Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
105 views

Chapter 11 Introduction To Sets

This document introduces sets and set notation. It defines a set as a collection of distinct objects, and introduces common set concepts like elements, membership, listing sets, set builder notation, the empty/null set, universal sets, complements, subsets, Venn diagrams, and the number of possible subsets. Examples are provided to demonstrate these set concepts and notations.

Uploaded by

Ju Wen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
105 views

Chapter 11 Introduction To Sets

This document introduces sets and set notation. It defines a set as a collection of distinct objects, and introduces common set concepts like elements, membership, listing sets, set builder notation, the empty/null set, universal sets, complements, subsets, Venn diagrams, and the number of possible subsets. Examples are provided to demonstrate these set concepts and notations.

Uploaded by

Ju Wen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Chapter 11: Introduction to Set

11.1 Set
Set is a collection of objects which are classified based on a certain common characteristic.

Description Listing Set Builder Notation

A is a set of factors of 20 20 A: { x:x is a factor of 20}


1 x 20
2 x 10
4x5
A= { 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20} *objects inside the set is called elements
number of elements n(A) = 6

symbol ∈ = “is an element of”


E.g. 1∈ A
2∈ A
3 ∈ A ∈is “not an element of”

Try this
1. B is a set of multiples of 2 which are less than 17.
(a) By using listing method, find the number of elements in Set B.

(b) Determine, whether the following is or is not an element of Set B


(i) 3 __ B (ii) 6 __ B (iii) 8 __ B (iv) 9 __ B

(c) Write the set builder notation for this statement.

Example
C = { Letter in the word “ M A T H E M A T I C S”}

(a) List the elements of set C and state the number of elements
C = { M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S} Repeated elements only write once
n(C) = 8

(b) Determine the following is or is not an element of Set C


(i) M ∈ C (ii) N ∈ C (iii) T ∈ C
Empty Set / Null Set { } / ∅
If A is an empty set, number of elements, n(A) is 0.
A= { empty set}, n(A) = 0

Example 1
Q = { Polygons that have only two sides }

Since there is no polygons that have less than 3 sides, this means Q is an empty set. Q does not
contain any elements.

Answer
Q={ }/∅
n(Q) = 0

Example 2

R = { x: 2 < x < 10, x is a common multiple of 2 and 3 }


Determine whether set R is an empty set.

Solution
First, list out the multiples of 2 and 3
Multiple f 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Multiple of 3 = 3, 6, 9

R={6}
n(R) = 1

Hence, n(R) ≠ 0 . R is not an empty set.

Equal Set
when Set A = Set B, both of the set contain the same elements.

Example 1
A= { 1, 3, 5, 7}
B = { 7, 3, 1, 5}

Since A and B contain the same elements. Thus, they are equal set.

Example 2
C = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
D = { 1, 2, 5, 4 }

even though n(C)= 4 and n(D)= 4, they are not equal set because they contains different elements!
Try this
P = { x: x is a letter in the word “S T R A N D” }
Q = { x: x is a letter in the word “ STANDARD” }

Determine whether set P and Q are equal set.

11.1 Venn diagram, Universal Sets, Complement of a Set and Subsets

Represent a set in Venn diagram.

Example
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } Watch out!

1. Label the set A B B


·1 ·2 ·4 B = { 4} 4 n(B) = 4

·3 ·4 n(B) = 1

Remember to draw the dot for the element.


Without the dot, it represents only the number of element in the set.

Universal Set
Universal set is the set that consists of all the elements under discussion. It is represented by the
symbol, ξ .

Complement of a Set
Complement of set A, for example, is the set that contains all the elements in the Universal set
which is not an element of A.
Example
ξ = { x: x is an integer,, 1< x< 10 }
A = { x: x is a prime number }

Solution
First, List the elements of the universal set and set A
ξ = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7}

Since complement of set contains all the elements in the Universal set but without element in set A.
∴A’ = { 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 }

Try this
1. Venn diagram below shows the universal set, ξ, set P and set Q.

Q
P ·w ·t ·r
·s ·v ·u

List all the elements of set Q’.

2. Venn diagram below shows the elements in set P, Q and R.

ξ
P Q
·b ·c ·e
·a ·d ·g ·f

·h ·j
R
Given that ξ = P ∪ Q ∪ R, list the elements of Q’.
Subset, ⊂
is the possible combination of elements of a set.

Example

P= {1, 2}
Find the number of subsets of P.
Solution 2
Solution 1
List all the possible elements and calculate the set By using the formula 2n , whereby n is
0 element: { } the number of elements.
1 element: { 1 }, { 2 }
2 elements: { 1, 2 } Thus, in this case, P = { 1, 2} n(P) =

2² = 4
∴ Thus, number of subset = 4
∴ Number of subset = 4

Determine whether Set B and set C is a subset of A using symbol ⊂ and ⊂


A ={1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { 2, 3}
C = { 4,5 }

(i) B____ A (ii) C __ A


(ii) Represent the relationship of Set A, B and C by using a Venn diagram.

Try this
1. Represent the following relationship by using a Venn diagram. Given that
(a) A ⊂ B ⊂ξ ⊂ , D ⊂ B , D⊂ A’
(b) P ⊂ξ , Q⊂ξ , P ⊂ Q '

(c) ξ = { x: 1< x< 10, x is an integer }


B = { x: x is a multiple of 3 }
C = { x: x is a factor of 18 }
D = { x: x is an even number }

2. Given that set W = { 3, 6, 9 }, find the number of subsets of set W.

Quick Revision
1. State the number of elements for each of the following sets.

(i) G= { l, e, s, t, a, r, i }
(ii) N= { Nick, Lim, James, Shan, Luke }

(iii) P= {∅ }

You might also like