CHAPTER 4 involves the interconnection of stations within the survey to create additional

redundant observations.
TRAVERSING
An open traverse (geometrically and mathematically open) is consists of a
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting poing or close upon
the field, and whose lengths and directions have been determined from a point of equal- or greater-order accuracy.
observations. Traversing is the act of marking the lines – that is, establishing
traverse stations and making the necessary observations – is one of the most basic
and widely practiced means of determining the relative locations of points. It is one
of the simplest and most popular methods of establishing control networks in
engineering surveying. In underground mining it is the only method of control
applicable in civil engineering it lends itself ideally to control surveys where only a
few intervisible points surrounding the site are required.
There are two kinds of traverse: closed and open traverse. In closed traverse
there are two categories namely; polygon and link. In Figure 4.1(a), shows an
example of polygon traverse, the lines return to the starting point, thus forming a
closed figure that is both geometrically and mathematically closed. Link traverse
finish upon another station that should have a positional accuracy equal to or greater
than that of the starting point. The link type (geometrically open, mathematically
closed), as illustrated in Figure 4.1(b), must have a closing reference direction.
Figure 4.2 Example of Open Traverse

4.1. OBSERVATION OF TRAVERSE ANGLES OR

DIRECTIONS
The methods used in observing angles or directions of traverse lines vary
and include (1) interior angles, (2) angles to the right, (3) deflection angles, and (4)
azimuths.
4.1.1. Traversing by Interior Angles
Interior-Angle Traverse are used for many types of work, but they are
especially convenient for property surveys. Although interior angles could be
observed either clockwise or counterclockwise, to reduce mistakes in reading,
Figure 4.1. Examples of Closed Traverse
recording, and computing, they should always be turned clockwise from the
backsight station to the foresight station. Interior angles may be improved by
If the distance between stations C and E in Figure 4.1(a) were observed, the averaging equal numbers of direct and reverse readings. As a check, exterior angles
resultant set of observations would become what is called a network. A network may also be observed to close the horizon.
4.1.2. Traversing by Angles to the Right remember that the surveyor may be held legally responsible for any damages to
property that may occur during the survey.
Angles observed clockwise from a backsight on the “rearward” traverse
station to a foresight on the “forward” traverse station are called angles to the right.
According to this definition, to avoid ambiguity in angle-to-the-right designations,
the “sense” of the forward traverse direction must be established. This is normally
done by consecutive numbering or lettering of traverse stations so that they increase
in the forward direction. Depending on the direction of the traversing, angles to the
right may be interior or exterior angles in a polygon traverse. If the direction of
traversing is counterclockwise around the figure, then clockwise interior angles will
be observed. However, if the direction of traversing is clockwise, then exterior
angles will be observed.

4.1.3. Traversing by Deflection Angles

If natural or existing features such as trees, utility poles, or corners of
Route surveys are commonly run by deflection angles observed to the right buildings are not available, stakes may be driven and used as ties.
or left from the lines extended. A deflection angle is not complete without a
designation R or L, and, of course, it cannot exceed 180°. Each angle should be
doubled or quadrupled, and an average value determined.

4.1.4. Traversing by Azimuths

With total station instruments, traverses can be run using azimuths. This
process permits reading azimuths of all lines directly, and thus eliminates the need
to calculate them.

4.2. REFERENCING TRAVERSE STATIONS

Traverse stations often must be found and reoccupied, months or even years
after they are established. It is important that they be referenced by creating
observational ties to them so that they can be relocated if obscured or reestablished,
if destroyed.
The figure represents a typical traverse tie. As illustrated, these ties consist
of distance observations made to nearby fixed objects. It is always important to
 4.3. ANGLE MISCLOSURE coordinates of the traverse stations, and (5) calculating the lengths and azimuths or
bearings of the traverse lines after adjustment.
The angular misclosure for an interior-angle traverse is the difference
between the sum of the observed angles and the geometrically correct total for the For any closed traverse the first step taken by the surveyor should always
polygon. The sum of the interior angles of a closed polygon should be be to check if the observed angles fulfill the geometric conditions of the figure.
Should there be an angular error of closure it must be corrected. All linear distances
∑ = (𝑛 − 2)180° (Eq’n 4.1) should then be corrected since errors in measured lengths will alter the shape of the
Where n is the number of sides in the polygon. If the direction about a traverse.
traverse is clockwise when observing angles to the right, exterior angles will be 4.4.1. Latitudes and Departures
observed. In this case, the sum of the exterior angles will be
The latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian or a north-
∑ = (𝑛 + 2)180° (Eq’n 4.2) south line. Latitudes are sometimes referred to as northings or southing. Latitudes
Misclosures result from the accumulation of random errors in the angle of lines with northerly bearings are designated as being north (N) or positive (+);
observations. Permissible misclosure can be computed by the formula those in a southerly direction are designated as south (S) or negative (-). On the
other hand, the departure of a line is its projection onto the reference parallel or an
𝑐 = 𝐾 √𝑛 (Eq’n 4.3) east-west line. Departures area east € or positive (+) for lines having easterly
bearings and west (W) or negative (-) for lines having westerly bearings.
where n is the number of angles, and K is a constant that depends on the level of
accuracy specified for the survey. For five different orders of traverse accuracy:
first-order, second-order class I, second-order class II, third-order class I, and
third-order class II. Values of K are 1.7”, 3”, 4.5”, 10” and 12”, respectively.
A closed-polygon azimuth traverse is checked by setting up on the starting
point a second time, after having occupied the successive stations around the
traverse, and orienting by back azimuths. The azimuth of the first side is then
obtained a second time and compared with its original value. Any difference is the
misclosure. If the first point is not reoccupied, the interior angles computed from
the azimuths will automatically check the proper geometric total, even though one
or more of the azimuths may be incorrect.

4.4. TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

Different procedures can be used for computing and adjusting traverses.
The usual steps followed in making elementary traverse computations are (1)
adjusting angles or directions to fixed geometric conditions, (2) determining
preliminary azimuths or bearings of the traverse lines, (3) calculating departures
and latitudes and adjusting them for misclosure, (4) computing rectangular
4.4.2. Error of Closure INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
The linear error of closure (LEC) is usually a short line of unknown length 1.1. Given in the tabulation below are the observed forward and back bearings of an
and direction connecting the initial and final stations of the traverse. It is open compass traverse. Plot the traverse and adjust the forward and back
approximately determined by plotting the traverse to scale, or more exactly by bearings of each course.
computing the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose sides are the closure in latitudes Line Length Observed Bearings
and the closure in departures, respectively. The length of the linear error of closure Forward Back
and the angle that this line makes with the meridian is determined by the following AB 400.63 m N 25°45’ E S 25°40’ W
quantities: BC 450.22 m S 20°30’ E N 20°25’ W
CD 500.89 m S 35°30’ W N 35°30’ E
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √𝐶𝐿 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 and tan ∅ =
−𝐶𝐷 DE 640.46 m S 75°30’ E N 75°25’ W
−𝐶𝐿 EF 545.41 m N 58°50’ E S 58°15’ W
FG 700.05 m N 22°05’ E S 21°55’ W
Where:
Solution:
𝐿𝐸𝐶 - linear error of closure
𝐶𝐿 - closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of north and south latitudes
𝐶𝐷 - closure in departure or the algebraic sum of east and west departure
∅ - bearing angle of the side error
The linear error of closure does not indicate the precision of the
measurements until it is compared with the total length of the traverse. A more
useful measure of precision is usually expressed as a fraction whose numerator is
unity and the denominator rounded off to the nearest multiple of 100.
𝐿𝐸𝐶
𝑅𝑃 =
𝐷
Where:
𝑅𝑃 - relative precision
𝐿𝐸𝐶 - linear error of closure
𝐷 - total length or perimeter of the traverse
All terms in the above equation, except 𝑅𝑃, should be expressed in the same
unit of linear measure.
1.2. The following are observed bearings of a closed compass travers. Compute the 1.3. The interior angles of a five-sided closed traverse were measured as follows: A
interior angles and correct them for observational errors. Assuming the = 118°30’, B = 95°33’, C = not measured, D = 134°10’ and E = 140°50’. If all
observed bearing of line AB to be correct, adjust the bearings of the remaining observed angles are measured to be correct, determine the interior angle at C.
sides. Also determine the bearing of each line if the bearing of line AB is N 15°30’ E.
Line Length Observed Bearings
Forward Back Solution:
AB 46.50 m S 30°40’ W N 30°40’ E
BC 75.15 m S 83°50’ E N 84°30’ W
CD 117.35 m N 02°00’ W S 02°15’ E
DE 74.92 m S 89°30’ W Due East
EA 60.25 m S 28°50’ E N 28°00’ W
Solution:

1.4. The observed interior angles of a closed traverse are as follows: A = 153°30’,
B = 58°20’20”, C = 139°19’, D = 78°21’20” and E = 110°28’. Determine the
angular closure and adjust the measured angles by assuming that the angular
error is of the same amount of each station.
Solution:
1.5. Following are the observed deflection angles of a closed traverse: A = 28°25’ 1.7. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a closed
(L), B = 68°03’30” (L), C = 120°34’ (L), D = 58°30’ (R), E = 108°13’30” (L), traverse. Determine the bearing and azimuth from south of all traverse lines,
F = 16°50’ (R), and G = 110°00’30” (L). Compute the error of closure and and the angles to the right of each station.
adjust the angular values by assuming that the error is the same for each angle. Station Occupied Station Observed Distance (m) Azimuth from
South
Solution: A E 90°28’
B 210.10 170°30’
B A 350°30’
C 153.34 123°05’
C B 303°05’
D 206.85 56°13’
D C 236°13’
E 174.50 357°58’
E D 177°58’
A 330.00 270°28’
Solution:

1.6. A five-sided closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angle to
the right at each station were observed as follows: A = 240°30’, B = 238°15’,
C = 289°53’, D = 220°04’ and E = 271°13’. Determine the error of closure and
adjust the observed values on the assumption that the error is the same for each
angle.
Solution:
1.8. Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open traverse. Determine the 4.5. TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
latitude and departure of each course and tabulate observed and computed
values accordingly. Traversed Adjustment is the procedure of computing the linear error of
Course Distance Bearing Course Distance Bearing closure and applying corrections to the individual latitudes and departures for the
AB 550.30 m N 28°10’E DE 631.22 m N 50°00’ E purpose of providing a mathematically closed figure. There are different rules and
BC 395.48 m S 69°35’ E EF 340.05 m S 25°05’ E methods used in adjusting a traverse. Some are performed graphically and others
CD 462.70 m S 27°50’ E FG 275.86 m Due East analytically.
Solution: 1. Compass Rule - or also known as Browditch Rule which was named after
the distinguished American navigator Nathaniel Browditch (1773 – 1838),
is a very popular rule for adjusting a closed traverse. The compass rule may
be stated as follows: the correction to be applied to the latitude (or
departure) of any course is equal to the total closure in latitude (or
departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the course to the total
length or perimeter of the travers. These corrections are given by the
following equations:
𝑑
𝑐𝑙 = 𝐶𝐿 ( ) and
𝐷
1.9. Given in the accompanying tabulations are the observed data for a closed
traverse obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the following 𝑑
𝑐𝑑 = 𝐶𝐷 ( )
quantities: latitude and departure of each course, linear error of closure, bearing 𝐷
of the side of error, and the precisions of the measurements.
Where:
Line Length Azimuth from Line Length Azimuth from
𝑐𝑙 or 𝑐𝑑 = correction to be applied to the latitude or departure of
North North
AB 233.10 m 122°30’ DE 234.46 m 333°35’ any course
BC 242.05 m 85°15’ EF 270.65 m 254°08’ 𝐶𝐿 or 𝐶𝐷 = total closure in latitude or departure
CD 191.50 m 20°00’ FA 252.38 m 213°00’ 𝑑 = length of any course
Solution: 𝐷 = total length or perimeter of the travers
2. Transit Rule – the method of adjusting a traverse by the transit rule to the
compass rule is the same the difference is that with the transit rule the
latitude and departure corrections depend on the length of the latitude and
departure of the course respectively instead of both depending on the length
of the course. The transit rule may be stated as follows: the correction to be
applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to the latitude
(or departure) of the course multiplied by the ratio of the total closure in
latitude (or departure) to the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes (or
departures) of the traverse. These corrections are given by the following
equations:
 𝐿𝑎𝑡 (𝐶 )
𝑐𝑙 = ∑ 𝑁𝐿−∑𝐿𝑆𝐿 and 𝑐𝑑 =
𝐷𝑒𝑝 (𝐶𝐷 )
∑ 𝐸𝐷−∑ 𝑊𝐷

Where:
𝑐𝑙 or 𝑐𝑑 = correction to be applied to the latitude or departure of
any course
𝐶𝐿 or 𝐶𝐷 = total closure in latitude or departure
∑ 𝑁𝐿 = summation of north latitude
∑ 𝑆𝐿 = summation of south latitude
∑ 𝐸𝐷 = summation of east departure
∑ 𝑊𝐷 = summation of west departure

INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
1.10. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse
obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of
each course and balance these quantities by employing the compass rule. Also
determine the linear error of closure, bearing of the side of error, and the
relative error of closure.
Course Distance Bearing Course Distance Bearing
AB 495.85 m N 05°30’ E DE 1,020.87 m S 12°25’ E
BC 850.62 m N 46°02’ E EF 1,117.26 m S 83°44’ W
CD 855.45 m S 67°38’ E FA 660.08 m N 55°09’ W
Solution:
1.11. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse 4.6. MISSING SIDES
obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of
each course and balance these quantities by employing the transit rule. Case I. LENGTH AND BEARING OF ONE SIDE COMPLETELY MISSING
Course Distance Azimuth Course Distance Azimuth INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
from North from North
AB 495.85 m 5°30’ DE 1,020.87 m 167°35’ 1.12. The following are the bearings taken on a closed travers. Compute for the
BC 850.62 m 46°02’ EF 1,117.26 m 263°44’ length and bearing of the closing line EA.
CD 855.45 m 112°22’ FA 660.08 m 304°51’ Line Distance Bearing
Solution: AB 300 m S 37°30’ E
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W
DE 350 m N 12°45’ E
EA ? ?
Solution:
Case II: DISTANCE OF TWO ADJACENT SIDES MISSING Case III: DISTANCE OF ONE SIDE AND BEARING OF ITS ADJACENT SIDE
MISSING
INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
1.13. Find length, x and y of the missing sides DE and EA of the traverse below.
Line Distance Bearing 1.14. Find the missing data of the closed traverse.
AB 300 m S 37°30’ E Line Distance Bearing
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W AB 300 m S 37°30’ E
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W BC 400 m S 43°15’ W
DE ? N 12°45’ E CD 250 m N 73°00’ W
EA ? N 65°40’ E DE ? N 12°45’ E
Solution: EA 277.96 m ?
Solution:
Case IV: BEARING OF TWO ADJACENT SIDES MISSING Case V: DISTANCE OF TWO NON-ADJACENT SIDES MISSING
INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS: INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS:
1.15. Find the missing data of the closed traverse. 1.16. Find the missing data of the closed traverse.
Line Distance Bearing Line Distance Bearing
AB 300 m S 37°30’ E AB 250 m N 73°00’ W
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W BC ? N 12°45’ E
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W CD 300 m S 37°30’ E
DE 350 m ? DE ? N 65°40’ E
EA 277.96 m ? EA 400 m S 43°15’ W
Solution: Solution:
SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS TO INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEMS: Line Length Corrected Bearings
Forward Back
4.1. Take note that the forward and backward bearing is equal. In this problem AB 400.63 m N 25°45’ E S 25°45’ W
the correct bearing is line CD. BC 450.22 m S 20°25’ E N 20°25’ W
∅𝐸 = 𝛽𝐷𝐸 + 𝛽𝐸𝐹 CD 500.89 m S 35°30’ W N 35°30’ E
DE 640.46 m S 75°30’ E N 75°30’ W
∅𝐸 = 75°25′ + 58°50′ EF 545.41 m N 58°45’ E S 58°45’ W
FG 700.05 m N 22°35’ E S 22°35’ W
∅𝐸 = 134°15′
Adjusted Bearing: 4.2. The correct bearing is line AB. First, plot the closed traverse based on the
𝛽𝐸𝐹 = ∅𝐸 − 𝛽′𝐷𝐸 observed data.

𝛽𝐸𝐹 = 134°15′ − 75°30′

𝛽𝐸𝐹 = 58°45′ or S 𝟓𝟖°𝟒𝟓′ W
∅𝐹 = 180° + 𝛽𝐹𝐺 − 𝛽𝐸𝐹
∅𝐹 = 180° + 22°05′ − 58°15′
∅𝐹 = 143°50′
Adjusted Bearing:
𝛽𝐹𝐺 = ∅𝐹 + 𝛽′𝐸𝐹 − 180°
𝛽𝐸𝐹 = 143°50′ + 58°45′ − 180°
𝛽𝐹𝐺 = 22°35′ or N 𝟐𝟐°𝟑𝟓′ E
∅𝐵 = 𝛽𝐴𝐵 + 𝛽𝐵𝐶
∅𝐵 = 25°40′ + 20°30′ = 46°10′
Adjusted Bearing:
𝛽𝐴𝐵 = ∅𝐵 − 𝛽′𝐵𝐶
𝛽𝐴𝐵 = 46°10′ − 20°25′
𝛽𝐹𝐺 = 25°45′ or S 𝟐𝟓°𝟒𝟓′ W
Solving for the Interior Angles: For Station D: Bearing at DE = 180° + 01°10′ − 91°50′ = 89°20′
𝜃𝐴 = 180° + 28° + 30°40′ = 238°40′ Bearing at DE N 𝟖𝟗°𝟐𝟎′ W
𝜃𝐵 = 180° − 30°40′ − 83°50′ = 65°30′ For Station E: Bearing at EA = 90°20′ − 61°15′ = 28°05′
𝜃𝐶 = 84°30′ − 2° = 82°30′ Bearing at EA N 𝟐𝟖°𝟎𝟓′ W
𝜃𝐷 = 89°30′ + 2°15′ = 91°45′ Line Length Observed Bearings
Forward Back
𝜃𝐸 = 180° − 90° − 28°50′ = 61°10′ AB 46.50 m S 30°40’ W N 30°40’ E
′ ′ ′ ′
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑎 = 238°40 + 65°30 + 82°30 + 91°45 + 61°10 = 539°35′ ′ BC 75.15 m S 83°45’ E N 84°45’ W
CD 117.35 m N 01°10’ W S 01°10’ E
Sum of Interior angles for Heptagon (5 sides) should be equal to: DE 74.92 m N 89°20’ W S 89°20’ E
EA 60.25 m S 28°05’ E N 28°05’ W
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑏 = (𝑛 − 2)180° = (5 − 2)180° = 540°
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 540° − 539°35′ = 0°25′ 4.3. Plot the tabulated data:
𝑒 0°25′
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 = = = 5′
𝑛 5

Adjusted Interior angles:

𝜃′𝐴 = 238°40′ + 5′ = 238°45′
𝜃′𝐵 = 65°30′ + 5′ = 65°35′
𝜃′𝐶 = 82°30′ + 5′ = 82°35′
𝜃′𝐷 = 91°45′ + 5′ = 91°50′
𝜃′𝐸 = 61°10′ + 5′ = 61°15′
Solving for Adjusted Bearings:
Adjustment is started from either end of the best line. Solve for interior angle at C:
′ ′
For Station B: Bearing at BC = 180° − 30°40 − 65°35 = 83°45′ 𝜃𝐶 = 540° − 118°30′ − 95°33′ − 134°10′ − 140°50′ = 50°57′
Bearing at BC S 𝟖𝟑°𝟒𝟓′ E Determine the bearing at each station:
′ ′
For Station C: Bearing at CD = 83°45 − 82°35 = 01°10′ Bearing BC = 95°33′ − 15°30′ = 80°03′
Bearing at CD N 𝟎𝟏°𝟏𝟎′ W Bearing CD = 180° − 80°03′ − 50°57′ = 49°00′
 Bearing DE = 134°10′ − 49°00′ = 85°10′ ∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝑅 = 𝐷 + 𝐹

Bearing EA = 85°10′ + 140°50′ − 180° = 46°00′ ∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝑅 = 58°30′ + 16°50′

Station Interior Angle Line Bearing ∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝑅 = 75°20′

A 118°30’ AB N 15°30’ E
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐿 − ∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝑅 = 435°16′ 30′′ − 75°20′
B 95°33’ BC S 80°03’ E
C 50°57’ CD S 49°00’ W 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 359°56′30′′
D 134°10’ DE N 85°10’ W
E 140°50’ EA N 46°00’ W 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 360° − 359°56′ 30′′ = 3′30′′
𝑒 3′30′′
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝑛 = 7
= 30′′
4.4. Determine first the angular error or closure:
Adjusting the Deflection Angle:
𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 153°30′ + 58°20′ 20′′ + 139°19′ + 78°21′ 20′′ + 110°28′
𝐴′ = 𝐴 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 28°25′ (𝐿) + 30" = 𝟐𝟖°𝟐𝟓′𝟑𝟎′′(𝑳)
𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 539°58′40′′
𝐵 ′ = 𝐵 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 68°03′ 30′′ (𝐿) + 30" = 𝟔𝟖°𝟎𝟒′𝟎𝟎′′(𝑳)
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 540° − 539°58′ 40′′ = 1′20′′
1′20′′ 𝐶 ′ = 𝐶 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 120°34′ (𝐿) + 30" = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝟑𝟒′𝟑𝟎′′(𝑳)
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 5
= 16′′
𝐷 ′ = 𝐷 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 58°30′ (𝑅) − 30" = 𝟓𝟖°𝟐𝟗′𝟑𝟎′′(𝑹)
Adjusting the Interior angles:
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 108°13′ 30′′(𝐿) + 30" = 𝟏𝟎𝟖°𝟏𝟒′𝟑𝟎′′(𝑳)
′ ′′ ′
𝜃′𝐴 = 153°30 + 16 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑°𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟔′′
𝐹 ′ = 𝐹 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 16°50′ (𝑅) − 30" = 𝟏𝟔°𝟒𝟗′𝟑𝟎′′(𝑹)
′ ′′ ′′ ′ ′′
𝜃′𝐵 = 58°20 20 + 16 = 𝟓𝟖°𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟔
𝐺 ′ = 𝐺 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 110°00′ 30′′(𝐿) + 30" = 𝟏𝟏𝟎°𝟎𝟏′(𝑳)
′ ′′ ′
𝜃′𝐶 = 139°19 + 16 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗°𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟔′′
4.6. Determine the error of closure:
𝜃′𝐷 = 78°21′ 20′′ + 16′′ = 𝟕𝟖°𝟐𝟏′ 𝟑𝟔′′
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 240°30′ + 238°15′ + 289°53′ + 220°04′ + 271°13′
′′
𝜃′𝐸 = 110°28′ + 16 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎°𝟐𝟖′𝟏𝟔′′
𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 1259°55′
4.5. Determine the error of closure:
Sum of Exterior Angles = (𝑛 + 2)180° = (5 + 2)180° = 1260°
𝑛 = 7 (number of deflection angles)
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 1260° − 1259°55′ = 5′
∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐸 + 𝐺
𝑒 5′
′ ′ ′′ ′ ′ ′′
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. = 𝑛 = 5
= 1′
∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐿 = 28°25 + 68°03 30 + 120°34 + 108°13 30 + 110°0′30′′

∑ 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐿𝐿 = 435°16′30′′ Adjusting the observed angles:

 𝜃′𝐴 = 240°30′ + 1′ = 𝟐𝟒𝟎°𝟑𝟏′ At Station C:

𝜃 ′ 𝐵 = 238°15′ + 1′ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖°𝟏𝟔′ 𝛽𝐶𝐷 = 56°13′

𝜃′𝐶 = 289°53′ + 1′ = 𝟐𝟖𝟗°𝟓𝟑′ Bearing CD: S 𝟓𝟔°𝟏𝟑′ W

𝜃′𝐷 = 220°04′ + 1′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟎°𝟎𝟓′ 𝛼𝐶𝐷 = 56°13′

𝜃′𝐸 = 271°13′ + 1′ = 𝟐𝟕𝟏°𝟏𝟒′ 𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑩𝑪: 𝟓𝟔°𝟏𝟑′

4.7. At Station A: ∅𝐶𝐷 = 360° − 303°5′ + 56°13′ = 113°8′
Angle to the right at C: 𝟏𝟏𝟑°𝟖′
𝛽𝐴𝐵 = 180° − 170°30′ = 9°30′ At Station D:
Bearing AB: N 𝟗°𝟑𝟎′ W
∅𝐴𝐵 = 170°30′ 𝛽𝐷𝐸 = 360° − 357°58′ = 2°02′

𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑨𝑩: 𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝟑𝟎′ Bearing DE: S 𝟐°𝟎𝟐′ E

𝛼𝐴𝐵 = 170°30′ − 90°28′ = 80°2′ 𝛼𝐷𝐸 = 357°58′

Angle to the right at A: 𝟖𝟎°𝟐′ 𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑫𝑬: 𝟑𝟓𝟕°𝟓𝟖′

∅𝐷𝐸 = 357°58′ − 236°13′ = 121°45′
At Station B: Angle to the right at D: 𝟏𝟐𝟏°𝟒𝟓′

𝛽𝐵𝐶 = 180° − 123°05′ = 56°55′ At Station E:

Bearing BC: N 𝟓𝟔°𝟓𝟓′ W 𝛽𝐸𝐴 = 360° − 270°28′ = 89°32′
𝛼𝐵𝐶 = 123°05′ Bearing EA: S 𝟖𝟗°𝟑𝟐′ E
𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑩𝑪: 𝟏𝟐𝟑°𝟎𝟓′ 𝛼𝐸𝐴 = 270°28′
∅𝐵𝐶 = 360° − 350°30′ + 123°05′ = 132°35′ 𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑬𝑨: 𝟐𝟕𝟎°𝟐𝟖′
Angle to the right at B: 𝟏𝟑𝟐°𝟑𝟓′ ∅𝐸𝐴 = 270°28′ − 177°58′ = 92°30′
Angle to the right at E: 𝟗𝟐°𝟑𝟎′
4.8. Determining latitude and departures 𝐿𝐸𝐶 1.52 1 𝟏
𝑅𝑃 = 𝐷
= 1,424.14 = 936.93 say, 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos ∅ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝑑 sin ∅
4.10. Determining latitude and departures
Course Distance Bearing Latitude Departure
𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos ∅ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝑑 sin ∅
AB 550.30 m N 28°10’ E +485.13 +259.76
BC 395.48 m S 69°35’ E -137.96 +370.64 Azimuth from
CD 462.70 m S 27°50’ E -409.17 +216.04 Line Length Latitude Departure
North
DE 631.22 m N 50°00’ E +405.74 +483.54 AB 495.85 m N 05°30’ E +493.57 m +47.53 m
EF 340.05 m S 25°05’ E -307.98 +144.16 BC 850.62 m N 46°02’ E +590.53 m +612.23 m
FG 275.86 m Due East - +275.86 CD 855.45 m S 67°38’ E -325.53 m +791.09 m
DE 1,020.87 m S 12°25’ E -996.99 m +219.51 m
EF 1,117.26 m S 83°44’ W -121.96 m -1,110.58 m
4.9. Determining latitude and departures
FA 660.08 m N 55°09’ W +377.19 m -541.70 m
𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos ∅ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝑑 sin ∅ Total 5,000.13 m +16.81 m +18.08 m

Azimuth from
Line Length Latitude Departure Determining correction for latitude and departure.
North
AB 233.10 m 122°30’ -125.24 m +196.59 m 𝐶𝐿 16.81
BC 242.05 m 85°15’ +20.04 m +241.22 m 𝐾1 = = = 0.00336
𝐷 5000.13
CD 191.50 m 20°00’ +179.95 m +65.50 m 𝐶𝐷 18.08
DE 234.46 m 333°35’ +209.98 m -104.31 m 𝐾2 = = = 0.00362
𝐷 5000.13
EF 270.65 m 254°08’ -74.00 m -260.34 m
FA 252.38 m 213°00’ -211.66 m -137.46 m Length Corr. Lat. Corr. Dep.
Line 𝑲𝟏 𝑲𝟐
Total 1,424.14 m -0.93 m +1.20 m (D) 𝒄𝑳 = (𝑫 × 𝑲𝟏 ) 𝒄𝑫 = (𝑫 × 𝑲𝟐 )
AB 495.85 m 0.00336 0.00362 1.67 m 1.79 m
BC 850.62 m 0.00336 0.00362 2.86 m 3.08 m
CD 855.45 m 0.00336 0.00362 2.88 m 3.09 m
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √𝐶𝐿 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 = √(−0.93 𝑚)2 + (+1.20 𝑚)2
DE 1,020.87 m 0.00336 0.00362 3.43 m 3.69 m
EF 1,117.26 m 0.00336 0.00362 3.75 m 4.04 m
𝑳𝑬𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎
FA 660.08 m 0.00336 0.00362 2.22 m 2.39 m
−𝐶 −(+1.20) Total 5,000.13 m 16.81 m 18.08 m
∅ = tan−1 −𝐶𝐷 = tan−1 −(−0.93) = 52°13′
𝐿

Since the ∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 is negative the direction is South, and the ∑ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 is positive the Adjusting the latitudes and departures:
direction is East
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡. ± 𝑐𝐿
Bearing of the side error: S 𝟓𝟐°𝟏𝟑′ E
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐷𝑒𝑝. = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝. ± 𝑐𝐷
Line Lat. 𝒄𝑳 Adj. Lat. Dep. 𝒄𝑫 Adj. Dep. 4.11. Determining latitude and departures
AB +493.57 m -1.67 +491.90 m +47.53 m -1.79 +45.74 m
BC +590.53 m -2.86 +587-67 m +612.23 m -3.08 +609.15 m 𝐿𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑 cos ∅ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝑑 sin ∅
CD -325.53 m -2.88 -328.41 m +791.09 m -3.09 +788.00 m Azimuth from
DE -996.99 m -3.43 -1,000.42 m +219.51 m -3.69 +215.82 m Line Length Latitude Departure
North
EF -121.96 m -3.75 -125.71 m -1,110.58 m -4.04 -1,114.62 m AB 495.85 m N 05°30’ E +493.57 m +47.53 m
FA +377.19 m -2.22 +374.07 m -541.70 m -2.39 -544.09 m BC 850.62 m N 46°02’ E +590.53 m +612.23 m
Total +16.81 m -16.81 0.00 +18.08 m -18.08 0.00 CD 855.45 m S 67°38’ E -325.53 m +791.09 m
DE 1,020.87 m S 12°25’ E -996.99 m +219.51 m
EF 1,117.26 m S 83°44’ W -121.96 m -1,110.58 m
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √𝐶𝐿 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 = √(+16.81 𝑚)2 + (+18.08 𝑚)2 FA 660.08 m N 55°09’ W +377.19 m -541.70 m
Total 5,000.13 m +16.81 m +18.08 m
𝑳𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎
−𝐶 −(+18.08) Determining total closure in latitude and departure.
∅ = tan−1 −𝐶𝐷 = tan−1 −(+16.81) = 47°05′
𝐿
∑ 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19 = +1,461.29
Since the ∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 is positive the direction is North, and the ∑ 𝐷𝑒𝑝 is positive the
direction is East ∑ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = −325.53 − 996.99 − 121.96 = −1,444.48

Bearing of the side error: N 𝟒𝟕°𝟎𝟓′ E ∑ 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝. = +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51 = +1,670.36

𝑅𝑃 =
𝐿𝐸𝐶 24.69 1
= 5,000.13 = 202.52 say, 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟏 ∑ 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝. = −1,110.58 − 541.70 = −1,652.28
𝐷
Determining correction for latitude and departure.
Determining Adjusted length and bearing of each course.
𝐿𝐶 16.81
′ 𝐷𝑒𝑝.′ 𝐾1 = ∑ 𝑁𝐿−∑ = +1,461.29−(−1,444.48) = 0.00579
𝐷 = √(𝐿𝑎𝑡. ′)2 + (𝐷𝑒𝑝. ′)2 ∅= tan−1 𝐿𝑎𝑡.′ 𝑆𝐿

𝐶𝐷 18.08
Line Adjusted Length Adjusted Bearing 𝐾2 = ∑ = = 0.00544
𝐸𝐷−∑ 𝑊𝐷 +1,670.36−(−1,652.28)
AB 494.02 m N 05°19’ E
BC 846.42 m N 46°02’ E Length Corr. Lat. 𝒄𝑳 Corr. Dep. 𝒄𝑫
Line Latitude Departure
CD 853.70 m S 67°23’ E (D) = (𝑳𝒂𝒕 × 𝑲𝟏 ) = (𝑫𝒆𝒑 × 𝑲𝟐 )
DE 1,023.43 m S 12°10’ E AB 495.85 m +493.57 m +47.53 m 2.86 m 0.26 m
EF 1,121.69 m S 83°34’ W BC 850.62 m +590.53 m +612.23 m 3.42 m 3.33 m
FA 660.78 m N 55°26’ W CD 855.45 m -325.53 m +791.09 m 1.88 m 4.31 m
DE 1,020.87 m -996.99 m +219.51 m 5.77 m 1.19 m
EF 1,117.26 m -121.96 m -1,110.58 m 0.70 m 6.04 m
FA 660.08 m +377.19 m -541.70 m 2.18 m 2.95 m
Total 5,000.13 m 16.81 m 18.08 m
 Adjusting the latitudes and departures: The sum of the given latitude and departure is the latitude and departure of the
missing sides.
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡. ± 𝑐𝐿
Latitude of EA = -114.891 m Departure of EA = +253.277 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐷𝑒𝑝. = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝. ± 𝑐𝐷
Determine the distance and bearing of the line EA.
Line Lat. 𝒄𝑳 Adj. Lat. Dep. 𝒄𝑫 Adj. Dep.
AB +493.57 m -2.86 +490.71 m +47.53 m -0.26 +47.27 m 𝐷𝐸𝐴 = √(𝐿𝑎𝑡. )2 + (𝐷𝑒𝑝. )2 = √(−114.891)2 + (+253.277)2
BC +590.53 m -3.42 +587-11 m +612.23 m -3.33 +608.90 m
CD -325.53 m -1.88 -327.41 m +791.09 m -4.31 +786.78 m 𝑫𝑬𝑨 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒎
DE -996.99 m -5.77 -1,002.76 m +219.51 m -1.19 +218.32 m 𝐷𝑒𝑝. +253.277
EF -121.96 m -0.70 -122.66 m -1,110.58 m -6.04 -1,116.62 m ∅ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 65°36′
𝐿𝑎𝑡. −114.891
FA +377.19 m -2.18 +375.01 m -541.70 m -2.95 -544.65 m
Total +16.81 m -16.81 0.00 +18.08 m -18.08 0.00 Bearing of Line EA, S 𝟔𝟓°𝟑𝟔′ E
4.13. Determine the latitude and departure of the given sides.
Determining Adjusted length and bearing of each course. Line Distance Bearing Latitude Departure
𝐷𝑒𝑝.′ AB 300 m S 37°30’ E -238.006 m +182.628 m
𝐷 ′ = √(𝐿𝑎𝑡. ′)2 + (𝐷𝑒𝑝. ′)2 ∅= tan−1
𝐿𝑎𝑡.′ BC 400 m S 43°15’ W -291.348 m -274.073 m
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W +73.093 m -239.076 m
Line Adjusted Length Adjusted Bearing
Total -456.261 m -330.521 m
AB 492.98 m N 05°30’ E
BC 845.85 m N 46°03’ E
CD 852.19 m S 67°24’ E
DE 1,026.25 m S 12°17’ E
EF 1,123.34 m S 83°44’ W 𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(−456.261)2 + (330.521)2
FA 661.27 m N 55°27’ W
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 563.399 𝑚
−(−330.521)
4.12. Determine the latitude and departure. ∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = tan−1 −(−456.261)

Line Distance Bearing Latitude Departure ∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 35°55′

AB 300 m S 37°30’ E -238.006 m +182.628 m
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W -291.348 m -274.073 m Bearing of LEC, N 35°55’ E
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W +73.093 m -239.076 m
DE 350 m N 12°45’ E +341.370 m +77.244 m
Total -114.891 m +253.277 m

To compute the distance of DE and EA, use the Law of Sine and Cosine.
 To compute line DE and EA,
first determine ∅𝐷 , ∅𝐸 and ∅𝐴 .
∅𝐷 = 35°55′ − 12°45′
∅𝐷 = 35°55′ − 12°45′
∅𝐷 = 23°10′
∅𝐷 = 23°10′
Using cosine Law to determine the
′
∅𝐸 = 180° + 12°45 − 65°40′ length at DE.

∅𝐸 = 127°05′ 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

∅𝐴 = 65°40′ − 35°55′ (277.96)2 = 𝐷𝐸 2 + (563.399)2 −

2𝑎(563.399) cos 23°10′
∅𝐴 = 29°45′
𝑫𝑬 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒎
Using Sine Law:
To determine the ∅𝐴 , use cosine law,
𝐿𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐴
= =
sin ∅𝐸 sin ∅𝐴 sin ∅𝐷 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
563.399 𝑚 𝐷𝐸 563.399 𝑚 𝐸𝐴
sin 127°05′
=
sin 29°45′
;
sin 127°05′
=
sin 23°10′ (350.233)2 = (277.96)2 + (563.399)2 − 2(277.96)(563.399) cos ∅𝐴

𝑫𝑬 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒎 𝑬𝑨 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝒎 ∅𝐴 = 29°43′

4.14. Determine the latitude and departure of the given sides. Bearing of Line EA, 𝛽𝐸𝐴 = 29°43′ + 35°55′ = 65°38′

Line Distance Bearing Latitude Departure Bearing of Line EA, N 𝟔𝟓°𝟑𝟖′ E

AB 300 m S 37°30’ E -238.006 m +182.628 m
4.15. Determine the latitude and departure of the given sides.
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W -291.348 m -274.073 m
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W +73.093 m -239.076 m Line Distance Bearing Latitude Departure
Total -456.261 m -330.521 m AB 300 m S 37°30’ E -238.006 m +182.628 m
BC 400 m S 43°15’ W -291.348 m -274.073 m
CD 250 m N 73°00’ W +73.093 m -239.076 m
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(−456.261)2 + (330.521)2
Total -456.261 m -330.521 m
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 563.399 𝑚
−(−330.521) 𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(−456.261)2 + (330.521)2
∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = tan−1
−(−456.261)
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 563.399 𝑚
∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 35°55′
−(−330.521)
∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = tan−1 −(−456.261)
Bearing of LEC, N 35°55’ E
 ∅𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 35°55′ REVIEW EXERCISES:
Bearing of LEC, N 35°55’ E 1. From the field notes of a closed traverse shown below, adjust the transverse
using.
To determine the ∅𝐴 & ∅𝐷 , use cosine law, a. Transit Rule
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 b. Compass Rule
c. Compute the linear error of closure
(350)2 = (277.96)2 + (563.399)2 − d. Compute the relative error or precision
2(277.96)(563.399) cos ∅𝐴
Sta. Occ. Sta. Obs. Bearings Distances
∅𝐴 = 29°39′ A B Due North 400.00 m
(277.96)2 = (350)2 + (563.399)2 − B C N 45° E 800.00 m
2(350)(563.399) cos ∅𝐷 C D S 60° E 700.00 m
D E S 20° W 600.00 m
∅𝐷 = 23°8′ E A S 86°59’ W 966.34 m
2. Find the bearing of line 4-5 and the missing side 5-1 of the closed traversed
Bearing of Line DE, 𝛽𝐷𝐸 = 35°55′ − 23°08′ = 12°47′
shown in the field notes shown.
Bearing of Line DE, N 𝟏𝟐°𝟒𝟕′ E
Lines Bearings Distances
′ ′
Bearing of Line EA, 𝛽𝐸𝐴 = 29°39 + 35°55 = 65°34′ 1–2 S 70° 15’ E 32.20 m
2–3 S 36° 30’ W 31.20 m
Bearing of Line EA, N 𝟔𝟓°𝟑𝟒′ E 3–4 N 66° 30’ W 17.40 m
4–5 - 36.30 m
4.16. In Case V, arrange the tabulated data same as previous Cases.
5–1 N 60° 00’ E -
Line Distance Bearing Line Distance Bearing 3. Determine the bearings of lines 4-5 and 5-1 of the closed traverse shown the
AB 250 m N 73°00’ W CD 300 m S 37°30’ E technical description of which is as follows:
BC ? N 12°45’ E EA 400 m S 43°15’ W
N 73°00’ W Lines Bearing Distances
CD 300 m S 37°30’ E AB 250 m
N 12°45’ E A–B S 35° 30’ W 44.37 m
DE ? N 65°40’ E BC ?
N 65°40’ E B–C N 57° 15’ W 137.84 m
EA 400 m S 43°15’ W DE ?
C–D N 1° 45’ E 12.83 m
D–E - 64.86 m
Then, solve the problem same as from Case 1 to 4. E–A - 106.72 m
4. From the data shown below, determine the value of the unknown bearing and
distance.
Lines Bearings Distances
AB N 32° 27’ E 110.8 m
BC - 83.6 m
 CD S 8° 51’ W 126.9 m
DE S 73° 31’ W -
EA N 18° 44’ W 90.2 m
5. In the survey of a closed lot with five sides, the following data are given where
in all the bearings and distances of all sides except the lengths of lines 4-5 and
5-1 were omitted. Find the lengths of these two missing lines.
Lines Bearing Distance
1–2 S 73° 21’ E 247.20 m
2–3 S 40° 10’ E 154.30 m
3–4 S 26° 42’ W 611.90 m
4–5 N 14° 20’ W -
5–1 N 12° 20’ E -

FEEDBACK:
For self-evaluation: How many problems in Instructive Problems did you get? How
many problems in Review Exercises did you get? What problems did you not easily
get?