Experiment 1: Calorimetry Hess'S Law

EXPERIMENT 1: CALORIMETRY HESS’S LAW
NAME MUHAMMAD IMRAN BIN ZULKIFLI
GROUP AS2451D1
COURSE CODE CHM 432
LECTURER’S NAME DR. NORAINI BINTI HAMZAH

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are to compare the heat capacities of a coffee cup
calorimeter and a copper calorimeter. Besides, we also want to determine the standard
enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide, ∆H°t.
INTRODUCTION
Calorimetry is the science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system
by measuring the heat exchanged with the surroundings. A calorimeter is a device used to
measure the quantity of heat transferred to or from an object. In this experiment, we used two
types of calorimeter which is Coffee-cup calorimeter and Copper calorimeter. A coffee cup
calorimeter is a constant pressure calorimeter. As such, the heat that is measured in such a
device is equivalent to the change in enthalpy. A coffee cup calorimeter is typically used for
solution-based chemistry and as such generally involves a reaction with little or no volume
change. Therefore, while the heat is exactly equal to the enthalpy change (ΔHΔH) in this
case, it will also be approximately equal to the change in the internal energy (ΔUΔU) since
the work will be very small (assuming there are no gas reactants or products). The more
technical name for this type of calorimetry is isobaric calorimetry. Copper calorimeter is a
device to measure the specific heat of the copper. It is based on the principle of calorimetry in
example heat lost by one body is the heat gained by the other. The standard enthalpy of
formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the
formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements, with all substances in
their standard states. For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the
sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can
then be analysed by applying Hess's Law, which states that the sum of the enthalpy changes
for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction.
This is true because enthalpy is a state function, whose value for an overall process depends
only on the initial and final states and not on any intermediate states.
CHEMICAL
1. 2.0M hydrochloric acid

2. Magnesium oxide powder
3. Magnesium powder
4. Tap water
APPARATUS
1. Thermometer
2. Styrofoam cup with cover
3. Copper calorimeter with insulating cover
4. 100cm³ beaker
5. 100cm³ graduated cylinder
6. Burette
PROCEDURE
A. Heat capacity of calorimeter
The double nested Styrofoam cups were cleaned and dried.
1. 50cm³ of tap water was delivered into the calorimeter by using a burette. The cover
and thermometer were replaced. The water temperature was recorded for four minutes
at one-minute interval.
2. 50cm³ of hot water (49°C) was poured into a beaker. At the fifth minute, the hot water
was poured completely into the calorimeter containing cold water. The water was
stirred using the thermometer. The temperature was recorded for every 15 seconds for
the next three minutes.
3. Steps 1 and 2 were repeated using the copper calorimeter.
B. Reaction 2: Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid
1. 1.0122 g of magnesium powder was weighed.

2. 50cm³ of 2M HCl was drained from a burette into the calorimeter. The cover and
thermometer were replaced. The HCl temperature was recorded for four minutes at
one-minute interval. The magnesium powder was quickly poured into the HCl at the
fifth minute. The contents were stirred using the thermometer. The temperature was
recorded for the next three minutes at 15 seconds intervals.
C. Reaction 3: Magnesium Oxide with Hydrochloric Acid
1. 1.788 g of Magnesium Oxide powder was weighed.

2. The step (2) in (B) was repeated.
DATA / RESULTS
Temp.of hot water (°C) 49.0
Mass of Mg (g) 1.0122
Mass of MgO (g) 1.7881
Coffee cup calorimeter Copper calorimeter Mg and HCl MgO and HCl
Time T (°C) Time T (°C) Time T (°C) Time T (°C)
1 30.5 1 32.0 1 30.0 1 30.0
2 30.5 2 32.0 2 30.0 2 30.0
3 30.5 3 32.0 3 30.0 3 30.0
4 30.5 4 32.0 4 30.0 4 30.0
5 5 5 5
5.15 39.0 5.15 37.0 5.15 66.0 5.15 50.0
5.30 39.0 5.30 37.0 5.30 65.0 5.30 49.0
5.45 39.0 5.45 38.0 5.45 65.0 5.45 49.0
6.00 39.0 6.00 38.0 6.00 64.5 6.00 49.0
6.15 39.0 6.15 39.0 6.15 64.0 6.15 48.5
6.30 39.0 6.30 40.0 6.30 64.0 6.30 48.5
6.45 39.0 6.45 41.0 6.45 63.5 6.45 48.0
7.00 39.0 7.00 42.0 7.00 63.0 7.00 48.0
7.15 39.0 7.15 42.5 7.15 62.5 7.15 48.0
7.30 39.0 7.30 43.0 7.30 62.0 7.30 48.0
7.45 39.0 7.45 43.5 7.45 62.0 7.45 47.5
8.00 38.5 8.00 44.0 8.00 61.0 8.00 47.5
DISCUSSION
After doing the necessary calculations, we found the heat capacity of coffee cup calorimeter
to be 8.824 calories per degrees C. While the heat capacity of copper calorimeter to be 21.11
calories per degrees C. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of a given quantity of the substance by 1 degree. This mean the copper calorimeter has
greater heat required to raise the temperature of a substance than the coffee cup calorimeter.
For the Reaction 2, Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) This demonstration can be used to illustrate the
characteristic reaction of metals with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate
the generation of hydrogen gas. The flammability of hydrogen gas can be demonstrated by
carefully holding a match or fireplace lighter up to the popping hydrogen bubbles. An audible
crackling sound is heard as the hydrogen burns. The heat reaction is -331.77 kJ per mole. All
the oxides and hydroxides of metals are basic in nature. Magnesium oxide is also basic in
nature and is a water insoluble base. When a dilute acid reacts with a base it forms salt and
water because the acidity and basicity of the acid and base respectively neutralise each other.
This process is known as neutralisation reaction When MgO reacts with HCl it forms MgCl2
and water. The heat reaction obtained from the experiment is -170.68 kJ per mole. So, this
means that the Reaction 2 released greater heat than the Reaction 3.
CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this experiment were obtained. We have compared the heat capacities of
the two different calorimeters which are coffee cup and copper calorimeter. The heat capacity
of the copper calorimeter is greater than the coffee cup calorimeter. We also have determined
the heat reaction for reaction Magnesium with HCl and Magnesium Oxide with HCl.
REFERENCES
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reaction-between-magnesium-oxide-and-
hydrochloric-acid
- https://schoolworkhelper.net/heat-of-reaction-for-the-formation-of-magnesium-oxide-
lab-answers/
- https://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/demos/Limiting-Reactant-Reaction-of-Mg-with-HCl
- https://mesacc.edu/~paudy84101/CHM151LL/9C%20Thermochemistry%20III.pdf

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EXPERIMENT 1: CALORIMETRY HESS’S LAW

NAME MUHAMMAD IMRAN BIN ZULKIFLI

COURSE CODE CHM 432

LECTURER’S NAME DR. NORAINI BINTI HAMZAH

1. 2.0M hydrochloric acid

A. Heat capacity of calorimeter

The double nested Styrofoam cups were cleaned and dried.

B. Reaction 2: Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid

1. 1.0122 g of magnesium powder was weighed.

C. Reaction 3: Magnesium Oxide with Hydrochloric Acid

1. 1.788 g of Magnesium Oxide powder was weighed.

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