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Chapter 4 PDF

The document summarizes several circuit analysis theorems and techniques: 1) Superposition theorem states that the voltage/current across a circuit element due to multiple independent sources is the algebraic sum of the contributions of each source acting alone. Sources are turned off one by one to analyze their individual effects. 2) Thevenin's theorem represents any linear network containing voltage and current sources by an equivalent circuit with a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth, as seen from the network's terminals. Vth is the open circuit voltage and Rth is found by calculating a short circuit current Isc. 3) Norton's theorem represents a network by a current source In in parallel with a resistance R

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Hafzal Gani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
451 views

Chapter 4 PDF

The document summarizes several circuit analysis theorems and techniques: 1) Superposition theorem states that the voltage/current across a circuit element due to multiple independent sources is the algebraic sum of the contributions of each source acting alone. Sources are turned off one by one to analyze their individual effects. 2) Thevenin's theorem represents any linear network containing voltage and current sources by an equivalent circuit with a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth, as seen from the network's terminals. Vth is the open circuit voltage and Rth is found by calculating a short circuit current Isc. 3) Norton's theorem represents a network by a current source In in parallel with a resistance R

Uploaded by

Hafzal Gani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Circuit Theorems

Superposition
Thevenin’s theorem
Norton’s theorem
Source transformations
Maximum power transfer
Introduction
Superposition
• The superposition principle states that the
voltage across (or current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum
of the voltages across (or currents through)
that element due to each independent source
acting alone.
• Turn off, killed, inactive source:
– independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
– independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)
• Dependent sources are left intact.
Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one
source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh
analysis.

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent


sources.

3. Find the total contribution by adding


algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.
How to turn off independent sources
• Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources; make it
equal to zero voltage

• Turn off current sources = open current sources; make it equal


to zero current
Example 1
Use the superposition theorem to find in the
circuit in the figure.
Solution:
Exercise
Use the superposition theorem to find Vo in
the circuit.
Exercise
Use the superposition theorem to find Vx in
the circuit.
Exercise
Use the superposition theorem to find i.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Definition

Thevenin equivalent
How to Find Thevenin’s Voltage

Equivalent circuit: same voltage-current


relation at the terminals.
How to Find Thevenin’s Resistance
CASE 1
If the network has no dependent sources:
• Turn off all independent source.
• RTH: can be obtained via simplification of either
parallel or series connection seen from a-b

CASE 2
If the network has Independent and Dependent Sources.
•Find the short circuit current, Isc (current through short
circuit at terminals).
•RTH: can be obtained by RTH=Voc/Isc.
Example
Solution:
Example:
Norton’s Theorem
Vth=Voc
IN=Isc

𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝑅𝑡ℎ = = 𝑅𝑁
𝑖𝑠𝑐
Example:
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in the
figure.
Solution:
Turn of all independent sources
Exercise
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in the
figure.
Example:
Solution:
To find RN, turn off all independent sources and left alone the dependent sources
Maximum Power Transfer
Example
Solution:
Exercise

RL

b
Source Transformation
Example
Apply current division

Hence,
Exercise
Use source transformation to determine the power in the 8-Ω
resistor.

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