Bill of Quantities: Industrial Engineering Report

University Of Zakho
College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Industrial Engineering Report:
Bill of Quantities
Prepared by:
Dilshad Sarbast Faisal
Supervised by:
Dr.khalid
Stage : 4th Stage

Dec/2020
ABSTRACT
Bills of Quantities (BQ) is one of systematic ways applied in the construction industry in which
its primary function is to record items of works for tendering purposes and to create a fair
agreement among the parties involved for contracting purposes. However, there are some issues
pertaining to BQ functions such as BQ is a misunderstood facet in the construction industry
today, BQ is only useful for tendering purposes, BQ's benefit is not fully utilised by the
construction team and most of them cannot relate BQ with everyday construction works and
processes.
[2]
List of contents:
 What is Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

 Basic Format for preparing BOQ
 Process of preparation of BOQ for RCC
 Calculation of materials for Reinforced Concrete Construction
 The functions of BQ
 Advantages of Billing of Quantities
 Limitations of Bill of Quantities
 Conclusion
 Reference
[3]
WHAT IS BILL OF QUANTITIES (BOQ)
Bill of Quantities also referred to as BOQ, is a document formulated in the construction industry
to specify materials, labors, and their cost. It serves as a communication tool between client,
consultant & the contractor. It is usually prepared by a cost consultant or a surveyor. Primarily
there are two types of BOQs
 Bill of Materials
 Bill of Labour
BASIC FORMAT FOR PREPARING BOQ

The main sections included in the bill of quantities are Form of Tender, Information,
Requirements, Pricing schedule, Provisional sums, and Day works. For the preparation of BOQ,
5 main components are to be considered which are as follows:
 Item Description
 Unit
 Quantity
 Rate per unit
 Total Amount
[4]
PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF BOQ FOR RCC
 Taking off Quantities:
Taking off is the process of analysing the drawing and its specifications to identify the
elements required for the preparation of BOQ.
 Description:
In this step, the appropriate narrative of a particular work is provided to explain and justify
the work being done.
 Working Up:
This step includes recording every measurement required into a sheet called the TDS
Sheet. The times column (multiplier column) is for filling up the number of repetitions of the
same work. It depicts the factor of multiplication. Dimension column is the one where all the
dimensions like length, width & depth are recorded. Whereas in the Sums column we simply
multiply the previous elements (Multiplication factor x Dimension) to get the total quantity
of the work.
CALCULATION OF MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
[5]
Materials requires for reinforced concrete are cement, sand, coarse aggregate and steel. Let us
assume a standard quantity of 1m 3 Cement mortar and a mix proportion of 1:1.5:3 (1 part
Cement, 1.5 parts Sand & 3 parts CA). The quantity can preferable calculated by two methods,
which are weight & volume method.
Let us consider the volume method for reinforced concrete construction. Dry volume of total
materials is equivalent to 1.54 times the volume of wet concrete. Hence let us take the quantity
of cement mortar as 1.54 m3.
 Quantity of cement
The formula to calculate the volume of cement is as follows:
(1.54×1)/(1+1.5+3)=0.28 m^3
Since the cement is available in bags, volume of 1 cement bag is 0.0347 m3.
0.28/0.0347=8.07 bags of cement
 Quantity of sand
Formula to calculate volume of sand is as follows:
(1.5×1.54)/(1+1.5+3)=0.42 m^(3 ) of sand
 Quantity of Coarse aggregates
To calculate volume of CA is as follows:
(3×1.54)/(1+1.5+3)=0.84 m^(3 ) of CA
 BOQ of Steel reinforcement
Percentage of steel reinforcement usually depends on the type of components used. The values of
percentage of steel differ from structure to structure. Some of which are mentioned below:
1. Slabs = 1.0% of concrete volume
2. Beam = 2 % concrete volume
3. Column = 2.5% of concrete volume
4. RCC roads = 0.6% concrete volume
Assuming 2.5% as the steel reinforcement required, the formula to calculate steel is:
2.5/(100×1)×7850=196.25 kg
ESTIMATION OF LABOUR FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
The requirement for labour as per the specified quantity of work is as follows:
1. Mason – 0.37 day
2. Unskilled labour – 3.5 days
3. Water carrier – 1.39 days
4. Bar bender, per 100 kg of steel – 1 day
[6]
5. Mixer operator – 0.0714 day
6. Vibrator Operator – 0.0714 day
An additional contractor’s profit and sundries may be included. It generally differs according to
place, organization and work. It ranges from 10 – 20%. In this case, assume 10% of total cost of
materials, labour and equipment for contractor’s profit and 7% for sundries.
THE FUNCTIONS OF BQ ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 PHASES
i.At pre contract stage, the functions are as follows:
1. Tendering document
2. Project costing
3. Cost planning
4. Fairest Competition of tenders
5. Consultant Fee calculation
ii.At all the time, the functions are as follows:
1. BQ can be a Database for new projects
2. Cost information
3. The BQ can be used for Quotations
4. BQ can be useful for Asset Management
iii.At post contract stage, the functions are as follows:
1. Valuing progress payment
2. Valuing variations
3. Ordering materials
4. Quality analysis
5. Planning and progressing site programme
6. BQ as source of Final account
7. Cost control
ADVANTAGES OF BILLING OF QUANTITIES
 Anticipation of Difficulties & Challenges
As we write down the brief description of each work to be completed in a particular project,
we can simultaneously assess the issues and obstacles tagging along with it. These obstacles
can be tackled beforehand and thus saving time, energy and resources. Companies
often outsource estimating companies to prepare BOQ for massive project as second layer of
review to validate in-house estimates.
 Comprehensive Planning of the Project
Once the initial project budget is laid down after taking into consideration the drawing &
specifications, the planning of the project becomes much simpler. It will furnish a complete
& comprehensive picture of the equipment and material necessary and helps the engineers
involved in the project to quote for the work suitably.
[7]
 BOQ Eliminates Guesswork
BOQ simply eliminates any scope of guesswork in the entire process of project construction.
In the paucity of BOQ, the quotes of each work needs be worked out separately and
independently only on the basis of guesswork. It withholds everything transparent, hence
there is zero chance for corrupt practices by the tenderers or the contractors.
 Saves Time & Cost of Construction
If the materials are available on time according to the specifications mentioned in the BOQ,
the time of construction can be minimized effectively. It also gives fair amount of time to
compare the prices of all the materials and choose the best rate. Thus saving the cost of
construction.
LIMITATIONS OF BILL OF QUANTITIES
Bill of Quantities should be prepared according to a standard methodology. Otherwise, chances
of errors substantially increases. The errors that could possibly occur during the BOQ process are
incorrect measurement of the quantities, arithmetic errors, errors due to various changes made
during the project, incorrect assumptions, counting the same item twice or omitting an item, and
ignoring the change in currencies or units.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the importance of a BQ is as follows:
 Contractor’s estimating risk are considerably lower
 The competition is much fairer as all contractors are tendering on the same basis
 Contractor’s overheads in tendering are reduced and therefore the whole building
industry works more economically
 The measurement of quantities allows the total price to be analyzed in great detail, thus
providing cost feedback on the job, which in turn can be used statistically in cost
planning of other works
 Bills of quantities provide the best means of controlling the cost of variations in the
contract
REFERENCES
[1]Ashworth, A. & Hogg, K. (2007). Willis’s Practice and Procedure for the Quantity
th
Surveyor. (12 ed.). United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
[8]
[2]Brook, M. (1998). Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work. (2nd ed.). Oxford:
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
[3]Caplehorn, P. (2012). Whole Life Costing: A New Approach. Oxon: Routledge Taylor &
Francis Group.
[4]Cartlidge, D. (2013a). Quantity Surveyor’s Pocket Book. (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge Taylor
& Francis Group.
[5]https://engineeringcivil.org/articles/billing-of-quantities-boq-types-example-boq-advantages-
and-limitations
[9]

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University Of Zakho

Industrial Engineering Report:

Dilshad Sarbast Faisal

Stage : 4th Stage

 What is Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

BASIC FORMAT FOR PREPARING BOQ

CALCULATION OF MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

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