Compiled and Prepared by

FRANCIS R. DELMONTE
Subject Instructor

Noted by :

EDITA D. VALE, EdD

Vice President for Academic Affairs, ACC

Approved by :

ASUNCION M. VILLOTE, MM
College President, ACC
 To the Students
You are about to engage in sharpening of your skills and techniques in studying analytic geometry.
This learning module will enhance your analytical skills in geometry which surely helps you in dealing higher
mathematics.

I hope that the knowledge you will get from the context presented in the module will help you increase
your appreciation towards mathematics. This module is designed for you to maximize your resources and
gain a deep understanding of concepts in analytic geometry. This module adopts 4A’s approach to learning
in which the learning activity of each has parts labelled as “ Let’s Do This!”, Let’s Think About This!”, “ Let’s Read
About This!” and “ Let’s Apply!”.

Let’s Do This! Corresponds to the activity phase of the lesson that helps you recall prior knowledge
and prepares you for the remaining part of learning activity.

Let’s Think About This! corresponds to the analysis phase which gives you questions to analyse the
activity phase and provide transition for the activity and abstraction phase of the lesson.

Let’s Read About This provides you comprehensive discussion about the subject matter. Embedded
within the abstraction phase are the tasks that you have to accomplish to gain more experience and to prepare
you for the assessment phase.

Let’s Apply serves as an application phase of the lesson wherein you are to apply concepts you have
learned in the real-life scenario.

Course Study Guide

This module is prepared for you to work independently and honestly. Remember that this prepares
you to a more complex and challenging tasks of educating our next generation learners. Having it known the
skills of becoming a teacher is anchored with the in-depth knowledge of the content and pedagogy of the
subject matter. This calls you to extend your patience, hardwork and dedication for the accomplishment of the
learning tasks embedded herewith. Thus, you will:

1. Exercise proper time management. Schedule properly your reading assignments and
accomplishment. Have your planner and calendar ready. Remember, you other modules to
accomplish also.

2. Focus your attention. Make sure that you do things one at a time. Read the materials over and
over again until you get the point of the lesson. If you don’t understand the materials, you can read
other resources. Anent to this, you could also ask a help from your parents and others whom you
considered as para-teachers.

3. Give your best. In doing Assessment Tasks, target the highest standard because you are a better
student. You have the knowledge and skills you need to finish your task. I am sure of that!

4. Submit on time. Before the end of midterm and finals, you will be submitting your accomplished
activity through correspondence. Once received, I will inform you immediately.

5. Be Patient. I will make sure to give you feedback on your work to ensure that you are on the right
track. While waiting for my feedback, you can continue working on the other module. Make sure
you don’t miss any part of the learning tasks.

6. Answer Confidently. Write your answers legibly. Provide solutions if necessary.

7. Work Independently. It is expected that you work on the modules on your own. You can ask help
but make sure to have extended your best effort to accomplish it first.

8. Motivate yourself. The content of this module will surely help you of your chosen field of
profession. Enjoy what you are doing.

9. Contact Me! When there is a need to contact me, send a message through email, messenger or
mobile number.

email : francis.delmonte001@deped.gov.ph
FB Account : FRANCIS DELMONTE
Mobile # : 09978540612/ 09617499691
 Module
3 SECOND DEGREE EQUATIONS

A general equation of the second degree in two variables x and y has the form 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 +
𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 where A,B and C are all not zero. The graph of this equation is generally a circle, an ellipse, a
parabola or a hyperbola. Since these curves can be obtained from the intersection of a plane with a circular
cone, they are often called conic sections or simply conics. However, there are exceptional cases wherein
the graph consists of a single point, two coincident lines or two parallel lines and two intersecting lines. These
are usually referred to as degenerate conics. The single point, coincident lines or parallel lines and two
intersecting lines are degenerate forms of the circle or ellipse, the parabola and the hyperbola, respectively.
The locus of a point which moves so that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed line is
constant is called a conic. The fixed point is the focus of the conic, the fixed line is the directrix and the
constant ratio is the eccentricity denoted by 𝑒.

Based on the value of 𝑒,the conic section can be identified such as:

1. Parabola if 𝑒 = 1
2. Ellipse if 𝑒 < 1
3. Hyperbola if 𝑒 > 1

which is used when the term 𝐵𝑥𝑦 is not present. However, if 𝐵𝑥𝑦 is present, we use this method:

1. 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
2. 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒
3. 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎

Conic Sections Degenerate Conics

THE CIRCLE
A circle is the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed point
remains constant. The fixed point is the center and the constant distance is the radius of the circle. Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
be any point on a circle of the radius 𝑟 and the center (ℎ, 𝑘) as shown in the figure below.

𝑷𝑪 = 𝒓

√(𝒙 − 𝒉 )𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐 = r

(√(𝒙 − 𝒉 )𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐 )𝟐 = (𝒓)𝟐
C(h,k)
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

This is the standard equation of a circle at center, c (h,k). However ,

if the center is at the origin (0,0) , the standard equation is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
 Equation, center and radius of a Circle

Illustrative Example:
Determine the equation in standard form of the circle with center (3, −1) whose radius is 2.
Solution:
The center of the circle is not at the origin. Thus, we use (𝐱 − 𝐡)𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐤)𝟐 = 𝐫 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + [𝒚 − (−𝟏)]𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + [𝒚 − (−𝟏)]𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐

Illustrative Example:
Determine the equation in standard form of the circle with center at the origin and whose radius is 3.
Solution:
The center of the circle is at the origin. Thus, we use 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗

Illustrative Example:

Determine the equation of the circle whose center is at (−2, 4) with a diameter of 4√3
Solution :
The center of the circle is not at the origin. Thus, we use (𝐱 − 𝐡)𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐤)𝟐 = 𝐫 𝟐
[𝒙 − (−𝟐)]𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐 = (𝟐√𝟑)𝟐

(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐

Illustrative Example:
From the figure at the right, determine the equation of circle .
Solution by Inspection :

A. By inspection, the center is (-2,-1) and the radius is 4.

The equation is (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
B. Similarly by inspection, we have center ( 3,2 ) and the radius is 3.
The equation is (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟗

Note : y axis is tangent to circle B. Tangent line is line that touches the circle B at one point.

Illustrative Example : B ( 5,3)

Write the equation of a circle whose diameter is the line segment joining
A(-3,-5) and B(5,3).

Solution : A ( -3,-5)

Step 1 : Find the center. Since, the diameter always pass through
the center. The center could be found by finding the midpoint of segment AB.

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 (−3)+5 (−5)+3
Midpoint = ( 2
, 2
) Thus; Midpoint = ( 2 , 2 )
center (𝟏, −𝟏)

Step 2 : The radius is the distance from the center (𝟏, −𝟏) to any point of the circle.
In this example , we use A ( -3,-5). Using the Distance Formula and by definition
center (h,k) and A (x,y) . Thus;

√[(−𝟑) − 𝟏]𝟐 + (−𝟓) − (−𝟏)𝟐 = r Substitute (h,k ) and (x,y ) , respectively.

√(−𝟒)𝟐 + (−𝟒)𝟐 = r Perform indicated operations.
 √𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔 = r Simplify (−𝟒)𝟐
√𝟑𝟐 = 𝒓 Rule on adding similar fraction.
𝟒√𝟐 = r Simplify. √𝟑𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 √𝟏𝟔. 𝟐 = 𝟒√𝟐

Step 3: Substitute to the standard form.

center (1,-1); radius = 𝟒√𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + [𝒚 − (−𝟏)]𝟐 = (𝟒√𝟐) (𝟒√𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐 ∗ (√𝟐)𝟐
= 16* 2
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐 = 32

The General Form of Circle

Supposed a circle has a standard equation of (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟒 , if we expand this equation,
this gives 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟒. Simplifying this by combining similar terms yields
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎. The equation of the circle is in general form. The general form of an equation of
circle is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎 where A ≠ 0.
Illustrative Example :
Identify the center and the radius of the circle from a given general form.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −14
3. 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 = 315
Solution 1:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7
(𝑥 2 − 6x) + 𝑦 2 = 7 Rearrange according to variable.
1
𝑥 − 6x + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 7 + 9
2
Complete a square by taking ( )2 of 6x . Add both side of the equation.
2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 Factor out the trinomial 𝑥 2 − 6x + 9
Thus, the center is at ( 3, 0) and the radius is at 4.

Solution 2: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −14

(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥) + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) = −14 Rearrange according to variable.
1
𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = −14 + 49 + 1
2
Complete a square by taking ( )2 of 14x and 2y .
2
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36 Factor out trinomial.

Thus, the center is at (7,-1) and the radius is 6.

Solution 3: 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 = 315

(16𝑥 2 + 96𝑥) + (16𝑦 2 − 40𝑦) = 315 Rearrange according to variable.
5
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥) + 16(𝑦 2 − 2 𝑦) = 315 Use Common Monomial Factor. CMF is 16.
5 25 25 1 5
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 16(𝑦 2 − 2 𝑦 + 16
)= 315 + 9 + 16 Complete a square by taking (2)2 of 6x and − 2y .
5 2 25
16(𝑥 + 3)2 + 16(𝑦 − 4
) = 315 + 16(9) + (16) 16

𝟐𝟓
Note : In this case, we don’t simply add the square of half of the 2nd term which is 9 and . Notice,
𝟏𝟔
that we have a multiplier ( CMF ) 16 outside the parenthesis. This is included in adding to the other side. Thus;

5 25
16(𝑥 + 3)2 + 16(𝑦 − )2 = 315 + 16(9) + (16)
4 16
5
16(𝑥 + 3)2 + 16(𝑦 − )2 = 315 + 144 + 25
4
5
16(𝑥 + 3)2 + 16(𝑦 − 4)2 = 484 Divide both sides by 16
5 484
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − )2 =
4 16
𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟏
Thus, the center is at (-3, 𝟒) and the radius is 𝟐 or 5.5 since 𝟏𝟔 is divisible by 4, this result to 𝟒
Circle Determined by Three Conditions

The equation of a circle contains three arbitrary constants D, E and F in the general form and h,k and
r in the standard form. This means that analytically that three independent conditions are necessary in order
to describe a specific circle.

The equation of a circle given three points on it is found by

1. using general form

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷, 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹

2. using the standard form

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟

Illustrative Example:

Determine the equation of the circle that passes through (2,3), (6,1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4, −3)

Solution ( Method 1 )

Step 1: Substitute the given points to the general equation of the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

(2,3) 22 + 32 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 13 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 (1)
(6,1) 62 + 12 + 6𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 37 + 6𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 (2)
(4,-3) 42 + (−3)2 + 4𝐷 − 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 25 + 4𝐷 − 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 (3)

Step 2: Solve equations 1,2 and 3 simultaneously by elimination. Choose to eliminate F first.

13 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
37 + 6𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 (-1)
13 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
−37 − 6𝐷 − 𝐸 − 𝐹 = 0
−24 − 4𝐷 + 2𝐸 = 0 −12 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸 = 0 (eq.4)

37 + 6𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
25 + 4𝐷 − 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0 (−1)
37 + 6𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
−25 − 4𝐷 + 3𝐸 − 𝐹 = 0
12 + 2𝐷 + 4𝐸 = 0 6 + 𝐷 + 2𝐸 = 0 (eq 5 )

Step 3: Eliminate again any of the variable for equation 4 and 5.

−12 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸 = 0 Multiply -2 to equation 4 to eliminate E

6 + 𝐷 + 2𝐸 = 0
24 + 4𝐷 − 2𝐸 = 0
6 + 𝐷 + 2𝐸 = 0
30 + 5𝐷 = 0
5𝐷 = −30
𝐷 = −6

Step 4: Find E and F by substitution

6 + (−6) + 2𝐸 = 0 13 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
2𝐸 = 0 13 + 2(−6) + 3(0) + 𝐹 = 0
𝐸 =0 13 − 12 + 0 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = −1

Thus, the equation of the circle passing through the three points is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Method 2:

Using the standard from (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , solve for h, k and r.

Let 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 be the perpendicular bisectors of 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 𝑃3, respectively, and let their point be point
C. Then, let us solve for the equations of 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 . To find the equation of 𝐿1 .

Let 𝑀1 be the midpoint of 𝑃1 𝑃2 . By applying the midpoint

formula, we find 𝑀1 ( 4, 2). Then, we find the slope of 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑎𝑠
follows:

1−3 1
𝑚𝑝1𝑝2 = 6−2 = − 2

Since 𝐿1 is perpendicular to 𝑃1 𝑃2 , then its slope is 2.

Using point slope formula, we find the equation of 𝐿1 as shown:

𝑦 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0

To find the equation of 𝐿2 , we apply the same procedure.

Let 𝑀2 be the midpoint of 𝑃2 𝑃3 . By applying the midpoint formula, we find 𝑀2 ( 5, −1). Then, we find the
slope of 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑎𝑠 𝑓ollows:

−3−1 −4
𝑚𝑝2𝑝3 = = =2
4−6 −2

1
Since 𝐿2 is perpendicular to 𝑃2 𝑃3 , then its slope is − . Using point slope formula, we find the
2
equation of 𝐿2 as shown:
1
𝑦 + 1 = − 2 (𝑥 − 5) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0

Recall that in plane geometry , we learned that the locus of points equidistant from three noncollinear
points is the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the segments joining any two points. Hence, the
center of the circle we are looking for is 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) which the point of the intersection of 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 . Solving the
two equations simultaneously we have,

2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0 Finding the value of x ,

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 (-2)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0 2𝑥 − 0 − 6 = 0
−2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6 = 0 2𝑥 = 6
−5𝑦 = 0 𝑥=3
𝑦=0

Therefore, the center is at (𝟑, 𝟎) . Using the center 𝑪(𝟑, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝟏 (𝟐, 𝟑), we find

𝑟 = √(2 − 3)2 + (3 − 0)2

𝑟 = √1 + 9

𝑟 = √10

Substituting ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √10 in its standard from formula, we get

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = (√10)2

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 10
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 1 = 0
Equation of Family of Circle and Radical Axis

Let a circle intersects to another circle at two points and let the equation of the first circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷 ′ 𝑥 + 𝐸 ′ 𝑦 + 𝐹 ′ = 0 then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 + 𝑘(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷 ′ 𝑥 + 𝐸 ′ 𝑦 +
𝐹 ′ = 0 where 𝑘 ≠ −1, is the equation of family of circles passing through the points of intersection of the two
circles. The arbitrary constant 𝑘 is called the parameter of the family, representing a value for one line but a
different value for another line.

THE RADICAL AXIS

The equation of the family of circles with 𝑘 = −1 is given by:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 + (−1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷 ′ 𝑥 + 𝐸 ′ 𝑦 + 𝐹 ′ = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝐷 ′ 𝑥 − 𝐸 ′ 𝑦 − 𝐹 ′ = 0
𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷 ′ 𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 − 𝐸 ′ 𝑦 + 𝐹 − 𝐹 ′ = 0
(𝐷 − 𝐷 ′ )𝑥 + (𝐸 − 𝐸 ′ )𝑦 + (𝐹 − 𝐹 ′ ) = 0

The line represented by this equation is called the radical axis of two circles. It has the following
properties:

1. If the circles intersect in two distinct real points, the radical axis is the line containing the chord
common to the two circles;

2. If two circles are tangent, then the radical axis is the common tangent to the circles at their point
of tangency;

3. The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to their line of centers; and

4. All tangents drawn from a point of the radical axis are of equal length.

Illustrative Example:

Determine the equation of the circle that passes through the point of intersection of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 and which contains the points (1,-5) .

Solution:

The required equation has the form

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 + 𝑘( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1) = 0

and the particular member passes through (1,-5). Therefore, substituting 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −5, we have

1 + 25 − 5 − 5 − 4 + 𝑘( 1 + 25 + 2 + 15 − 1) = 0
2
which yields 𝑘 = − . Substituting this value of k and simplifying , we get
7

2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 + (− 7)( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1)= 0
2 2 4 6 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 − 7 𝑥 2 − 7 𝑦 2 − 7 𝑥 + 7 𝑦 + 7)= 0
7𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 − 35𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 28 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2= 0
𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎

Illustrative Example:

Given two intersecting circles whose equations are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0

a. Find the equation of the radical axis

b. Find the point of intersection of the lines
c. Show that the radical axis is perpendicular to the line of centers
Solution:

a. The equation of the radical axis is given by

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + (−1)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 12 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 12 = 0
−6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 12 = 0
−2𝑥 − 14𝑦 + 12 = 0
𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 6 = 0

b. To find the points of intersection, we also simultaneously the equation of the radical axis in (a ) and
one of the equations of the intersecting circles.

From the equation of the radical axis +7𝑦 − 6 = 0 , we find 𝑥 = 6 − 7𝑦. Substituting this in the
equation of the first circle, we obtain

(6 − 7𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 − 6(6 − 7𝑦) − 8𝑦 = 0

36 − 84𝑦 + 49𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 − 36 + 42𝑦 − 8𝑦 = 0
50𝑦 2 − 50𝑦 = 0
50𝑦(𝑦 − 1)
Hence, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1

when = 0 ; 𝑥 = 6 − 7(0) 𝑦 = 1; 𝑥 = 6 − 7(1)

𝑥= 6 𝑥 = −1

Therefore, the points of intersection are (6,0) and (-1,1)

c. First , write the given equations of the circle in standard form. Thus, the first equation becomes

(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) +(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦) = 0

(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) +(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16) = 0 + 9 + 16
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 25
Thus, the center is at (𝟑, 𝟒) and its radius 5.

Similarly, the second equation becomes

(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)+(𝑦 2 + 6𝑦) = 12
(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4)+(𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9
2

(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 25

Thus, the center is at (𝟐, −𝟑) and its radius 5.

Having known that the centers of the two circles (3,4) and (2, −3), respectively, we can find
the slopes of the line joining the segments containing the centers of the circle

4−(−3)
𝑚𝐿𝐶 = =7
3−2

To show that it is perpendicular to the radical axis, we find the slope of the radical axis using
the points of intersection of the two circles. Thus,
1−0 1
𝑚𝐵𝐴 = =−
−1 − 6 7

Since the slope of the line of centers of the two circles is the negative reciprocal of the slope
of the radical axis, then the radical axis is perpendicular to the line centers.
 Situational Analysis Involving Circle

Illustrative Example:

A particular cellphone tower is designed to service a 12-mile radius. The tower is located at (-3,5) on a
coordinate plane whose units represent miles. What is the standard equation of the outer boundary of the region
serviced by the tower? Is a cellphone user at (8,0) within the service range? Explain.

Solution :

First we plot (-3,5) as the center of the circle where the tower is located and the distance from the tower
to the service area covered as shown.

From the figure , we can deduce that the standard equation

of the service are covered by the tower is

[(𝑥 − (−3)]2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 144

(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒

To determine whether the cellphone user at (8,0) within

the service range of the tower, we have to determine how far is
the cellphone user from the tower. Thus, we have to get the
distance between (-3,5) and (8,0) as shown

𝑑 = √[8 − (−3)]2 + (0 − 5)2

𝑑 = √112 + (−5)2
𝑑 = √121 + 25
𝑑 = √146
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 miles

Therefore, a cellphone user at (8,0) is outside the service range .

Illustrative Example:

A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide, goes through a semicircular tunnel with radius 12 ft. How high is
the tunnel at the edge of each lane? Round off to two decimal places.

Solution:

As illustrated at the figure, we draw a coordinate

system with origin at the middle of the highway as shown.
Because of the given radius, the tunnel’s boundary is on
the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. Point P is the point on the arc
just above the edge of the lane. So, its x- coordinate is
10.

To determine how high is the tunnel at the edge of the lane, we need to find its y- coordinate as shown:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
We use the standard equation of the circle because its origin is at(0,0). From the given, we say 𝑥 = 10
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 12. So, we have

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
102 + 𝑦 2 = 122
100 + 𝑦 2 = 144
𝑦 2 = 144 − 100
𝑦 2 = 44
√𝑦 2 = √44
𝒚 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 𝒇𝒕
 Let’s Apply!!!

Task 1 : Directions : Give what is asked. Apply definitions and properties( 5 points each )

1. Determine the equation of the circle whose center (2,3) which is tangent at y-axis

2. Find the equation of the circle through the points (1,10 , (4,0) and (2, -1).

3. Determine the equation of the circle passing through the points ( 1,1) , ( 2,-1) and ( 2, 3 ) .

4. Write the equation of a circle whose diameter is the line segment joining A(3,1) and B(7,7).

5. Write the equation of a circle whose diameter is the line segment joining A(-1,-2) and B(7,6).

6. Determine the center and radius of the circle whose equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −12.

7. Determine the center and radius of the circle whose equation is 2x 2 + 2y 2 − 14x + 18y = 7

Find the point where the common chord of the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25 = 0
Crosses their line of centers.

8. Find the equation of the radical axis.

9. Find the equation of line of centers using two points form and the given points be the centers of
the two circles.

10. Solve for the points of intersection of line of centers and radical axis using elimination by addition
and substitution.

Task 2: Give what is asked. Apply definition, properties and theorems of a circle(10 pts each)

1. Suppose an earthquake can be felt up to 80 miles from the epicentre. You are located at a point
60 miles west and 45 miles south of the epicentre. Do you feel the earthquake? If so, how many
miles south would you have to travel to be out of the range of the earthquake?

2. A piece of a broken plate was dug up in an archaeological site. It was put on top of a grid with the
arc of the plate passing through A( 7, 0), B(1, 4) and C(7, 2). Find its center, and the standard
equation of the circle describing the boundary of the plate.

Reference : Panopio, F. Simplified Analytic Geometry. Trinitas Publishing, Inc.2005, pp. 149-165
Agot & Acedera. PreCalculus. Department of Education, 2020 pp: 14-32
 THE PARABOLA

Definition:
Let F be a given point, and line l a given line not containing F. The set of all points P such that its
distances from F and from line l are the same, is called a parabola. The point F is its focus and the line l its
directrix.

A B

Consider the point F(0,2) and the line l having equation y = -2, as shown in Figure A. What are the
distances of A(4,2) from F and from Al? How about the distances of B(-7,6) from F and from Bl ?
From inspection, we could deduce that distance from F to A is 4 while distance from A to Al is also 4.
Thus; AF = AAl . More so, the distance from B to Bl is 10 by inpection. However, the distance from F to B
could be deduced through distance formula since it is not vertical or horizontal but diagonal, instead. Thus;

BF = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

√(−8 − 0)2 + (8 − 2)2

√(−8)2 + (6)2

√64 + 36

√100 = 10
Notice that the distance of BF is 10 which is equal to the distance of BBl . Thus ; BF = BBl
Equation of a Parabola
Consider a parabola with focus F(0,c) and directrix line l having equation y = - c. as shown in Figure
B. The focus and directrix are c units above and below, respectively, the origin. Let P(x,y) be a point on the
parabola so PF = PPl, where Pl, is the point on line l closest to P. The point P has to be on the same side of
the directrix as the focus. Thus , PF = PPl,.
PF = PPl,

√(𝑥 − 0 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑦 − (−𝑐)

√𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 Simplify (𝑥 − 0 )2 and 𝑦 − (−𝑐)

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 = (𝑦 + 𝑐 )2 Square both sides to eliminate radical

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑐𝑦 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑐𝑦 + 𝑐 2 Expand (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 and (𝑦 + 𝑐)2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑐𝑦 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑐𝑦 − 𝑐 2 = 0 Equate into 0. Then, simplify.

𝑥 2 − 4𝑐𝑦 = 0

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚

The vertex V is the point midway between the focus and the directrix. This equation,𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚 is
then the standard equation of a parabola opening upward with vertex V (0,0)
IMPORTANT REMINDERS!!!
1. A vertex V (0,0) is at the lowest point when the parabola opens upward while it is the
highest point if it opens downward.
2. The directrix is y = c or y = -c and is c unit below or above the vertex.
3. The focus , F (0,c ) or F (0, -c ) is c units below or above the vertex.
4. The axis of symmetry is at x = 0 (the y-axis). This line divides the parabola into two parts
which are mirror images of each other.
5. The parabola opens upward if the equation is 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚 and opens downward if 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒄𝒚
if and only if the vertex is at the origin (0,0), More so, the parabola opens to the right if
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒙 and opens to the left if 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒄𝒙
Illustrative Example 1
Determine the vertex, opening, focus and directrix of the parabola with the given equation.

a. 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚 b. 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟔𝒙
Solution (a):

The vertex is at (0,0) since the equation satisfies 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚

The parabola opens upward since 𝑥 2 = 12𝑦 since 4c is positive which is 12.
The focus is 4c = 12 ; c = 3. Therefore, the focus is F (0,3 ) ; 3 units above the vertex.
Since the focus is at 3 units above the vertex, thus; the directrix is 3 units below the vertex, y = - 3.

Solution (b):

The vertex is at (0,0) since the equation satisfy 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒙

The parabola opens to the left since 𝑦 2 = −6𝑥 since 4c is negative which is -6.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
The focus is 4c = -6 ; c = − 𝟐. Therefore, the focus is F (0, − 𝟐); 𝟐 units left of the vertex.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Since the focus is 𝟐 units to the left of the vertex, thus; the directrix is 𝟐 units right the vertex,x = 𝟐.

Illustrative Example 2:

Find the standard equation of a parabola having the following :

a. F ( 0, 3 ) ; directrix: -3 b. F (4, 0) ; directrix: -4

Solution :
Since the focus is at F (0,3), its c = 3 Since the focus is at F (4,0), its c = 4
Using 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚, we substitute 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟑)𝒚 Using 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒙 because the focus is at the we
Therefore , the equation is 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚 right, the parabola opens to the right.
Using 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄𝒙, we have 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝟒)𝒙
Therefore , the equation is 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙

Parabola at (h,k)

b. a. a. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘)
opens upward
𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
directrix 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑐

b. (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ)
opens to the right
𝐹(ℎ + c, 𝑘)
directrix 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑐
d. c.
c. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘)
opens downward
𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)
directrix 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑐

d. (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ)
opens to the left
𝐹(ℎ − c, k)
directrix 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑐
Illustrative Example:
Find the equation of the parabola with the vertex at (0,4) and focus at (0,2)
Solution ( Method 1):

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on the curve if and only if 𝑃𝐹 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 is equal to the distance
from P to the directrix, which is the ⟨ |𝑦 − 6| ⟩

√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = ⟨ |𝑦 − 6| ⟩

Squaring both side results to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 36

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 − 36 = 0

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎
Method 2:
From 𝑉(0,4), we have ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 4. From 𝐹(0,2), ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 − 𝑐 = 2.Therefore, if 𝑘 = 4, then
4 − 𝑐 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 = 2. Since the parabola opens downward based on inspection of the given, we use

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘)
(𝑥 − 0)2 = −4(2)(𝑦 − 4)
𝑥 2 = −8𝑦 + 32
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎

The standard forms of the equation of the parabola when expanded, take the form

𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
These equations of the second degree in x and y which contain only one squared term and no xy
term represents parabolas whose axes are parallel to the x axis and y axis , respectively. These are called
general forms of the equations of a parabola.

Illustrative Example
Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and opening of the parabola whose equation is 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 6𝑥 +
39 = 0
Solution:
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 39 = 0
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 39
2 Competing the square
𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 6𝑥 − 39 + 9
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 6𝑥 − 30
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 6(𝑥 − 5) Factor Out

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (𝟓, 𝟑). Since 4c = 6 (positive) we could deduce that the parabola opens to the right
because the y part is being squared. Since it opens to the right, we can find the focus using 𝐹(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) = (5 +
3 𝟏 3 𝟏
, 3). Therefore , the focus is at (𝟔 , 𝟑) and the directrix is ℎ − 𝑐 = 5 − ; 𝐱 = 𝟑
2 𝟐 2 𝟐

Illustrative Example:
Derive the equation of the parabola with its axis parallel to the x axis and which passes through the
points ( -2,1) , (1,2) and (-1,3)
Solution :
From the given, we can deduce that the parabola opens to the left or right since the axis (line of
symmetry) is x axis. We use,

𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Substituting for x and y the coordinates of the points yield
Using ( -2,1) : (1)2 + 𝐷(−2) + 𝐸(1) + 𝐹 = 0 1 − 2𝐷 + 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
Using ( 1,2) : (2)2 + 𝐷(1) + 𝐸(2) + 𝐹 = 0 4 + 𝐷 + 2𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
Using ( -1,3) : (3)2 + 𝐷(−1) + 𝐸(3) + 𝐹 = 0 9 − 𝐷 + 3𝐸 + 𝐹 = 0
 Solving these three equations by elimination ( see circle determined by three conditions method 1),
2 −21
this yields to 𝐷 = 5 , 𝐸 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 4. Hence, the required equation is

2 21
𝑦2 + 𝑥− +4=0
5 5
𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎

Illustrative Example:
Derive the equation of the parabola with the latus rectum joining points (3,5) and (3,-3).
Solution :
Point (3,5) is located at Quadrant I while (3,-3) is found at Quadrant IV. If you connect these points as
the latus rectum of the parabola will result to two cases: opens to the left and right. Thus, we use (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 =
±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ). Therefore, the length of the latus rectum is

√(3 − 3)2 + (5 + 3)2 = 8

We could deduce that 4𝑎 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 2. Since there are two possibilities, there will be two solutions.
Substituting the points (3,5) and (3,-3) to the equation (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

(5 − 𝑘)2 = 8(3 − ℎ) 25 − 10𝑘 + 𝑘 2 − 24 + 8ℎ = 0

(−3 − 𝑘)2 = 8(3 − ℎ) 9 + 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 − 24 + 8ℎ = 0
Solving simultaneously, we have
𝑘 2 − 10𝑘 + 8ℎ + 1 = 0
𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 8ℎ − 15 = 0 Multiply -1
𝑘 2 − 10𝑘 + 8ℎ + 1 = 0
−𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 − 8ℎ + 15 = 0
−16𝑘 + 16 = 0
𝒌=𝟏

When 𝑘 = 1 (1)2 − 10(1) + 8ℎ + 1 = 0

1 − 10 + 8ℎ + 1 = 0
8ℎ − 8 = 0
𝐡=𝟏
Therefore, the vertex of the first parabola is at (1,1) and the equation is (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟖(𝒙 − 𝟏)

For the other case, we substitute the same points in the equation (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −8(𝑥 − ℎ) , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
(5 − 𝑘)2 = −8(3 − ℎ) 25 − 10𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 24 − 8ℎ = 0
2
(−3 − 𝑘) = −8(3 − ℎ) 9 + 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 24 − 8ℎ = 0
Solving simultaneously, we will now get
𝑘 2 − 10𝑘 − 8ℎ + 49 = 0
𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 8ℎ + 33 = 0 Multiply -1
2
𝑘 − 10𝑘 − 8ℎ + 49 = 0
−𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 + 8ℎ − 33 = 0
−16𝑘 + 16 = 0
𝒌=𝟏

When 𝑘 = 1 (1)2 − 10(1) − 8ℎ + 49 = 0

1 − 10 − 8ℎ + 49 = 0
−8ℎ + 40 = 0
𝐡=𝟓
Therefore, the vertex of the first parabola is at (1,5) and the equation is (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒙 − 𝟓)

Illustrative Example:

A satellite dish has a shape called a paraboloid, where each cross-section is a parabola. Since radio
signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver should be placed
at the focus. How far should the receiver be from the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft across, and 4.5 ft deep at the
vertex?
Solution :

The second figure above shows a cross-section

of the satellite disc drawn on a rectangular coordinate
system, with the vertex at the origin. From the problem,
we deduce that (6, 4.5) is a point on the parabola. We
need the distance of the focus from the vertex which is
c.

The parabola opens upward with the vertex

at the origin. So , we use

𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦
We know that 𝑥 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4.5. 𝑆𝑜,
62 = 4𝑐(4.5)
36 = 18𝑐
36 18𝑐
=
18 18
𝒄 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒕

Illustrative Example:

The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola. The towers supporting the cable
are 400 ft apart and 150 ft high. If the cable, at its lowest, is 30 ft above the bridge at its midpoint, how high is
the cable 50 ft away (horizontally) from either tower?

Solution:

First, we have to check basic information from illustrating the problem into a coordinate plane as
shown. From the problem we could say that the cable forming the parabola opens upward because it gives
as the lowest point at 30 ft high above the bridge. From definition of a parabola, the highest and/or lowest
point refers to the vertex of the parabola. Now, since we illustarte this in a coordinate plane, it is easy to
understand if could have it at the origin. Thus, the vertex is at (0,30) above the bridge from the origin.

Second fact is that the towers are 400 meters apart. Thus, the distance of the tower from the vertex is
200 meters.Since the tower is 150 ft high, it is understood that the top of the tower where the cable attached
is at (200, 150). From these, we need to find the hieght of the cable if it is 50 ft away from the tower.

Step 1: Determine the standard equation of the parabola .

The parabola opens upward because we are given the lowest point ( 0,30) and its vertex is at (h,k).
So, we use (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 . Substitute the vertex (h,k) , we have

(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)
Step 2: Find c

To find c, we need to find an arbritary integer that take the value of ax and y to get c. In this case, we
could use the coordinates at the top of the cable which is ( 200, 150). So, we have

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)
(𝟐𝟎𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝟏𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎)
𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝒄(𝟏𝟐𝟎)
𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝒄
𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝒄
=
𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝟒𝟖𝟎
𝟐𝟓𝟎
=𝒄
𝟑

Step 3 : Find the hieght (y) of the cable 50 ft away from the tower.

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄 ( 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)
𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 = 𝟒( ) ( 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)
𝟑
The value of x is 150 because we just simply subtracted 50 ft from the distance of the tower to the
lowest point which is 200 ft. Thus,

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = ( ) ( 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎) Multiply 250 by 4.
𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟑 [𝟐𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = ( ) ( 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)] 𝟑Multiply 3 to eliminate denominator
𝟑
𝟔𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎)
𝟔𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎) Divide both side by 1000
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝒚 − 𝟑𝟎
𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝒚 Use additive inverse
𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕 = 𝒚

Let’s Apply!!!

Task 1: Determine the vertex, opening, focus and directrix of the parabola with the given equation(1 pt each)

1. 𝑥 2 = −8𝑦
2. 𝑥 2 = 32𝑦
3. 3. (𝑦 − 2)2 = −8(𝑥 + 3)
4. 4. (𝑥 + 5)2 = 16(𝑦 − 2)
5. 5. (𝑥 − 3)2 = −4(𝑦 + 5)

Task 2: Determine the vertex, opening, focus and directrix of the parabola with the given equation.
5 points transformation ; 1 pt each for vertex, opening, focus and directrix

1. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 7
2. 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −40
3. 16𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 − 112𝑦 = −221

Task 3: Give what is asked. Support your claim with solutions appended with definitions, postulates and theorems.

1. Determine the equation of the parabola whose end of latus rectum is at (6,7) and (6,5) and opens to the
right.
2. Determine the equation of the parabola with latus rectum joining points () and (6,5) and opens to the
right.
3. Find the general equation of the parabola passing through (0,2), (2,3) and (-4,6) with y axis as the axis
of the parabola.
4. A satellite dish shaped like a paraboloid has its receiver located at the focus. How far is the receiver from
the vertex if the dish is 10 ft across and 3 ft deep at the center?
5. The ends of a rope are held in place at the top of the two posts , 9 meters apart and each one is 8 meters
high. If the rope assumes a parabolic shape and touches the ground midway between two posts, how
high is the rope 2 meters from one of the posts? Hint : The parabola opens upward. The ground refers
to the origin.
 6. The two towers of a suspension bridge are 300 meters apart and extended 80 meters above road
surface. If the cable ( in the shape of a parabola) is tangent to the center of the bridge, find the height
of the cable above the road at 50 meters from the center of the bridge.

Highest Possible Points:

Task 1 : 20 pts
Task 2: 27 pts
Task 3 : 30 pts
Total : 77 pts
 THE ELLIPSE

Definition:
Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P, whose distances from F1 and from F2 add up to
a certain constant, is called an ellipse. The pointsF1 and F2 are called the foci of the ellipse.

Figure A Figure B
By inspection, definition and use of distance formula , we deduced

AF 1 + AF2 =7 .4 + 2 .6 = 10 Using this facts, the standard equation of an ellipse is

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
BF1 + BF2 =3 .8 + 6 .2 = 10 𝟐
+ = 𝟏 where c = √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
𝒂 𝒃𝟐
CF1 + CF2 = 5 + 5 = 10

Properties and Parts of an Ellipse Illustrative Example 1:

Give the coordinates of the foci, vertices,
and covertices of the ellipse with equation
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
Solution:

With 𝑎2 = 25 , 𝑏 2 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 c = √25 − 9 = 4

Thus; 𝑎 = 5, b = 3 and c = 4

Foci: F1(-c, 0) and F2(c,0)

F1(-4, 0) and F2(4,0)

Vertices: V1(-a, 0) and V2(a, 0)

V1(-5, 0) and V2(5, 0)

Covertices : W1(0,-b) and W2(0, b)

W1(0,-3) and W2(0, 3)

Illustrative Example 2:

Find the (standard) equation of the ellipse

whose foci are F1(-3,0) and F2(3,0), such that for any
point on it, the sum of its distances from the foci is 10.

Solution:
The sum 2a = 10; a = 5.
F1(-c,0) and F2(c,0). Thus, c = 3
To find b, b = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Derived
= √52
− 32
= √16 = 4
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
 Some Properties of Ellipse

The general form of an ellipse is 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 where 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 but the same sign. On

the other hand, the standard form of an ellipse with the center at ( h,k ) are given as follows:

a. b.

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2

a. Standard equation : 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1 b. Standard equation : 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1
Major axis : x axis Major axis : y axis
Minor axis : y axis Minor axis : x axis
Vertex: (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 ), ( ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎, ), ( ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Focus: (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 ), ( ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) Focus: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 ), ( 𝑘, ℎ − 𝑐)

Both equations have center (h,k) with

Semi major axis : a
Semi minor axis : b
2𝑏 2
Latus Rectum :
𝑎

Illustrative Example:
Find the equation in standard form of the ellipse whose foci are F1(-8,0) and F2(8,0), such that for
any point on it, the sum of its distances from the foci is 20.

Solution :
The sum of its distance from foci is 2a = 20. Thus, a = 10.
The foci , F1(-c, 0) and F2(c, 0). Thus c = 8
Find b, b = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 Derived
2
= √10 − 8 2

= √36
= 6
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏 Standard Equation of an ellipse at F1(-8,0) and F2(8,0)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟔

Illustrative Example:
Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, covertices of the ellipse with the given equation.
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕𝟏
Solution:
Step 1: Change to standard form.
9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 126𝑥 + 64𝑦 = 71
(9𝑥 2 − 126𝑥) + (16𝑦 2 + 64𝑦) = 71
9(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥) + 16(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦) = 71
9(𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49) + 16(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4) = 71 + 9(49) + 16(4)
2

9(𝑥 − 7)2 + 16(𝑦 + 2)2 ) = 576 Divide both side by 576

(𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 Standard Form
+ =𝟏
𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟔

Step 2: Find a, b, and c.

Notice that the x part has bigger denominator. Thus, the ellipse is horizontal. So we use
(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏 .we have 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒 ; 𝒂 = 𝟖, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 , 𝒃 = 𝟔 . To find c , we use c = √𝒂𝟐 − 𝐛
𝒂 𝒃
𝒄 = √𝟔𝟒 − 𝟑𝟔, 𝒄 = √𝟐𝟖 or simply 𝒄 = 𝟐√𝟕
 Step 3: Give what is asked.

Illustrative Example:
Find the lengths of minor and major axis, the latus rectum, coordinates of foci, vertices and directrices
of the ellipse whose equations is 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 10

Solution (a):

Rewrite the equation into standard form by dividing both sides by 10, that is

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =
2 5
From this, we see that 𝑎 = √5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = √2. To find the length of the latus rectum.
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙.

2(√2)2 4 4√5
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚 = = =
√5 √5 5
Foci : 𝐹(0, √3), 𝐹 ′ ( 0, −√3)
Vertices : 𝑉(0, √5) , 𝑉 ′ ( 0, − √5
5 5√3 −5√3
Directrices: 𝑜𝑟 and
√3 3 3

Situational Analysis Involving Ellipse

Illustrative Example

A tunnel has the shape of a semi-ellipse that is 15 ft high at the center, and 36 ft across at the base.
At most how high should a passing truck be, if it is 12 ft wide, for it to be able to fit through the tunnel? Round
off your answer to two decimal places.

Solution :

The illustration is provided for you to help you visualize the problem. If we draw an ellipse in a coordinate
system with its center at the origin, the equation of an ellipse is

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
182 152
 To maximize its height, the corners of the truck, as shown in the figure, would have to just touch the
ellipse. Since the truck is 12 ft wide, let the point (6, n) be the corner of the truck in the first quadrant, where
n > 0, is the (maximum) height of the truck. Since this point is on the ellipse, it should fit the equation. Thus,
we have
62 𝑛2
+ =1
182 152
36 𝑛2
+ =1
324 225
2
𝑛 36
=1−
225 324
𝑛2 324 36
= −
225 324 324
𝑛2 288
=
225 324
324𝑛2 = 64,800
𝑛2 = 200
𝒏 ≈ 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒇𝒕

Illustrative Example:

A big room is constructed so that the ceiling is a dome that is semi-elliptical in shape. If a person stands
at one focus and speaks, the sound that is made bounces off the ceiling and gets reflected to the other focus.
Thus, if two people stand at the foci (ignoring their heights), they will be able to hear each other. If the room is
34 m long and 8 m high, how far from the center should each of two people stand if they would like to whisper
back and forth and hear each other?

Solution :

We could put a coordinate system with the floor of the room on the x-axis, and the center of the
room at the origin, as shown in the figures above. The major axis has length 34, and the height of the
𝑥2 𝑦2
room is half of the minor axis. The ellipse that contains the ceiling then has equation + = 1.
172 82
The distance of a focus from the center is 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 .= √172 − 82 = 15. Thus, the two people
should stand 30 m away from the center. Fifteen (15) meters is the distance of the person from the
center. We are looking for the distance the two persons. Hence, the distance is 30 meters.

Let’s Apply

A. Give the coordinates of the foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse (whose center is at the
origin ) with equation.

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. + =1
16 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. + =1
144 169
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. + =1
169 25
𝑥2 𝑦2
4. + =1
16 25
𝑥2 𝑦2
5. + =1
64 81
B. Transform the general equation of an ellipse into standard form and find its center, vertex, foci
and covertices. Note : 5 pts for transformation , 2 pts each for center, vertex, foci and covertices

1. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 − 96𝑦 + 144 = 0

2. 36𝑥 2 + 20𝑦 2 − 144𝑥 + 120𝑦 − 396 = 0

C. Determine the equation of an ellipse.

1. Find the (standard) equation of the ellipse whose foci are F1(-2,0) and F2(2,0), such that for any
point on it, the sum of its distances from the foci is 14.

2. Find the (standard) equation of the ellipse whose foci are F1(-5,0) and F2(5,0), such that for any
point on it, the sum of its distances from the foci is 20.

D. Give what is asked( 5 pts each)

1.The Legislative Hall of the Capitol Building in Baguio City is a whispering chamber. Its
dimensions are 46 feet wide by 96 feet long as shown in the figure. If two senators
standing at the foci of this hall can hear each other’s whisper, how far are the senators?
Round to the nearest foot.
2. A semi-elliptical arch over a tunnel for a road through a mountain has a major axis of
100 ft and the height at the center is 40 ft. How high is the arch 5 ft from the edge of the
tunnel?
3. A semi-elliptical tunnel has height 9 ft and a width of 30 ft. A truck that is about to pass
through is 12 ft wide and 8.3 ft high. Will this truck be able to pass through the tunnel?
Show your proof.

God Bless …. Merry Christmas😊 😊 😊