Iot For Health Care
Iot For Health Care
Iot For Health Care
Abstract—Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing healthcare cost effective. An efficient healthcare service
process, where each physical object is equipped with should deal with prevention, early pathology detection and
sensors, microcontrollers and transceivers for empowering homecare instead of the high-priced clinical care.
communication and is built with suitable protocol stacks which
help them interacting with each other and communicating
with the users. In IoT based healthcare, diverse distributed IoT ensures the personalisation of healthcare services by
devices aggregate, analyse and communicate real time medical maintaining digital identity for each patient. Due to non-
information to the cloud, thus making it possible to collect, availabilty of ready to access healthcare systems, many health
store and analyse the large amount of data in several new problems have been getting undetected in conventional health-
forms and activate context based alarms. This novel information
acquisition paradigm allows continuous and ubiquitous medical care systems. But pervasive, non-invasive, powerful IoT based
information access from any connected device over the Internet. systems have been helpful in monitoring and analysing the
As each one of the devices used in IoT are limited in battery patient data easily. In IoT based healthcare, various distributed
power, it is optimal to minimise the power consumption to devices gather, analyse and pass real time medical information
enhance the life of the healthcare system. This work explains to the cloud, thus making it possible to collect, store and
the implementation of an IoT based In-hospital healthcare
system using ZigBee mesh protocol. The healthcare system analyse the big data streams in several new forms and activate
implementation can periodically monitor the physiological context dependent alarms. This innovative data acquisition
parameters of the In-hospital patients. Thus, IoT empowered paradigm allows continuous and ubiquitous medical device
devices simultaneously enhance the quality of care with regular access from any connected device over the Internet.
monitoring and reduce the cost of care and actively engage in
data collection and analysis of the same. II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
Keywords - IoT, Healthcare, eHealth, ZigBee In India, a survey was conducted to observe the functioning
of different medical centers and the improvement in healthcare
I. I NTRODUCTION delivery with the introduction of information technology. The
survey revealed that patient records in many of the hospitals
Internet of Things means things interact with the Internet were not managed properly, also the patient referrals among
by employing sensors, microcontrollers and transceivers various hospitals were more or less based on paper documents.
for empowering communication and is built with suitable As facilities were not available to precisely estimate patient’s
protocol stacks which help them interacting with each history, the healthcare quality was inefficient. The survey
other and communicating with the users, thus becoming revealed that healthcare facilities can be improved with the
the constitutive part of the Internet. Nowadays, Internet is help of Information Technology, mainly using Electronic
impacting the several aspects of the potential user’s everyday Health Records (EHRs). According to the survey the usage
life. By keeping these things in view, several applications are of EHRs is less in use and prone to failures because of
developed based on IoT in which every physical object is the complexity associated with it. This paper proposed a
connected to the Internet by employing sensor devices. The simple and pragmatic Employable EHR (EEHR) [1] approach
dependency of healthcare on IoT is increasing day by day to also termed as WebEHR. This approach provides the web
enhance the access to care, strengthen the quality of care and based connectivity among various healthcare centers, thus
finally reduce the cost of care. simplifying the maintenance and sharing of data.
Depending on an individual’s unique biological, behavioural Healthcare is one of the basic needs to any person.
and cultural characteristics, the combined practice of well- However, the physicians are not transparent in terms of care
being, healthcare and patient support is defined as personalised and money with each and every patient. One more problem
healthcare. This empowers each and every individual by associated with the healthcare system is the lack of medical
following the basic healthcare principle of “the suitable care facilities to track the patient’s history to provide the effective
for the right person at the right time”, which leads to more treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to optimise the healthcare
desirable results and improvement in satisfaction thus making system to make it more efficient [2]. This paper proposes
c 2015 IEEE
978-1-4673-6670-0/15/$31.00
a cloud computing based approach for integrating all the
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hospital records from large size to small size and thereby it In the recent years, the increase in healthcare applications
can maintain the patient’s data under one roof. This approach requiring wearable technologies have been growing consid-
not only reduces the monopoly of corporate hosiptals, but erably. The medical devices available to monitor the human
also ensure that the government run healthcare facilities to be body are not comfortable to wear [9]. It gives the development
fair to the patient community. of comfortable to wear medical devices by integrating ECG,
accelerometer and SpO2 sensors in a single device.
For In-hospital patients, clinical deterioration is an Internet of Things is a computing process, in which each
important problem [3]. This paper gives the implementation physical object is associated with one or more sensors, micro-
and deployment of wireless monitoring of in-patients inside controllers and transceivers for empowering communication
the hospital premises. The deployed wireless systems gather and is built with suitable protocol stacks which help the objects
pulse and oxygen saturation measurements from patients or things interact with each other and communicate with the
regularly. It also discusses the possibility of WSNs for users, thus formng the constitutive element of the Internet [10].
healthcare in hospitals. From the perspective of key users Internet of things finds
applications like e-health, smart buildings, assisted living,
The key strength of the Indian healthcare system is due to smart metering, security surveillance, smart parking remote
its well trained medical staff. Certain efforts have been made monitoring and controlling of data [11].
to improve the quality of healthcare situation [4]. This paper Internet of things has been revolutionizing the way Internet
discusses the efforts that have been made to improve the works. In the near future billions of devices will be connected
healthcare system and the outcomes. It also provides the lack and communicate with each other without human intervention,
of medical equipment safety measures and the precautionary generating large amount of data which provides humans with
steps that need to be taken care to improve the quality of information and be able to control various devices remotely
healthcare in India. [12]. However, it suffers from two problems: limited battery
power and latencies associated.
The increase of elderly population and the wide prevalance The main objective of the IoT concept is to connect the
of various chronic diseases led to the development of tele- things information with the Internet [13]. It introduces various
health systems [5]. It gives the comprehensive understanding descriptive models for the Internet of things based on its fea-
of wearable technology for the remote healthcare system. The tures. These models are same for all Internet applications and
basic idea of this system is to implement a tele-home patient the same can be used for developing various IoT applications.
monitoring by making use of wearable devices, wireless Internet of things is termed as "Future Internet" [14]. IoT is
communication and multiple sensors. a system of connecting uniquely addressable physical objects
with the Internet. It discusses the different components of IoT,
According to the survey, majority of the road accidents its applications and key benefits to the society.
in India are due to the driver’s ill-health conditions such Wireless sensor networks can be used in many applications
as cardiac problems or any other serious health related such as precision agriculture, event monitoring, disaster man-
issues [6]. To prevent the road accidents and to provide agement, etc. WSN data can be connected to the Internet by
the driver with instant medical facility, a smart healthcare using gateways [15]. The Internet protocol (IP) is used to
monitoring system is suggested. This system measures provide the connectivity between the WSNs and the Internet.
physiological parameters such as temperature, pulse rate, etc. It presents the work pertaining to standards and solutions for
and transmit the same using smart phone to the Ineternet. WSNs, in order to make an IoT.
If any abnormal values are received from the driver, doctors ZigBee protocol is widely used in Internet of things for
and transport officers can be alerted about the driver’s location. applications such as smart home, healthcare and Industrial
automation, etc. Various wireless communication protocols
The technical improvements in low powered network such as 802.11 and Bluetooth already exist. Still these wireless
systems and medical sensors enabled the use of wireless networks are facing some basic challenges such as power
sensor networks in healthcare [7]. It gives different application consumption, scalability. ZigBee is proposed to overcome the
scenarios in healthcare and the challenges involved in WSNs, problems faced by WLAN and Bluetooth [16]. Mainly, ZigBee
with respect to healthcare and emphasizes various safeguards is used for wireless personal area networks having low data
related to the privacy of medical data and lists various rate, and can operate at low power and low cost. This low
research challenges. power consumption is mainly due to the sleep mode operation
of end devices.
M-Health combines mobile computing, medical sensors In IoT space there exist many technology based alternatives
and communication technologies [8]. It presents the different for healthcare applications. From the available solutions we
wireless technologies used in m-health such as GPRS, WLAN, need to determine the optimal way based on the constraints and
ZigBee, Bluetooth and addresses some of the challenges and priorities of the particular application [17]. It analyses struc-
future implementation issues in these areas from the healthcare tured system engineering methodolgy to build cost-effective
point of view. Health-IoT platforms that enhance the corresponding medical
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services, clinical care and remote monitoring to respond to a medical professional come by at regular intervals to actively
new challenges. engage in data collection and analysis.
The dependency of healthcare on IoT is increasing day by
III. H ARDWARE DETAILS
day to improve access to care, amplify the quality of care and
most importantly to limit the cost of care [18] . It discusses A. Intel Galileo Generation 2
the applications of IoT in personalised healthcare to achieve Intel Galileo Generation 2 board acts as gateway to process
excellent healthcare at minimum cost. This work explained the received data and it runs a web server in order to commu-
in brief how IoT functions and how it is used in conjunction nicate the data with the cloud. It is provided with 400MHz,
with wireless and sensing techniques to implement the desired 32-bit Pentium architecture based single core, single threaded
healthcare applications. Intel Quark microprocessor and supplied with a 7-15 volts
battery and consists of 256 MB of RAM. Figure 1 depicts
IoT based healthcare systems play a key role in the growth Intel Galileo Generation 2 microcontroller board and Table -I
of medical information systems. To enhance the healthcare provides features of the board.
system tracking, tracing and monitoring of patients are
essential. However, due to the inadequate healthcare situation,
medical technologies the available tools cannot meet the
same accurately [19]. In this paper mainly the role of IoT in
healthcare system, the participation of IoT between the useful
research and present realistic applications have been discussed.
413
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) socket is TABLE III: XBee Series 2 Features
provided on the bottom side of the board to attach Wi-Fi Parameter Value
cards to the board easily. It contains an AD7298 12-bit ADC Transmit Power 3 dBm
converter. This sensor node is integrated with Real Time Clock Receiver Sensitivity -96 dBm
(RTC) including an optional 3V coin cell battery to operate Indoor Range 40 m
Outdoor RF LOS Range 120 m
between the power cycles. On board reset button is used to
Firmware ZigBee mesh
reset the sketch running on the Galileo node without rebooting Analog input pins 4
the firmware. Reboot button is used to initialize the operating Digital input/output pins 11
system running on the Galileo node.
B. XB24-B XBee S2 Modules
In order to form mesh network, XBee Series 2 XB24-
B modules, which support ZigBee mesh protocol, are used.
These XBee modules are connected with temperature sensor
in order to sample the patient data using the 10- bit ADC.
ZigBee protocol operates at 2.4GHz unlicensed ISM band,
2 MHz bandwidth with 16 channels and each channel is Fig. 3: XBee adapter
separated by 5 MHz. These modules consists of microchip
EM250 from Ember Networks combines 12 MHz, XAP2b 16-
bit microcontroller and 2.4 GHZ IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF port. After connecting the XBee modules to computer using
transceiver which is manufactured by Maxstream. The XBee an adapter, FTDI drivers need to be installed.
Series 2 modules are shown in the Figure 2. D. LM35 Temperature Sensor
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• Basic principle to calculate Temperature:
Temperature sensor is a p-n junction diode, manufacured
with ISFET by employing CMOS technology. The for-
ward current for the p-n junction diode is represented by
equation 1
qVf
If = exp nkT (1)
VII. C ONCLUSION
415
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