) diameter head through
product standard, the fastener employed must be reported with the center of the specimen within 65 mm (61⁄4 in.) of the
the results and the orientation of any prominent geometric intersection of the diagonals of the square specimen (entering
features of the fastener with respect to the roofing product from the granule side and exiting at the backsurfacing side as
orientation shall also be reported (for any fastener other than in normal application) such that the head of the nail rests
the standard nail referenced above). against the granule surface and the shank protrudes from the
back surface. The use of a fixture to locate the center of the
NOTE 3—When other fasteners, for example staples, are used with this
test method and apparatus, the effects of varying orientation of the staple specimen or to draw diagonals with chalk to facilitate central
crown with the orientation of the specimen (parallel to machine direction positioning of the nail is not prohibited.
or at some angle to the machine direction), or the effects of the staple 13.7 Fixture and Sample Assembly:
crown not being flat and flush relative to the specimen surface, will 13.7.1 Prepare the specified number of specimens, each
generally cause greater variability in the results than when using a roofing with a new nail in position, and condition them to the test
nail. temperature as directed by the product standard under investi-
13.3 Specimens—For single layer materials, prepare ten gation as a set prior to testing. When this test method is not
specimens 98 6 3 mm (37⁄8 6 1⁄8 in.) square for each test used for determining compliance to a product standard, the test
condition. If specimens include areas containing sealant temperature must be reported.
(factory-applied adhesive) or release tape, or both, because it is 13.7.2 Clamp the base part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 3
inherently located in the nailing area when the material is into the lower jaws of a constant rate of extension test machine
applied in accordance with the application instructions, then it capable of applying a force of at least 450 N (100 lbf) at an
shall be noted in the report since it could affect the result. When extension rate of 100 mm (4 in.)/min.
testing materials with cutout areas, any specimen where the 13.7.3 Position the plate part of the apparatus shown in Fig.
cutout is visible through the opening in the plate (see 13.6) will 3 over the specimen (with the weather side down) so that the
have the effect of increasing the variability of the results. plate is centered over the specimen and with the nail shank
13.4 For materials that include multiple layers, prepare ten protruding through the center of the 64 mm (21⁄2 in.) diameter
specimens 98 6 3 mm (37⁄8 6 1⁄8 in.) square using the hole. Place the assembled specimen, nail, and plate into the
following procedure: These specimens shall be cut from the base part of the apparatus with the nail pointing upwards so
manufacturer’s specified fastening position on the material. that it can be gripped by the upper jaw of the test machine. The
First, determine the fastener placement position from the arrangement of the assembly ready for test is shown in Fig. 4.
manufacturer’s application instructions. Once this position is 13.7.4 Clamp the nail shank in the upper jaw of the test
determined, cut a 98 6 3 mm (37⁄8 6 1⁄8 in.) wide strip of machine and pull the nail through the specimen at a rate of 100
material centered on this fastening position. Typically, this strip mm (4 in.)/min. Record the maximum force in N (lbf) to the
will be cut from the long dimension, or length, of the shingle nearest 0.5 N (0.1 lbf) required to completely pull the head of
or roll product. Use this strip to cut consecutive specimens 98 the nail through the specimen. If a strip-chart recorder is used,
6 3 mm (37⁄8 6 1⁄8 in.) in length. These strips are cut from choose a scale where the maximum pull-through force is at
multiple large specimens such that no less than three specimens least 50 % of the full-scale reading.

6
 D 228 – 08

FIG. 3 Base and Plate Parts of Apparatus

FIG. 4 Bottom Clamp with Sample Installed in Apparatus

13.8 Report—Report the number of layers and the type of if the pull-through was performed in an area containing sealant
material tested. Report the average and standard deviation of or release tape, or both. Report also the type of fastener used in
the pull-through force for the ten specimens tested. Report the the test.
test conditions and note any special circumstances, for example

7
 D 228 – 08
13.9 Precision and Bias—The following criteria shall be samples of the nonuniform products. At least five sets of four
used to judge the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence small representative specimens are required for each compo-
level: sition of products containing organic felts; five sets of three
13.9.1 Repeatability: small specimens are required for each composition containing
13.9.1.1 Single-Layer Specimens—Duplicate results by the glass felts.
same operator on the same sample shall be considered suspect 14.3 Materials of Multiple Layer Composition (Type 4)—In
if they differ by more than 15 %. the case of multiple layer shingles, determine the mass per unit
13.9.1.2 Multi-Layer Specimens—Duplicate results by the area and the relative area proportion for each layer configura-
same operator on the same sample shall be considered suspect tion (proportion of each configuration for products that have
if they differ by more than 15 %. additional combinations of single, double, triple, and so forth,
13.9.2 Reproducibility: layers). This relative proportion is to be determined from the
13.9.2.1 Single-Layer Specimens—The results submitted by average surface area measured on four consecutive shingles
each of two laboratories shall be considered suspect if they from one of the representative samples, measuring only the
differ by more than 20 %. portion of the shingle that is exposed to the weather when
13.9.2.2 Multi-Layer Specimens—The results submitted by applied in conformance with the manufacturer’s application
each of two laboratories shall be considered suspect if they instructions. Cut 50 by 100 6 1 mm (2 by 4 6 1⁄32 in.) small
differ by more than 25 %. test specimens so that they represent the same proportion of
13.9.3 Bias—This test method for measuring fastener pull- each layer configuration as the entire exposed area of that large
through resistance has no known bias. Test Method D 4932 is specimen. At least five sets of four small representative
testing material in a different manner. The differences in results specimens are required for each composition of products
between these tests have not been investigated. containing organic felts; five sets of three small specimens are
required for each composition containing glass felts.
NOTE 5—This precision and bias was generated by pulling nails, as
described in 13.2, through a fiberglass mat-based shingle and may vary NOTE 6—As an example, if a laminated shingle has some areas that are
when other materials are tested. single thick and some that are double thick, determine what the relative
percentages of single thickness and double thickness are for the exposed
area of the shingle. The small test specimens shall be cut to represent the
14. Preparation and Selection of Small Specimens for
same proportion.
Analyses
14.4 See Fig. 2.
14.1 Materials of Uniform Composition (Type 1 and Type
2)—Each of the five large specimens selected in Section 8 is to
15. Analysis of Glass Felt Products
have small test specimens cut for composition analysis. Cut 50-
by 100- 6 1-mm (2- by 4- 6 1⁄32-in.) small test specimens from 15.1 Total Net Mass—Identify the specimen from each set
each of the large specimens. Compare the equivalent mass per of three small specimens cut in Section 14 that is the closest to
unit area of the small test specimens to the mass per unit area representing the unit mass of the large specimen from which it
previously generated for the large specimens (Section 8). For was obtained. Record the mass of each specimen so selected, to
products that contain organic felt, four small test specimens the nearest 0.01 g, as “Total Net Mass.” The top section of Fig.
must be cut from each large specimen that are within 1.5 % of 5 shows the selection process for the five representative
the equivalent mass per unit area of the large specimen. For specimens for a fiberglass-based product (note the masses for
products that contain only glass felt, three small test specimens three small specimens).
must be cut from each of the corresponding large specimens 15.2 Total Asphalt:
that are within 1.5 % of the equivalent mass per unit area of the 15.2.1 Wrap each of the small specimens identified in 15.1
large specimen. The small test specimens from each large in two layers of pre-dried filter paper with particle retention to
specimen are to be kept together as a unit, separate from the 2.7 µm (Note 7), and secure each wrapped small specimen with
small test specimens cut from the other large specimens. The a soft copper wire. It is not prohibited to cut the specimens into
“top” of each product is the surface that is applied toward the smaller pieces so that the wrapped specimens fit into the
weather. extraction glassware. Use suitable care to ensure that all
14.2 Materials of Nonuniform Composition (Type 3)—Cut specimen pieces, fragments, or particles, or combination
50- by 100- 6 1-mm (2- by 4- 6 1⁄32-in.) small test specimens thereof, as generated by the cutting process, are collected and
that are representative of the different materials, types of included in the wrapped specimen. Mark and record the mass
surfacing or thickness present in the five large specimens from of each wrapped specimen, to the nearest 0.01 g (2 3 10-5 lb),
Section 8. By proportion, select small specimens that are as “Total Mass + Tare.”
within 1.5 % of the equivalent mass per unit area of each of the NOTE 7—Whatman No. 50 filter paper (185 mm) has been found
large specimens. Some product standards direct the analysis of suitable for this use. Filter paper pre-dried for 60 min 6 10 % in an 80°C
the mineral surfaced area only, or the different areas of (176°F) oven and stored until needed in a desiccator has been found
composition to be analyzed separately. The product standard is satisfactory for this use.
to be the final authority on which portions of this material are 15.2.2 Extract the asphalt from each specimen from 15.2.1
to be analyzed. The balance of this analytical method assumes in a soxhlet or similar extractor with any suitable solvent (Note
that a roofing product of uniform composition is being tested. 8) until the extract is clear. Dry the extracted specimens in a
Use the same procedures for the small specimen representative hood at room temperature. Final dry each specimen in a 105°C

8
 D 228 – 08
Selection of Representative Specimens (Section 14)

Large Specimen Mass

Small Specimen: Sample 1 2 3 From Section 8

A grams, 22.64 22.59 22.70 22.65

percent of mean 100.0 99.7 100.2 ...
B grams, 22.84 22.68 22.73 22.74
percent of mean 100.4 99.7 100.0 ...
C grams, 22.67 22.63 22.60 22.64
percent of mean 100.1 100.0 99.8 ...
D grams, 22.36 22.31 22.47 22.36
percent of mean 100.0 99.8 100.5 ...
E grams, 22.78 22.89 23.01 22.87
percent of mean 99.6 100.1 100.6 ...
Note that these are examples of typical data
Analysis (Section 15)

Selected Small Specimen A1 B3 C2 D1 E2

Total net mass (13.1) 22.64 22.73 22.63 22.36 22.89

Total mass + tare (13.2.1) 24.65 25.61 25.00 25.08 24.86
Extract, residue and tare (13.2.2) 20.61 21.37 20.98 20.94 20.60
Total asphalt (13.2.3) 4.04 4.24 4.02 4.14 4.26
Coarse mineral matter (13.3.2) 9.89 9.99 10.16 9.74 10.06
Fine mineral matter (13.3.2) 7.29 7.90 7.38 7.71 7.06
Percent FMM in FMM + total asphalt 64.3 65.1 64.7 65.1 62.4
Glass felt (13.4.2) 0.44 0.47 0.46 0.51 0.49

FIG. 5 Analysis of Roofing Products that Contain Glass Felts Work Sheet

(221°F) 6 5 % forced draft oven for 60 min 6 10 %. Cool the 15.3.2 Tap and shake the sieve nest until no change is noted
specimens in a desiccator to room temperature and record the in the contents of each sieve. Record the mass of the material
mass of each, to the nearest 0.01 g, as “Extraction retained on the No. 70 (212-µm) sieve, to the nearest 0.01 g, as
Residue + Tare.” the “Coarse Mineral Matter.” Record the mass of the material
in the pan of the nest, to the nearest 0.01 g, as the “Unadjusted
NOTE 8—A “suitable solvent” is any solvent that effectively separates
the asphalt from the mineral matter and leaves less than 0.01 g of solvent Fine Mineral Matter.”
residue (nonvolatile components) behind when the extracted specimens 15.4 Felt in Glass Felt Products (Fig. 6):
are dried. Extraction time varies with the solvent used and the composition 15.4.1 Determine the unadjusted mass of the glass felt from
of the material being extracted. Extraction times in excess of 30 hours are
15.3.1 to the nearest 0.01 g.
possible.
15.4.2 Clean the felt from 15.4.1 in an ultrasonic cleaning
15.2.3 Record the difference in the mass measured in 15.2.1 bath (Note 9), dry the cleaned felt in a forced draft 105°C
and the mass measured in 15.2.2 as the “Total Asphalt.” (221°F) oven for 60 min 6 10 %, and determine its mass to the
15.3 Mineral Matter in the Extraction Residue: nearest 0.01 g.
15.3.1 One at a time, open each package from 15.2.2 over a
15.4.3 Add the difference between the masses determined in
nest of No. 6 (3.25-mm), No. 70 (212-µm) sieves, and a pan.
15.4.1 and 15.4.2 to the mass of the fine mineral matter in
Retain the glass felt after removing, and putting in the sieve
15.3.2.
nest, as much of the fine mineral matter that is in or on the glass
felt. Dust all mineral matter off the filter papers into the sieve NOTE 9—Steps 15.4.2 and 15.4.3 may be omitted if ultrasonic cleaning
nest and discard the cleaned papers and the wire. equipment is unavailable or was not used.

Physical Tests Mean Standard 95 % Confidence Limits

Deviation
Samples Mean
Behavior on heating (Section 11)
Mass loss, % 0.12 0.02 0.07 0.17 0.10 0.14
Appearance change none

Composition, Pounds per 100 ft2

Glass felt 1.84 0.096 1.59 2.09 1.72 1.96

Total asphalt 16.43 0.392 15.42 17.44 15.94 16.92
Coarse mineral matter 39.56 0.572 38.09 41.03 38.85 40.27
Fine mineral matter 29.64 1.192 26.57 32.70 28.16 31.11
Fine mineral matter as a percent based 64.3 1.01 61.7 66.9 63.1 65.6
on the total asphalt and fine min-
erals
Moisture, percentage of dry mass 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
FIG. 6 Report Glass Felt Roofing Shingles

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 D 228 – 08
16. Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts the selection process for the five representative specimens for
16.1 Total Net Mass—Identify the specimen from each set an organic-based product (note the masses for four small
of four small specimens cut in Section 14 that is the closest to specimens).
representing the unit mass of the large specimen from which it 16.2 Total Asphalt:
was obtained. Record the mass of each specimen, to the nearest 16.2.1 Wrap each of the small specimens identified in 16.1
0.01 g, as “Total Net Mass.” The top section of Fig. 7 shows in two layers of predried filter paper, and secure each wrapped

Selection of Representative Specimens (Section 14)

Large Specimen
Mass From Section
Small Specimen 1 2 3 4 8

A grams, 26.05 25.29 25.88 25.55 25.69

percent of mean 101.44 98.4 100.73 99.5 ...
B grams, 26.56 26.45 24.94 24.36 25.58
percent of mean 103.83 103.4 97.5 95.2 ...
C grams, 23.56 23.64 23.54 24.36 23.78
percent of mean 99.1 99.4 99.0 102.4 ...
D grams, 26.00 23.45 22.98 26.17 24.65
percent of mean 105.47 95.1 93.2 106.2 ...
E grams, 24.94 26.03 26.05 25.55 25.64
percent of mean 97.3 101.5 101.59 99.6 ...

Analysis Unadjusted Total Specimen (16.2)

2
Selected Small Specimen, g/5000 mm A4 B3 C2 D2 E4

Total net mass + tare (16.2.1) 28.55 27.94 26.64 26.45 28.55
Extract, residue + tare (16.2.2) 20.70 20.21 19.49 18.47 20.62
Total asphalt (16.2.3) 7.85 7.73 7.15 7.98 7.93
Coarse mineral matter (16.3.2) 8.71 8.25 8.01 6.93 8.34
Unadjusted fine mineral matter 6.32 6.17 5.94 5.77 6.56
Unadjusted dry felt (16.4) 2.67 2.79 2.54 2.77 2.72

Analysis Unadjusted Top Coating (16.5)

Selected Small Specimen With Back Coating and Attached Felt A B C D E

Removed, g/5000 mm2

Top mass + tare 18.51 18.54 17.99 18.47 19.1

Extract, residue + tare 12.99 13.52 13.27 13.37 14.01
Top specimen asphalt 5.52 5.02 4.72 5.10 5.09
Coarse mineral matter 5.66 6.16 6.20 5.93 6.55
Unadjusted fine mineral matter 2.30 2.61 2.38 2.65 2.76
Unadjusted top dry felt 2.03 1.75 1.69 1.78 1.70

Percent Saturation (16.6)

Selected Small Specimen With Front and Back Coating Re- A B C D E

moved, g/5000 mm2

Saturated felt + tare 7.07 7.94 8.42 9.6 10.57

Felt + tare 4.72 4.70 4.86 5.07 5.81
Dry Felt 1.72 1.70 1.86 2.07 2.81
Percent Saturation 136.62 190.5 191.39 218.8 169.39
Saturated felt + tare 8.04 8.08 7.35 8.89 10.09
Felt + tare 4.68 4.84 4.45 5.58 5.63
Dry felt 1.68 1.84 1.45 2.58 2.63
Percent saturation 200.0 176.1 200.0 128.3 169.5
Mean percent saturation 168.31 183.3 195.69 173.5 169.48

Percent Ash in the Extracted Felt (Section 17)

Specimen A B C D E

Total specimen 13.35 11.04 13.41 11.41 10.37

Top specimen 9.37 11.43 10.72 21.08 11.86
Percent saturations 6.63 5.15 5.21 8.66 8.11
Correction Factors
Total specimen 6.72 6.88 8.2 2.75 2.75
Top specimen 2.74 6.28 5.51 12.42 3.85

FIG. 7 Analysis of Organic Felt Shingle Products Worksheet

10
 D 228 – 08
small specimen with a soft copper wire. Mark and record the 16.6.3 Extract each specimen from 16.6.2 in a soxhlet
mass of each wrapped specimen, to the nearest 0.01 g, as “Total extractor with 1,1,1 trichloroethane until the extract is clear.
Mass + Tare.” Dry each package in a hood to remove most of the solvent,
16.2.2 Extract the asphalt from each specimen from 16.2.1 finish the drying in a forced draft vented oven at 105°C (221°F)
in a soxhlet or similar extractor with any suitable solvent until 6 5 % for 60 min 6 10 %, cool in a desiccator, and record the
the extract is clear. (See Note 8, subsection 15.2.2.) Dry the mass, to the nearest 0.01 g, as “Desaturated Felt + Tare.”
extracted specimens in a hood at room temperature. Final dry 16.6.4 Carefully unwrap the felt pieces from 16.6.2, redry,
each specimen in a 105°C (221°F) 6 5 % forced draft oven for cool in a desiccator, and record the mass, to the nearest 0.01 g,
60 min 6 10 %. Cool the specimens in a desiccator to room as the “Desaturated Felt.” Save the felts for the work in Section
temperature and record the mass of each, to the nearest 0.01 g, 17.
as “Extraction Residue + Tare.”
16.2.3 Record the difference in the mass measured in 16.2.1 17. Ash of Desaturated Felt
and the mass measured in 16.2.2 as the “Total Asphalt.” 17.1 Ash the desaturated felts obtained in 16.4, 16.5.2, and
16.3 Mineral Matter in the Extraction Residue: 16.6.4 separately in predried tared crucibles, either over an
16.3.1 One at a time, open and test each package from open flame or in a muffle furnace, until all carbon has been
16.2.2 over a nest of No. 6 (3.25-mm), No. 70 (212-µm) sieves, consumed. After cooling, add to each ash approximately five
and a pan. Dust off into the sieve nest the fine mineral matter times its mass of saturated ammonium carbonate solution, let
that is on the felt. Save the felt recovered for the dry felt digest for 60 min 6 10 % at room temperature in a covered
determination in 16.4 and the ash of the desaturated felt in beaker or crucible, dry in an oven at 105 to 110°C (221 to
Section 17. Dust all mineral matter off the filter papers into the 230°F) to constant mass, and record the net mass as “ash.”
sieve nest and discard the cleaned papers and the wire. 17.2 The percentage of ash in the center portion (from
16.3.2 Tap and shake the sieve nest until no change is noted 16.6.4) is assumed to be the true percentage of ash of the felt.
in the controls of each sieve. Record the mass of the material The difference between this ash and the percentage of ash of
retained on the No. 70 (212-µm) sieve, to the nearest 0.01 g, as the felts recovered in 16.4 and 16.5.2 is presumed to be
the “Total Coarse Mineral Matter.” Record the mass of the included mineral matter from the coating. This percentage
material in the pan of the nest, to the nearest 0.01 g, as the difference is converted to mass and added to the mass of fine
“Total Unadjusted Fine Mineral Matter.” mineral matter to obtain the “Total Dry Felt” and “Top Dry
Felt.” The corresponding correction is made to the mass of
16.4 Unadjusted Total Dry Felt Mass—Dry each felt from
extracted felt from extraction of total and the top coating
16.3.1 in a 105°C (221°F) 6 5 % forced draft oven for 60 min
analyses.
6 10 %, cool in a desiccator, and record the mass as the
“Unadjusted Dry Felt.” Save the felt for work in Section 17.
18. Calculation
16.5 Top Coating Analysis:
18.1 Use the adjusted mass of the dry felt from each total
16.5.1 Total Top Mass—Identify the small specimen of the
sample to calculate the mass of the dry felt in g/m2(lb/100 ft2)
four cut in Section 14 that is the second closest to representing
(Note 10).
the unit mass of the large specimen from which it was obtained.
(The first was used in 16.1.) Warm the small specimen for not NOTE 10—Multiply the mass in grams by 3.97 to obtain the mass in
more than 5 min at a temperature of not more than 65°C lb/100 ft2 for a 2- by 4-in. sample. Use 200 as the factor to obtain g/m2.
(150°F), and with a sharp knife or spatula, pull off the back 18.2 Calculate the percent saturation in each small sample
coating and part of the saturated felt in the horizontal plane as 100 times the difference between the masses in 16.6.2 and
indicated by the arrow b in Fig. 1. 16.6.3 divided by the mass in 16.6.4. Use the mean of at least
16.5.2 Repeat all the steps in 16.2-16.4 to record the “Total two determinations in all further calculations.
Top Mass,” “Total Top Asphalt,” “Top Coarse Mineral Matter,” 18.3 Calculate the mass of the saturant by multiplying the
“Top Unadjusted Fine Mineral Matter,” and “Unadjusted Top dry felt mass in 18.1 by the mean percent saturation from 17.2
Felt.” divided by 100.
16.6 Percent Saturation: 18.4 Calculate the mass of the saturant in the top coating
16.6.1 Warm the last two of the small specimens of each analysis by multiplying the adjusted mass of the top dry felt by
small specimen set from Section 14 for not more than 5 min at the mean percent saturation divided by 100. Convert the mass
a temperature of not more than 65°C (150°F), and with a sharp calculated to the mass in g/m2 (lb/100 ft2).
knife or spatula separate them into three horizontal sections at 18.5 Calculate the mass of asphalt in each total sample by
approximately the planes indicated by the arrows a and b in converting the mass in 16.2.3 to g/m2 (lb/100 ft2).
Fig. 1. Remove both the top and back coatings, with the 18.6 Calculate the mass of asphalt in each top sample by
attached surfacing, and a thin layer of felt, so that a thin layer converting the mass in 16.5.2 to g/m2(lb/100 ft2).
of asphalt saturated felt core is obtained free of other materials. 18.7 Deduct the saturant mass in 18.3 from the asphalt mass
Discard the top and back coating sections. in the total sample in 18.5 to obtain the total unfilled asphalt
16.6.2 Wrap each specimen in one layer of predried filter coating.
paper secured with a copper wire. Record the mass of the 18.8 Deduct each saturant mass in 18.4 from each top
wrapped felt, to the nearest 0.01 g, as “Saturated Felt + Tare.” asphalt mass in 18.6 to obtain each total unfilled top coating.

11
 D 228 – 08
18.9 Deduct each top coating mass in 18.8 from each total grading of the back surfacing used on the product, and a negative quantity
unfilled coating mass in 18.7 to obtain each back unfilled of back surfacing is sometimes determined with these test methods as a
coating mass. result of normal mass variations between specimens.
18.10 Convert each mass of the total coarse mineral matter
20. Report
and the total unadjusted fine mineral matter from 16.3.2 to
g/m2 (lb/100 ft2). 20.1 Report the data on a form similar to Figs. 5 and 6 for
18.11 Convert each mass of the top coarse mineral matter Type 1 products and Figs. 7 and 8 for Types 2 and 3 products
and the top unadjusted fine mineral matter from 16.5.2 to or in any manner convenient to the user. Report all percentages
g/m2 (lb/100 ft2). to the nearest 0.1 %. Report all mass per unit area data to the
18.12 Deduct each mass of the top coarse mineral matter in nearest 0.5 g/m2(0.01 lb/100 ft2).
18.11 from the total coarse mineral matter in 18.10 to obtain 20.2 Figs. 5-8 show the sources of the data and some of the
the unadjusted mass of the bottom surfacing. steps in the calculations from the raw data.
18.13 Deduct each mass of the top unadjusted fine mineral
matter in 18.11 from each total unadjusted fine mineral matter 21. Precision and Bias
in 18.10 to obtain the unadjusted mass of the fine mineral 21.1 Precision—Interlaboratory round robin tests show that
matter in the back coating. the variation within a product can be greater than the variation
between laboratories. Data from two laboratories can be
19. Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter and compared statistically using the following procedure:
Back Surfacing 21.1.1 Calculate the mean variance of each set of data using:
19.1 Fine mineral matter from the back surfacing frequently
s2
includes fine mineral matter from the back coating. To adjust V5 n (4)
both the back coating fine mineral matter and the back
surfacing, assume that the percent of the fine mineral matter, where:
based on the combined masses of the top asphalt coating and V = mean variance,
the top fine mineral matter, is a constant. Adjust the fine s = estimated standard deviation, and
mineral matter in the back coating by reducing it to the same n = number of samples.
percentage of fine mineral matter as found in the top filled 21.1.2 Calculate the “effective number of degrees of free-
coating. Add the excess fine mineral matter to the “Total dom” using:
Coarse Mineral Matter” less the “Top Coarse Mineral Matter” ~VA 1 VB!2
to obtain the “Back Surfacing” (Note 11). f5 22 (5)
~VA!2 ~VB!2
NOTE 11—The accuracy of this procedure depends on the screen 1
nA 1 1 nB 1 1

Small Specimen

Pounds per 100 Square Feet A B C D E

Dry felt 9.88 10.42 9.25 10.69 10.55

Saturant 16.64 19.10 18.11 18.55 17.88
Top surfacing 22.46 24.44 24.60 23.53 25.98
Top coating 18.07 18.78 16.14 20.84 20.42
Top coating asphalt 8.72 7.99 6.33 9.44 9.21
Top coating filler 9.35 10.78 9.81 11.40 11.21
Back coating 12.02 8.43 10.04 8.11 9.72
Back coating asphalt 5.80 3.58 3.94 3.67 4.38
Back coating filler 6.22 4.84 6.10 4.43 5.34
Back surfacing 22.33 17.80 15.66 11.34 16.83

Total Net mass 101.39 98.97 93.81 93.06 101.38

Average Total Analysis

Mean Sample Range, p = 0.05 Range of Means, p = 0.05
Pounds per 100 Square Feet min max min max

Dry felt 10.16 8.80 11.52 9.50 10.82

Saturant 18.06 15.94 20.18 17.03 19.08
Top surfacing 24.21 21.18 27.23 22.75 25.67
Top coating 18.85 14.49 23.21 16.75 20.95
Top coating asphalt 8.34 5.46 11.22 6.95 9.73
Top coating filler 10.51 8.46 12.57 9.52 11.51
Back coating 9.66 6.08 13.23 7.94 11.38
Back coating asphalt 4.27 2.19 6.36 3.27 5.28
Back coating filler 5.39 3.60 7.17 4.52 6.25
Back surfacing 16.79 7.68 25.90 12.39 21.18

Total Net Weight 97.723 88.42 107.03 93.23 102.22

FIG. 8 Total Analysis (With All Adjustments)

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 D 228 – 08

where: 21.1.4 Compute the maximum probable difference between

f = effective number of degrees of freedom, the averages of each set using:
VA and VB = mean variance of each data set as calculated u 5 t0.975 3 ~VA 1 VB!0.5 (6)
in 20.1, and
nA and nB = number of samples in each set. 21.1.5 There is no significant difference between the data
21.1.3 Look up the value for t in Table 1, the student’s sets if the difference between the averages of each set is less
t-distribution for the effective number of degrees of freedom at than u.
a significance level of 0.05. 21.1.6 In case of dispute, if the difference between the data
averages is significant, retesting by both laboratories, or testing
TABLE 1 Student’s t-Distribution, 0.05 Significance Level by an independent referee laboratory, is recommended.
t t t
f 0.975 f 0.975 f 0.975
21.2 Bias—There is no known bias in these test methods.
6 2.447 11 2.201 16 2.120
7 2.365 12 2.179 17 2.110
8 2.306 13 2.160 18 2.101 22. Keywords
9 2.262 14 2.145 19 2.093
10 2.228 15 2.131 20 2.086 22.1 analysis; asphalt; cap sheets; composition; physical
testing; roll roofing; sampling; shingles

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13