CSE 2261 Structural Analysis II

Course Outline

Year 2 CEGE( CE, GE, EE,SE & WE)

Second Semester
2019-2020
 CSE 2261 Structural Analysis II
• Course Details

– Course title: Structural Analysis II

– Prerequisites: Structural Analysis I

• Teaching Team
– Dr KAZEEM Adewole
– Eng. NTIHEMUKA Fulgence (Msc)
– Eng. MUNDELI Salathiel (Msc)
– Eng. MUGISHA Ezechias(Msc)
 Objectives
• This Course aims at teaching the students the concept of
analyzing indeterminate structures using classical and up
to date methods.

• It provides students with an understanding of the

methods of analyzing indeterminate structure:

 The force method of analysis

 Three Moment Equation
 Approximate Method of Analysis
 The Displacement method
• Slope deflection
• Moment distribution
 Influence lines
 Syllabus
COURSE CONTENT
I.ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES (CLASSICAL METHODS)
I.1.INTRODUCTION
I.2.FORCE METHOD
1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Analysis of Structures with single degree of
indeterminacy
1.2.3. Analysis Structures with multiple degrees of
indeterminacy
I.3. APPROXIMATE METHODS
1.3.1. Introduction
13.2. Analysis for vertical loads
 Syllabus
COURSE CONTENT
1.3.3. Analysis for lateral loads (portal and cantilever
methods)
I.4. THREE MOMENT EQUATION
1.4.1. Introduction
14.2. Three Moment Equation and its application to
continuous beams
1.5 INFLUENCE LINES
1.5.1. Introduction
1.5.2. Influence lines for statically indeterminate structures
 Syllabus
COURSE CONTENT
I.ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES (CLASSICAL METHODS)
I.6. SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
1.6.1.Introduction (Slope deflection equations)
1.6.2.Analysis of beams
1.6.3.Analysis of frames with/without sidesway
I.7. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
1.7.1.Introduction
1.7.2.Analysis of beams
1.7.3.Analysis of frames with/without sidesway
 Course Materials
• Lecture Notes& Slides
• Text Book
– STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 5th Edition by
Aslam Kassimali
Reference
• Any Structural Analysis Book
• Structural Analysis, by Jack McCormac, Harper & Row
Publisher, New York, 1984
• Fundamental of Structural Analysis, by H. West and L.
Geschwindner, John Wihley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
• R.C. Hibbeler. 2006. Structural Analysis, 6th Edition.
• Aslam Kassimali. 2011. Structural Analysis, 4th Edition.
• R.C.Hibbeler. 2012. Structural Analysis, 8th Edition.
• Andrew Pytel and Jaan Kiusalaas.2012. Mechanics of
Materials.
• J.Heyman. 1996. Elements of the Theory of Structures.
Grading Policy
• Homework , and Project: 20%
• Quizzes: 10%
• Midterm Exam 20%
• Final Exam 50%

Exams Dates:

Midterm Exam will be announced by the Lecturer

Final Exam: will be announced by the School/Department
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
• What is statically DETERMINATE structure?
– When all the forces (reactions) in a structure can be determined
from the equilibrium equations its called statically determinate
structure
– Structure having unknown forces equal to the available
equilibrium equations

No. of unknown = 3 No. of unknown = 4

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 4
3 = 3 thus statically determinate 4 = 4 thus statically determinate
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
• What is statically INDETERMINATE structure
– Structure having more unknown forces than available equilibrium
equations
– Additional equations needed to solve the unknown reactions

No. of unknown = 4 No. of unknown = 6

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 5
4  3 thus statically Indeterminate 6  5 thus statically Indeterminate
 I. Statically indeterminate structures

Introduction
Why we study indeterminate structure

– Most of the structures designed today are statically

indeterminate
– Reinforced concrete buildings are considered in most
cases as a statically indeterminate structures since
the columns & beams are poured as continuous
member through the joints & over the supports
– More stable compare to determinate structure or in
another word safer.
– In many cases more economical than determinate.
– The comparison in the next page will enlighten more
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
As discussed for determinate structures, the support reactions and
internal forces of statically determinate structures can be
determined from the equations of equilibrium (including equations
of condition, if any).
However, since indeterminate structures have more support
reactions and/or members than required for static stability, the
equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient for determining the
reactions and internal forces of such structures, and must be
supplemented by additional relationships based on the geometry
of deformation of structures.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
These additional relationships, which are termed
the compatibility conditions, ensure that the
continuity of the displacements is maintained
throughout the structure and that the structure’s
various parts fit together.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Indeterminate structures are very common in various
structural systems. The analysis is always carried out
on idealized structures.
Building frames, for instance, usually have many
more reactions than available equilibrium equations.
The columns and beams in reinforced concrete
buildings are usually poured on-site as continuous
members, and rotations and movements at the
supports and connections are usually at least
partially restrained. Reinforced concrete structures
are rarely statically determinate (See the following
pictures).
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Although indeterminate structures require more
effort for the analysis, they have many
advantages over statically determinate structures.
The magnitudes of the internal actions and
deformations are often much smaller. For a beam
made continuous over several spans, the
maximum bending moments and mid-span
deflections are significantly smaller than those
that would occur in simply-supported beams over
the same spans.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Advantages
1. Smaller stresses
Compare the following beams

(a) Statically determinate beam

 I. Statically indeterminate structures

Introduction
Advantages
1. Smaller stresses

(b) Statically indeterminate beam

 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Advantages
2. Greater stiffness (i.e. smaller deformations)
Refer again to the previous example and compare the
maximum deflections.
3. Redundancies
Statically indeterminate structures, if properly designed,
have the capacity for redistributing loads when certain
structural portions become overstressed or collapse in
cases of overloads earthquakes, tornadoes, impact (e.g.,
gas explosions or vehicle impacts).
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Advantages
3. Redundancies
They have more members and/or support reactions than
required for static stability, so if a part (or member or
support) of such a structure fails, the entire structure will
not necessarily collapse, and the loads will be
redistributed to the adjacent portions of the structure.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Advantages
3. Redundancies

Compare the following structures;

 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Disadvantages
Stresses due to support settlements .1

(Statically determinate beam)

 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Disadvantages
1. Stresses due to support settlements

(b) Statically indeterminate beam

 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Disadvantages
2. Stresses due to temperature changes

(a) Statically determinate beam: It is free to

elongate
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Disadvantages
2. Stresses due to temperature changes

(b) Statically indeterminate beam: Restrained

by the fixed
supports and not free to deform axially.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Considerable compared to Generally smaller than determinate
indeterminate structure structure
Deflection

P P
4

PL3 1 PL3
48EI 192EI

High moment caused thicker Less moment, smaller cross section

member & more material needed & less material needed
Stress

P P
2
1
PL PL
4 8
28
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Support will not develop the Will develop horizontal force &
horizontal force & moments moment reactions that will hold
Stability in case of over load

necessary to prevent total collapse the beam

No load redistribution Has the tendency to redistribute
its load to its redundant supports
When the plastic hinge formed When the plastic hinge formed
certain collapse for the system the system would be a
determinate structure
P P

Plastic Hinge Plastic Hinge

29
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be
developed in the beam developed in the beam
Temperature

P P

No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be

developed developed
Displacement
Differential

P P
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Analysis of statically indeterminate structures
Fundamental relationships 
The complete analysis of any structure makes use
of the three types of relationships:

Equilibrium equations 

Compatibility conditions 

Member force-deformation relations 

 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Fundamental relationships 
The equilibrium equations relate the forces acting on the
structure (or its parts), ensuring that the entire structure
as well as its parts remain in equilibrium; the
compatibility conditions relate the displacements of the
structure so that its various parts fit together (i.e. no
intentional breaks or overlaps).
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Fundamental relationships 
The member force deformation relations, which
involve the material and cross-sectional
properties (E,I and A) of the members, provide
the necessary link between the forces and
displacements of the structure.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Fundamental relationship 
Because the equilibrium equations contain the
unknown forces, whereas the compatibility conditions
involve displacements as the unknowns, the member
force-deformation relations are utilized to express
either the unknown forces in terms of the unknown
displacements or vice versa.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Fundamental relationship 
The resulting system of equations containing only
one type of unknowns is then solved for the
unknown forces or displacements, which are then
substituted into the fundamental relationships to
determine the remaining response characteristics
of the structure.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Methods of analysis 
The methods are broadly classified into two
categories, namely, the force (flexibility) methods
and the displacement (stiffness) methods,
depending on the type of unknowns (forces or
displacements, respectively), involved in the
solution of the governing equations.
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Methods of analysis 
The force methods are generally convenient for
analyzing small structures with few redundants
(i.e., fewer excess members and/or reactions
than required for static stability).
 I. Statically indeterminate structures
Introduction
Methods of analysis 
Displacement methods are more systematic and
can be easily implemented on computers; and
are, therefore, preferred for the analysis of
large and highly redundant structures.