Simply Cambridge Advanced CAE that this was due to the material I had chosen, so I enrolled on a

course about fashion fabrics. There was a strong emphasis on visual

AUDIOSCRIPTS research and interpretation, in other words, design, and we were en-

TEST 1
couraged to produce experimental and highly individual work. It
opened a whole new world to me. It led to me wearing my very own
exclusive designs and it wasn’t long before friends asked me if I could
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for
design and make something unique for them. Now, I have my own
this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you
business. Women come and discuss what they want and I make it for
time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll
them, all with the guarantee that this will be the sole one made. I’ve
hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re-
recently branched out online, where I sell limited editions of clothes
member while you are listening write your answers in your
I’ve designed and made. I only ever make five of each, so they’re rea-
book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now,
sonably exclusive. I’m rushed off my feet, but I love the satisfaction my
because you must not speak during the test.
work gives me.
Part 1
Now you will hear the recording again.
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose
That is the end of Part 1.
the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you
hear. There are two questions for each extract.
Part 2
You will hear Francesca Bernnaise, a ranger at a national park,
Extract 1
talking about an animal called the Pyrenean desman. For
You hear part of a radio interview with a man who is talking
Questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word or a short
about the English collective humour. Now look at Questions 1
phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2.
and 2. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
[PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
Interviewer: So, Nigel, in your opinion, the English have a sort of col-
Good afternoon, my name’s Francesca Bernnaise. I’d like to welcome
lective humour. They nearly all laugh at the same thing.
you to Alt Pirineu National Park. The park is actually most famous for
Nigel: No, it’s not that everyone finds the same thing funny. I mean
its outstanding variety of flora and fauna, along with its high mountains
more that the English sense of humour is based on self-deprecation.
and magnificent scenery. We focus on all aspects of nature conserva-
Our wit shows that we think we’re not very important or totally inept
tion, whether it’s the plants, trees, rivers, birds or mammals. The park
at everything. In other words, we can laugh at ourselves and not many
also provides a refuge for many endangered and even rare species. We
other societies are able to do that. It’s not just the English, either. I
take the responsibility of ensuring their survival very seriously.
would include the whole of the UK in this type of humour.
Interviewer: Is this the same thing as when we laugh at a comedian’s
One of those rare species is the Pyrenean desman. Few people have
jokes?
even heard of what has been called ‘Europe’s weirdest beast’, and still
Nigel: Well, if you think about the most popular comedians in this
fewer have ever actually seen one. Fortunately for us, we have them
country, most of them base their sense of humour on everyday
right here in the park. Mind you, they’re not easy to see. Being nocturnal,
events. They observe what’s happening around them. For instance, I
our scientists have to set traps and then inspect them by wading through
watched a man make an audience cry with laughter, yet he was just
knee-deep water in fast-flowing rivers when it’s pitch dark.
talking about a drawer that his family, but particularly him, put things
in that they had nowhere else to put. It was funny because every
Our research into the habits of the Pyrenean desman is ongoing be-
household has one of these drawers.
cause so little is known about them. It’s thought that they used to be
widespread across the mountain ranges of France, Portugal and Spain,
Now you will hear the recording again.
but today, we’re really the last stronghold for the strange little des-
man. They got their nickname because of their appearance. They’re a
Extract 2
bit rat-like, a bit mole-like and look a little like a platypus. They’re
You hear two people discussing a television series. Now look at
quite small, about the same size as a hamster, and have a shiny grey
Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
coat. As you can see from this picture, the Pyrenean desman’s stand
out feature is its distinctive large nose, not unlike a miniature ele-
Male: So, you enjoyed the first series?
phant’s trunk. It also has long grey whiskers and small, beady eyes.
Female: Yes, very much so, and I’m going to miss seeing it every Fri-
You’ll notice its front paws are minute, whereas it’s back feet are
day. The scriptwriting is brilliant. One moment you’re laughing so hard
enormous and webbed. Finally, there’s the thick, scaly tail. The des-
it hurts and the next you have tears in your eyes. That takes some
man’s adjusted and adapted to its environment perfectly, and is an ex-
doing, week in and week out. And I like the fact they used unknown
cellent swimmer.
actors for all the characters. I felt it made them more believable be-
cause I didn’t associate them with something they’d been in before.
Our scientists are working on finding out their distribution - how
Male: That’s true. I’m looking forward to the second series, and I’m
many of them there are and exactly where they are. As I’ve already
surprised at myself, as I hated the first episode.
explained, that’s no easy task and it’s the reason why so little research
I thought it was so cliché and I couldn’t relate to the cast. I felt let
has been done in the past. Added to this is the fact that they only
down and disappointed after all the hype about it before it aired. Now
come out at night and live in water. The scientists have, however, im-
I can’t wait till it’s back on our screens. The cast feels like part of the
proved on their desman tracking skills and their research has con-
family. In fact, it’s the only programme on TV that all my family watch
tributed to overturning some previously held incorrect beliefs about
together. That makes it something special and unique.
the animal. Using radio-tracking, they have discovered more about
Now you will hear the recording again.
their behaviour and social relations with other desmans. For instance,
it has long been assumed that the Pyrenean desman was a solitary, ter-
Extract 3
ritorial, aggressive animal. The reality is that they are tolerant towards
You hear a woman, Rachael, talking about a course she com-
other desmans and appear to be quite social.
pleted. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
There’s also the ancient historical perspective in studying the desman.
Female: I’ve always enjoyed making my own clothes, mostly with
Millions of years ago, there was an abundance of aquatic species like
success, but there have been some spectacular failures. I soon realised
the desman, which formed a group of animals called the Desmaninae.
10
These days though, the Pyrenean desman is one of only two that re- lost forever. And it took eight months for the house to dry out. Every-
main in its evolutionary line. The other is the Russian desman, larger thing was covered in silt and all her possessions were dumped in a pile
and furrier than our one. from the force of the water. At the time this happened, flooding was
unusual, but today more and more people are going to experience this
The Pyrenean desman is already on the ‘Vulnerable’ list, so our work type of event, and many are not insured and won’t be able to get in-
is important to safeguard the future of this unique species. Already in surance because of where they live - in a flood plain.
some areas of this park it has become extinct. The more we find out Now you will hear Part 3 again.
about it, the more we can help it survive. Even small changes to the That is the end of Part 3.
rivers and streams have an impact on the small, like shrimp and snails,
that the desman feeds on. So for us it is wonderful to have this fasci- Part 4
nating creature in our park, but it’s also quite a responsibility to pro- Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in
tect it. which students talk about doing two weeks work experience,
when they work for a local company to see if it is the career
Now you will hear Part 2 again. that they want.
That is the end of Part 2.
Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H)
Part 3 what reason each speaker gives for choosing that particular
You will hear an interview in which two scientists, Professor job. Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose from the
Cindy Renshaw and Doctor Andrew Watkins, discuss the in- list (A-H) what benefit each speaker mentions about their
creased frequency of flooding in the UK. For questions 15-20, work experience. While you listen you must complete both
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to tasks. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 4.
what you hear. You now have 1 minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
[PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
Speaker 1
Interviewer: Cindy and Andrew, you’ve spent your working lives Female: I’ve wanted to be a chef ever since I was little, but never
warning about the increased threat of flooding. Isn’t it frustrating being thought much beyond that. And strangely enough, it’s only when I
ignored all the time? went to my work experience that I realised I want my own restaurant.
Cindy: It can be, yes. The UK has often suffered flooding in the win- We spent two weeks swapping between the kitchen and serving each
ter, usually after the rains have soaked the ground. This excess water day. We spent three hours preparing all the food and then we’d start
leeches into rivers, which then burst their banks. It can also be caused serving and putting the food on plates when the customers ordered.
by the snow melting, just like in the great floods of 1947. The We had to wear a black tie outfit, so we looked very smart. Some of
snowmelt was preceded by heavy rains that led to the river levels ris- the customers could be difficult, but it was a great way to learn the
ing at around a foot an hour. business. It was also fun, though tiring, and I soon understood the
Andrew: Or coastal storms and tidal surges, like those in 1953, when value of teamwork.
there was serious flooding and over three hundred people lost their
lives. However, the more recent floods were in the summer and au- Speaker 2
tumn, due to sudden, torrential downpours. It’s the fact that the situa- Male: I opted to work at the local library. The fact that I didn’t have to
tion is changing that we cannot get anyone to listen to. commute was a plus, but that wasn’t the reason I chose it. It’s the cen-
Cindy: That’s right. The sudden very heavy rainfall is what is causing tral library for the county, with more than seven million books.
the surface water flooding. This has happened before, but the fre- Amongst other things, I expected to have time to look at the rare
quency of these downpours has increased. Since the 1960s, these books and first editions. Instead, I spent most of my time helping peo-
storms have doubled in intensity and are happening four times more ple use the computers and printers, which was a big disappointment.
than before. It made me aware that soon no one will even look at a book. The only
Andrew: One huge problem is that traditional defences against flood- good thing is that the work experience made me realise that it’s not
ing are designed to deal with coastal and river flooding, not flash the job for me. I’m glad I found out now rather than later.
flooding in city or town centres.
Cindy: However, the weather isn’t the only reason for the flooding. Speaker 3
More than half of the houses built since 1945 have been constructed Male: My father had cautioned me that being a journalist meant
on flood plains. As there are now no fields, ponds and ditches around working erratic hours. That’s why when I was choosing my work ex-
the rivers on these plains, the water had nowhere to go but into perience it had to be a reputable newspaper with an excellent web-
homes. site. They have reporters that focus on one thing, such as crime,
Andrew: There’s some light at the end of the tunnel, though. The En- sport, entertainment, fashion or cars and the like, and have set hours.
vironment Agency has been pressurising local councils to refuse per- What I hadn’t expected was to work with some long established and
mission to build new houses in areas that are at risk of flooding. well-known reporters. A life-long ambition to meet one in particular
Cindy: But the necessity to build houses, which is some cities and was fulfilled, and he gave me some excellent advice and help. The best
towns is urgent, is greater than worrying about future flooding. It’s es- thing of all is that they have offered me a job when I leave school. I
timated that more or less ten percent of all new developments are still can’t believe I’ve actually got the job that I’ve always dreamed of
being constructed in areas vulnerable to flooding. What concerns us is doing.
that these aren’t just the odd house here and there.
Andrew: No, we’re talking, for example, of the construction of nearly Speaker 4
a thousand homes and a school in the Home Counties, and two thou- Female: My work experience was one of the best things that’s ever
sand houses and a school near Blackpool. None of these buildings will happened to me. It’s encouraged me to study harder at school, even
be able to cope with the flooding that will inevitably happen. the subjects that I’m not keen on. It was important for me to get
Cindy: We’re also not learning from the past. The Victorians built hands-on experience working in a forensic lab, and consequently it
their homes with cellars and steps up to their front doors. These are confirmed it’s the job for me. The scientists showed me what differ-
not incorporated into new homes today, so front doors are at pave- ence aspects of forensics really involved, so I’ve decided to focus on
ment level and rainwater gushes straight through the house. becoming a Scene of Crime Officer. This means I have to do a Masters
Andrew: That’s exactly what happened to my mother. Although she Degree and will also have to do a sort of apprenticeship even after
had insurance to pay for new carpets, TV, and so on, she lost all her studying for so long. One day though, I’ll be working with the police,
personal items, like wedding photographs, videos, books, and papers - helping to solve crimes.
11
Speaker 5 moon. Apparently it’s the time when there is a lot of miscommunica-
Male: I’ve just completed my work experience on a farm in Essex. It tion. People argue and generally don’t act as they normally would. My
wasn’t a dairy farm, but an agricultural experiment in growing GM - hopes are that my research, which is unorthodox I know, yet still on-
genetically modified - crops. I was determined not to do this research going, will encourage other police forces to focus more on why the
in a lab, but to get out and see for myself the problems and hear first- person has committed a crime, rather than the crime itself. Then fewer
hand the farmer’s opinion. I hope in the future to work in something people might be taken to court for a one-off moment of madness.
to do with helping the environment, especially feeding an ever grow-
ing population in the most efficient manner. This might be one way Now you will hear the recording again.
forward, but the farmer has some valid reasons as to why he was
against it, which has made me think again. Extract 3
You hear a man talking on the radio about his favourite televi-
Now you will hear Part 4 again. sion programme. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15
That is the end of Part 4. SECONDS]

Male: My view about this programme is the idea that I can immerse

TEST 2
myself in it. I can abandon myself totally in the programme and forget
what is on my mind. I’m there! Because it’s set in the early twentieth
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for century, it doesn’t seem related to today. I know it’s historical - though
this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you in fact not all of their facts are correct – or they’re glossed over - but
time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll it does mention some of the major events of the time. My family
hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re- aren’t so happy about having to watch it every week, and they’re glad
member while you are listening write your answers in your when each season ends. Certainly my wife is surprised that I like
book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now, something so banal. I’m not sure that banal is the right word, but my
because you must not speak during the test. co-workers said they would have expected me to like something less
corny. Millions of other people watch it, so obviously something does-
Part 1 n’t have to be ultra sophisticated for people to appreciate it. They
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose might not like the storyline, but the acting and the scenery are brilliant.
the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you
hear. There are two questions for each extract. Now you will hear the recording again.
That is the end of Part 1.
Extract 1
You hear part of an interview with a book critic, who is dis- Part 2
cussing a new book. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE You will hear a man, Christopher Aquilina, from the Gemmo-
15 SECONDS] logical Institute, giving a short talk on the subject of emeralds,
a valuable green gemstone. For questions 7-14, complete the
Presenter: Two years ago, Jamal Mitchell was first published. The sentences with a word or a short phrase. You now have 45 sec-
book was about his family history, starting as land owners in West onds in which to look at Part 2. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
Africa, being taken as slaves by a raiding party, crossing the transat- I’m going to be giving a short talk about a precious stone that is not
lantic route to the Americas and eventually gaining their freedom, only considered by some to be of any value - the emerald. In fact, emeralds
to find they were still considered second-class citizens. His new offer- are beguiling gemstones. They possess the most striking and most
ing focuses purely on the slave trade. What’s your take on the book, dazzling green that can possibly be imagined. Top quality emeralds can
Justin? be even more valuable than diamonds.
Justin: I’m not sure he hits the mark about something that does not
involve his personal history. His first book was very emotional and The word ‘emerald’ comes from an ancient Persian word, later trans-
beautifully written. It deserved to go to the top of the best-seller list. lated into Latin as ‘smaragdos’, and eventually, over time, corrupted to
But in this ... he’s not nearly so articulate or organised. ‘emerald’. It basically just means ‘green gemstone’. The oldest archae-
Presenter: I see he quotes many other slaves and their experiences. ological finds are from near the Red Sea in Egypt. Known later as
Don’t you find that appealing? ‘Cleopatra’s Mines’, the Egyptian pharaohs fully exhausted the emer-
Justin: No, not really. It’s not written in a way that provokes any sym- ald mines between 3000 and 1500 B.C. There were no emeralds left
pathy or emotional reaction from the reader. when the mines were finally rediscovered at the beginning of the 19th
Also, there are far too few photos in it. They always draw you in, as century.
you want to know more about the people in them. There are many
other books on this subject that provide a wealth of information that Despite the beauty of its colour, a really fine quality stone is quite rare,
are better value for money. with inclusions - or flaws - spoiling the evenness of the colour. This
Now you will hear the recording again. does not always lessen how highly they are thought of or their value. If
the stone is still a deep colour it is more valuable than an emerald that
Extract 2 is nearly flawless but lighter in colour. Many specialists actually like
You hear a woman talking about research being carried out in these little flaws, because they know it has grown naturally, produced
a small village. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 through a violent act of nature.
SECONDS]
This leads us to the questions: How are emeralds formed? How do
Female: Being a police officer in a small sleepy village, I couldn’t un- they even exist? Well, they go way back in time. Indeed, emeralds
derstand why petty crime always increases once a month without fail. from Zimbabwe are amongst the oldest gemstones anywhere in the
The mayhem sometimes lasts two days, but it’s normally just the one. world, as they were already growing 2,600 million years ago. Other
I decided to do some research and ask the people responsible why emeralds, for example from Pakistan, are just nine million years old.
they had done it. At first, my questions were a bit random, as I didn’t Emeralds are beryls - a large gemstone family - yet pure beryl has no
really know what to ask, but I gradually learned how to hone my ques- colour. So how can a member of the beryl family be such a vibrant
tions to make them more relevant. After a year, I took my research green? Obviously, there can be no colour until another element is
notes to a psychologist. He provided all the answers. The reason added and in the case of the emerald, it’s the traces of chromium and
there are so many crimes once a month, believe it or not, is the full sometimes vanadium, which make their unique colour.
12
What’s strange about these elements reacting with beryl to form Sally: And they did appear to be genuinely upset. They even stopped
emeralds is that they are normally found in different parts of the looking for food until the next day. It was amazing. We still haven’t
Earth’s crust. Really, emeralds shouldn’t exist at all. However, intense reached a conclusion whether this behaviour started to warn other
tectonic upheavals meant these divergent elements mixed together jays of danger or not. If you saw the documentary you’ll know that we
and crystallised into one of the most exquisite gemstones. Such turbu- carried out some research when we used different
lence in their formation is what causes the flaws in the stones. coloured pieces of wood that looked a bit like birds, to see their reac-
tions. They completely ignored them.
Emeralds can come from nearly all over the world, but topping the list Barry: We used stuffed birds as well, which the jays swooped down
for the best emeralds is Colombia. Two of their most famous mines on to scare away, so we knew the wooden objects were not seen by
are Muzo and Chivor, where emeralds were mined by the Incas in them as other birds. Our theory, as Sally mentioned, is that the jays
pre-Columbian times. I find it fascinating that despite the best emer- see a dead bird as information to be shared, perhaps to inform the
alds being of Colombian origin, you can never guarantee quality, wher- others of a predator.
ever a stone comes from. Other countries, such as Zambia, Brazil, Sally: Something else we found fascinating is that wild birds seem to
Zimbabwe, India and Russia, to name but a few, also find fine emeralds be leaving the cities and returning to wooded areas and farmland. We
deep in the bowels of the earth. And they all have differences. Some think it’s all down to the noise in towns and cities, which has affected
Zambian emeralds have a bluish tinge to them, yet are still a very dark the dawn chorus. The males use this custom to attract a mate. Any
green, whereas stones from Zimbabwe are smaller and a deep, deep real change in this part of the breeding schedule would lead to a fall in
green colour. the bird population.
Barry: Since they’ve come up with their own solution to the situa-
Emeralds, thanks to their hardness, are largely protected from tion, there’s been a decline of twenty percent in the number of birds
scratches. This does not mean it is easy to cut, set and clean however, in our gardens and parks in just the last four years, so we might soon
as any flaws in the stone make it brittle when it is being cut. They’ve have to travel to the countryside to hear a bird sing.
actually developed a special cut for the stone: the emerald cut. This is Sally: For those that remain in urban areas, this clamour also leaves
a rectangular or square cut with bevelled corners and it really shows birds exposed to danger because they can’t hear alarm calls from
the beauty of this magnificent gemstone, while at the same time pro- other birds. We also found evidence that what remains of the dawn
tecting it from any strain caused by the flaws. chorus, is louder than it used to be. They do this to avoid being
drowned out by the noise of traffic, factories, and so on. The high
Now you will hear Part 2 again. spot of this research was uncovering the fact that robins have started
That is the end of Part 2. singing at night instead of in the morning, though this might be caused
by light pollution rather than noise.
Part 3 Interviewer: And that’s ....
You will hear a discussion in which two ornithologists, Sally Passante
and Barry Winters, talk about a documentary they made about birds in Now you will hear Part 3 again.
Britain. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which That is the end of Part 3.
fits best according to what you hear. You now have 1 minute to look at
Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS] Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in which
Interviewer: Today we’re talking to ornithologists Sally Passante and different people are talking about why they no longer live at home
Barry Winters, who you might recently have seen in their documen- with their family. Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the
tary about the birds of Britain. So, Barry, what’s it like to suddenly be- list (A-H) what reason each speaker gives for moving away. Now look
come famous? at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H) what each
Barry: Well, quite a few TV channels and newspapers have inter- speaker has learned from their experience. While you listen you must
viewed us about the documentary. Apparently we managed to make complete both tasks. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part
bird watching fun and informative, so we hope people will start to Four. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
take more of an interest in wild birds than they have up till now. What
do you think, Sally? Speaker 1
Sally: I hope so, too. All my friends at school thought I was a bit weird Male: Well, I went to visit a good friend in Equatorial Guinea. When I
because I liked birds, but I was brought up with them. My father has arrived, he introduced me to some of the local people and I saw for
so many aviaries, that it’s always been a way of life for me. We had ca- myself what real poverty is. I couldn’t believe that many of them live
naries, budgies, a parrot, a hawk, and he was always taking in injured on less than a dollar a day. I was supposed to visit for three weeks, but
jays, robins, swallows, blackbirds, and so on. As a child, I thought ended up staying as an unpaid English teacher. The students supply me
everyone did the same thing. with food their mother has cooked, bread, vegetables or fruit - what-
Barry: And how long now have you been making documentaries ever they can spare - and I live with my friend. I now appreciate that
about birds ... about ten years, is it? job satisfaction is more important than money, and as long as you have
Sally: Yeah, about that. It’s something I had dreamed of doing, but food and a roof over your head, you’ll survive.
never thought I’d really do it. I was fortunate to have the short videos
I made for my bird website noticed by a producer from a major TV Speaker 2
channel and it went from there. That’s when Barry and I first worked Female: I’d been working for the company for four years when they
together. offered me the chance to relocate to New Zealand. It was a big step
Interviewer: Part of the reason your documentary was so successful up the career ladder for me, and one I hadn’t expected to get for at
was that the content was unusual. For example, you showed birds least ten years. Of course, it was a big decision to move to the other
forming what you described as a congregation where they collectively side of the world on my own, but I felt I couldn’t pass up the opportu-
mourned the death of another bird. How long did that take to film? nity. I’ve made some wonderful new friends and have learned how to
Barry: About a month - maybe a bit longer - just for that part. We fend for myself and stand on my own two feet. I’ve also travelled
were filming some jays when suddenly they all flew off together widely. Something I’m sure I wouldn’t have done in this part of the
squawking and making such a noise. We walked about a mile in the di- world if I’d stayed at home.
rection they’d flown and found them all gathered around a dead body.
There were a lot more birds there than we’d been filming earlier, so
we came to the conclusion that all the calls they made were to attract
other jays to come and pay their respects.
13
Speaker 3 their life in the wild.
Male: I wanted to specialise in a rather obscure branch of medicine Now you will hear the recording again.
and couldn’t find a place where I could do this. Then, someone told
me about a course in America. I applied, though I was fairly pessimistic Extract 2
about my chances, but miracle of miracles, I was accepted. They even You hear part of a discussion in which Frances Hilden, a pho-
gave me a scholarship, so I only had to find the airfares. I lived on cam- tographer, is talking about the problems facing his profession.
pus and soon found a part-time job in a lab that paid well. Living here Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
alone made me a much better student because I have no distractions. Presenter: So what’s the state of photography today, Frances?
I really knuckled down and finished the course six months early. Now Frances: Well, in my opinion there are still some world-class photog-
I have a well-paid job and no intentions of going home. raphers out there and some very promising people learning the ropes
and coming through. However, because of the changes in technology,
Speaker 4 the quality of a lot of photos is just not there. Not like it used to be.
Female: Just a few days after my boyfriend proposed to me, he re- Presenter: Do you mean the cameras are not as good, or the pho-
ceived an e-mail saying he would have to go home to run the family tographers aren’t?
business. He literally had no choice. We had a lot of soul-searching to Frances: I’m referring to the cameras. It’s becoming increasingly diffi-
do. We both liked our jobs and I was sort of taking care of my mother. cult to buy a top quality camera. The public only want to take pictures
I was also rather daunted by moving to a foreign country so far from with their mobile phones, so not so many cameras are being pro-
my homeland, where I didn’t know the language or customs. In the duced. The really good ones are prohibitively expensive and beyond
end, I decided to give it a try, and I don’t regret it one bit. We now the pockets of many young people. Even a second-hand camera is ex-
have the option of staying here or going home, but there is no rush to pensive for the person who hasn’t sold any pictures yet and has no in-
make a decision. come. More and more pictures are uploaded instantly onto the
Internet by the public using their phones. Newspaper websites and
Speaker 5 printed newspapers don’t need to pay a lot for a picture these days,
Male: The day came when I was absolutely broke and had no and why would they when so many people are willing to contribute
prospects whatsoever. I abandoned the local papers and used the In- them more or less for free.
ternet instead. Unemployment in the area I lived was - and still is - so
high that I finally accepted I had no chance. Anyway, I was lucky Now you will hear the recording again.
enough to find a job in the north of England. They paid my travel ex-
penses for the interview and they offered me the position immedi- Extract 3
ately. I’ve never regretted making the move, despite not seeing my You hear part of a radio interview in which an advertising execu-
family as often as I’d like. I got over it in the end, which just goes to tive, Betty Dott, is talking about a successful TV advertising cam-
show how ada- ptable people can be when they need to. paign. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]

Now you will hear Part 4 again.That is the end of Part 4. Interviewer: Do you think it’s true that advertising nowadays is seen
as being something we have to live with rather than something we
enjoy?

TEST 3
Betty: Yes, in general I think that’s true and it’s because we’re sur-
rounded by it wherever we look. But, having said that, occasionally
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for this test. there’s an ad that people take to their heart, and I’m referring specifi-
I shall introduce each part of the test and give you time to look at the cally to the ad for a famous department store that has just won a pres-
questions. At the start of each piece you’ll hear this sound. [BELL] You tigious industry award as the best advert for the second year running.
will hear each piece twice. Remember while you are listening write Interviewer: Yes, but what’s remarkable about this is that the award
your answers in your book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any is given to an advertising campaign that has had the most impact on
questions now, because you must not speak during the test. sales.
Betty: Indeed, and at a time when most household are not spending
Part 1 so much because of the financial crisis. Yet these ads have been cred-
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the an- ited with boosting sales by over one billion pounds and increasing the
swer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are profits of the store by more than two hundred and sixty million
two questions for each extract. pounds in just over two years. It’s phenomenal how much two ads can
generate, yet there are thousands of other mediocre ads that we also
Extract 1 have to live with.
You hear part of a radio programme in which an academic is
giving a talk on dogs. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE Now you will hear the recording again.
15 SECONDS] That is the end of Part 1.

Female: The domestic dog has been part of family life for thousands Part 2
of years. They provided early humans with an animal to guard them, You will hear an anthropologist called Sabrina Harvey giving a
fur, a food source, and also acted as a beast of burden. Domestic dogs talk about the developed world’s increasing life expectancy.
are descendents of grey wolves, and still being debated is whether do- For questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word or
mestic dogs were deliberately tamed and socialised, or if it just hap- short phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part
pened. One theory is that early wolves were scavengers and attracted 2. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
to the refuse left behind by humans. One characteristic of all animals is
‘flight distance’. This is how close an animal will allow a human to get Hello. My name’s Sabrina Harvey and I’ve been asked to talk to you
before it turns tail and runs. Animals with a shorter flight distance will about our increasing life expectancy. First of all, it’s an accepted fact
continue to eat despite the presence of humans. Those with a longer these days that people in the developed world are quite likely to live
flight distance will run away. This trait would be passed down to suc- to be a hundred. This is a headache for governments, who are trying
cessive generations, eventually breeding animals that were more and to cope with paying pensions to more people for longer and provide
more comfortable around humans. So, in theory, wolves separated health care for more aging members of the population - particularly
into two populations - those that followed people and the packs of mental health care, where the most money is spent healthwise.
hunting wolves that disliked being around humans and who continued
14
Yet people aren’t planning ahead for their old age because they just time, but I’m afraid that’s just not true. I also prefer to think that my
cannot imagine themselves getting old. Our perception of what is old family work with me rather than for me. We all know what we have
changes as we age. For instance, thirteen-year-olds think twenty is to do and have our areas of expertise, so we just get on with it. We
old. When they’re twenty, they’ll think thirty is old, and so on. There- don’t need to keep looking over each other’s shoulders.
fore, they themselves are never old - it’s always the people at least a George: It’s amazing, but our skills seem to complement each other.
decade older than them who are actually old. And what we consider Therefore we don’t bicker about who should be doing what. We focus
old has changed, too. Middle age was commonly accepted as begin- on our own part of the business. In my case that’s the website, orders
ning at the age of forty, yet most people now think of middle age as and deliveries. Molly’s husband concentrates on our retailers, and so
starting at the age of fifty-five. That’s a big difference. on. Molly used to do everything on her own.
Molly: Yes, but at the beginning it was on a much smaller scale. How-
Today, a female child born in the UK has a one-in-three likelihood of ever, going back to what George just said, we now have one hundred
reaching a century, and a boy one-in-four. In addition to these figures, members of staff and we made a decision to only hire people we like.
the projection is that over a fifth of the women now aged forty and We don’t mind if they haven’t done the work before; in some ways
around fifteen percent of men, will also live to be a hundred. With that’s a blessing, as we can train them how we want them to perform,
these figures in mind, by 2066 it’s predicted there will be more than but they must have the same values and vision as us. Everyone is re-
half a million centenarians, and that’s a conservative estimate. Unfor- viewed each year and good performance and maintaining standards
tunately, people don’t understand what this means for them. means a pay rise. So everyone pulls together and gets a good job
done.
However, it’s not really how many people live longer; it’s the more George: Molly didn’t start the company with expectations of being so
practical concern of pensions. People will have to save more and in- big. She makes a good product that’s value for money, and through
vest in private pensions, as governments just cannot afford to pay so word of mouth, her orders increased. The lucky break though, was
many for so long. An alternative is to raise the age of retirement. This when a member of the royal family ordered a satchel - orders went
could go as high as seventy-five, but it relies on people being healthy through the roof then. We couldn’t deal with them all. Fortunately, I’d
and active enough to be able to continue working that long. It’s all just set up the website, so everyone could see what we offered and I
about how we keep people productive for as long as possible. announced on the site that orders would be delayed as there were so
many of them. We didn’t have any complaints and I think people ap-
Going back to what I said earlier, people are just not capable of seeing preciated our honesty.
themselves getting older or being old. This is exactly the reason why Molly: Yes, although we have eight different collections and a choice
people do not invest in a pension. They think they won’t need it and of colours, each satchel is hand-made to order. We don’t keep any in
it’s a waste of money that the pension companies will profit from. Ba- stock. Our retail stockists place an order once a month with us, so
sically, we don’t care enough about ourselves in the future as we can’t some of the staff work on making them, and others on the satchels or-
see ourselves being there. dered via the website. We occasionally have phone or written orders,
too. Generally, things run very smoothly, but we still have our highs
It’s great to be living longer, but what’s really important is the quality and lows.
of these extra years. How do we know if they will be taken up with George: But not on the scale of a few years ago, though it’s still very
work, being both mentally and physically active, or being bed-ridden, demanding and we work long hours. The good thing is that as we’re
ill and frail? If we cannot rely on people working for longer than they family, we all know where everyone is all the time and what we’re
are today, the expanding lifespan will become the biggest issue for society. doing. And it’s not unusual for us to work a seven day week to fulfil
orders, but we’re together. My wife and our children help out when
If we compare ourselves with animals, apart from a few species like they have the time, so it’s sometimes all hands on deck.
elephants, old age is rare. Even those animals thought to be genetically Molly: Absolutely. One huge benefit for us is that we don’t have the
similar to us, like chimpanzees, usually die young due to attacks by expense of advertising. Most of our clients, despite us having many
predators, infighting or a lack of food. competitors in the industry, are referrals from previous customers.
We haven’t needed an agency to manufacture an image for us. We’re
In contrast, mankind is experiencing an incredible advance in longevity. also managing to hold our own against some big names and there are
For around the last half century, life expectancy has been boosted at a a number of reasons why. First and foremost is the quality of the
rate of six hours a day. For the first time ever in British history, there leather we use and our workmanship. We’re also realistic about deliv-
are more people over forty-five than under, and it’s up to us to solve ery dates and don’t make promises we can’t keep, despite delivering
the problems this wonderful gift has given us. worldwide.
George: We also provide an aftercare service. All our satchels are de-
Now you will hear Part 2 again. livered with advice on how best to look after them and we also offer a
That is the end of Part 2. repair service should someone damage their satchel or want it
spruced up or cleaned.
Molly: The question I’m most asked is...

Part 3 Now you will hear Part 3 again.

You will hear part of a programme in which Molly and George, who are That is the end of Part 3.
brother and sister, talk about Molly’s business, The Satchel Company.
For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best
according to what you hear. You now have 1 minute to look at Part 3.
[PAUSE 60 SECONDS] Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in which
Interviewer: I’m very pleased to welcome to the programme this different people are talking about films they have seen. Look at Task 1.
evening brother and sister, Molly Coppings and George Aquilina-Daw- For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) why each speaker saw
son. Molly started her own business, working from her garden shed that particular film. Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose
making satchels. Today, from the list (A-H) each speaker’s opinion of the film they saw. While
The Satchel Company is a multi-million pound business, and her you listen you must complete both tasks. You now have 45 seconds in
brother, husband and eldest son all work for her. What’s it like work- which to look at Part 4. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
ing with family, Molly?
Molly: Well, I’m aware that people want to hear that we argue all the
15
Speaker 1
Female: I wanted to see for myself if it lived up to all the hype. Even TEST 4
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for this test.
the film critics reached a consensus on its quality and piqued my inter-
I shall introduce each part of the test and give you time to look at the
est. Everything I read said the cast is perfect in their roles, the scenery
questions. At the start of each piece you’ll hear this sound. [BELL] You
is breathtaking and the script is well-written. Added to this is the sub-
will hear each piece twice. Remember while you are listening write
ject matter of the film. For many, a taboo subject, but everyone said it
your answers in your book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any
is handled with dignity. Despite there being some interesting points of
questions now, because you must not speak during the test.
view put across by the screenwriters, it doesn’t really challenge the
beliefs I already have and I still don’t understand all the praise being
heaped on it. It’s a mediocre film - not exceptional. Part 1
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the an-
swer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are
Speaker 2
two questions for each extract.
Male: Everyone kept telling me that I should see the film, as I would
love it. The trouble was that I wasn’t keen on seeing it; I just didn’t
think it would be my cup of tea. So I wasn’t best pleased when my sis- Extract 1
ter said she would buy tickets for us to go one night. I kept putting it You hear Tessa Osborne being interviewed about lifelogging
off, hoping that the film would finish at the cinema, but for some rea- and why people do it. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE
son it was there forever. Eventually I couldn’t put it off and we went. 15 SECONDS]
My initial feeling was right. I found the film very childish, based on
farce, which I really dislike. I just can’t understand how it was so popu- Interviewer: Tessa, what exactly is lifelogging?
lar with so many people. Tessa: Basically, it’s the activity of recording your everyday life by car-
rying a wearable camera or other digital recording device around with
Speaker 3 you, usually around the neck.
Female: For a long time, the only films I’d been to see were come- Interviewer: Why would anyone want to do that?
dies and thrillers. Then a friend asked me to go with her to see a Tessa: Well, it’s one way to look back and see how you’ve spent your
genre of film I don’t really watch; a film based on a true story. I don’t time and to preserve those experiences that really mean something to
watch these because they don’t usually remain faithful to the true you. You can keep this information to yourself, or share with other
story. They remain faithful to Hollywood - facts don’t matter. How- people, whether it’s friends or family.
ever, I actually quite enjoyed it and can understand why it’s become a Interviewer: But what’s the point of lifelogging?
cult movie. The style of telling the story is different and so is the way it Tessa: Some people would argue that it’s simply a modern, sophisti-
is filmed. It’s not the sort of film I would want to see twice, but I can cated alternative to hard copies of photographs, writing a diary or fill-
see why it’s got a following. ing up a scrapbook. You can upload what you’ve recorded to your
computer to build up a digital library of your daily existence. It’s not
Speaker 4 just taking pictures or video. It also refers to keeping e-mails, making a
Female: I’ve never enjoyed films that are complicated and difficult to record of what music you’ve listened to or what films you’ve watched,
understand. When I see a film, I want to be entertained, relax and storing online messaging history, and so on. It’s just a personal archive
enjoy myself. Sitting in the cinema getting stressed because I can’t un- that’s fairly easy to construct.
derstand the plot, I wonder why I bothered to go. This film was just
such an example. I only went because I had nothing else to do when I Now you will hear the recording again.
was away on a business trip, but the complex, interwoven plot re-
quired a lot of concentration. It must have been on for an hour before Extract 2
I had a glimmer of what was going on and I left the cinema feeling anx- You hear a museum curator talking about a mask that was
ious and full of nervous tension. used at a funeral. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15
SECONDS]
Speaker 5
Male: I chose to see this film because it covers a period of relative re- Male: This wooden mask comes from Asia. It’s about 12 inches long,
cent history that I don’t remember because I was too young. I’d read a eight inches wide, and shows the face of a woman, with closed eyes
lot about it, so wasn’t totally ignorant about the topic, but was quite and a serene appearance. Above the face is a very ornate headdress,
interested to see how it would be treated in a movie. It sounded as about the same size as the face, although it appears bigger. The head-
though it would be entertaining and not just a boring repetition of the dress implies that this is the funeral mask of a woman of high status.
facts. I was right. It brought the events to life and showed both sides Going by the wood and its condition, we think it’s over two hundred
of the story in a fair way. Although it was three-hours long, the time years old, and it’s quite rare because not many of them have survived.
passed in a flash, and before I was aware of it, it was finished. I’d rec- A funeral mask is a wax or plaster cast made of the person’s face after
ommend everyone sees it. death. Obviously this mask, although called a funeral mask, was not
made that way. This would have been made to put over the face after
Now you will hear Part 4 again. That is the end of Part 4. the woman had passed away, and is unlikely to truly represent what
the woman looked like. This sort of mask was traditionally used be-
cause it was believed to guard the soul from evil spirits on its way to
the afterworld. It was probably later displayed in the home to show
she was always watching over the family.
Now you will hear the recording again.

Extract 3
You hear the introduction to a radio programme about food for
the brain. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]

Female: The brain, the most important organ in the body, needs ex-
ercising and stimulating like any other part of the body. Yet most peo-
ple don’t realise that the food we consume has a direct effect on how
it functions. Eating the right foods with the proteins that help to im-
16
prove memory and concentration are essential, and ensures the Indeed, all the teacher-student interaction among non-human animals
brain’s performance is first class. Unfortunately, the foods the brain entails only one explicit kind of information transfer. Only humans im-
needs are not popular today. For example, omega-3 fatty acids are fats part knowledge about everything and anything. Only humans learn
that are necessary for a healthy brain, found in fish such as halibut, how to fly planes, deal with finances, send e-mails, manufacture goods
trout, tuna and salmon. The body does not produce these fatty acids, and use different kinds of transport. The lives that humans lead are
and as the brain is made up of fatty tissue, it needs omega-3 fats to only possible because we are so skilful at teaching and learning from
help with learning and to keep the brain fit and strong. Yet today, es- teachers. In some ways, the distinction between humans and animals
pecially amongst the young, very few eat fish, so they’re missing out is one of degree rather than kind, but there is one big difference be-
on the benefits to their brain. Avocados are another example. Rich in tween us and other species. We not only teach; we’re capable of
potassium, vitamins A, B and E, they are also full of monounsaturated teaching anything.
fat, or ‘good’ fats, which improve blood circulation. This sends more
oxygen to the brain, ensuring it functions at its best. Now you will hear Part 2 again.
That is the end of Part 2.
Now you will hear the recording again.
That is the end of Part 1. Part 3
You will hear two architecture students, Gareth and Hilary, discussing
Part 2 the course they are doing. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A,
You will hear a lecture about the differences between human and ani- B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. You now have 1
mal learning. For questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
or short phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2.
[PAUSE 45 SECONDS] Hilary: This course is proving to be much more interesting than I
imagined it would be, Gareth.
I’d like to talk today about the differences between the way animals Gareth: Yes, it really makes you sit up and think, because there’s so
teach their young and how humans teach our young. Perhaps we much more to it than just architecture.
should start first by clarifying what teaching actually is. Developmental Hilary: From the first day I was engrossed in it. Do you remember at
psychologists classify it as the transfer of information, knowledge or the beginning we were asked to model a city that would accommo-
skills from one person to one or more other individuals. This knowl- date one million people? We were told to work out what infrastruc-
edge should be modified to suit the needs of the student or students. ture, housing and shopping facilities we’d include and then keep that
It must also be something that can be applied to new situations, original model on our laptop. That was fun, but changing it as we’re
events, people, places, and so on. going through the course and making improvements has been even
more enjoyable.
If we look at how some animals teach their young, we can then com- We’ve saved every version so we can see how it’s changed as we’ve
pare them with humans. Let’s take as an example the meerkat. Adult learned something new.
meerkats teach their young about the danger of stingers in scorpions Gareth: Yes, you can easily see what you under or overestimated
by first presenting them with a dead scorpion that has had its stinger would be needed. And it’s amazing to think that the main idea of our
removed. The young can then safely learn how to remove the parts city is to build up as high as possible. I didn’t really consider so many
they can eat. Once the young have mastered this lesson, they gradu- skyscrapers, but it’s obviously the way of the future with so many
ate to dead scorpions that still have their stingers. Ultimately, the people moving to cities now.
young meerkats move on to removing the stingers from live scorpi- Hilary: It never entered my head that skyscrapers could be con-
ons. Thus the meerkat pups have learned the whole process of inter- nected by sky-bridges and corridors, served by elevated transport sys-
acting with scorpions, starting with the completely safe specimens to tems. And what about high-rise parks and gardens. Fantastic ideas!
the live ones that can kill them. Gareth: And let’s not forget going underground. I was surprised to
learn that we’ll have to make more use of the space beneath our feet.
However, the older meerkats never actually show their pups how to Showing us the example of Singapore where there are already shop-
kill a scorpion; they just provide the instructions. In other words, the ping centres with floors that go down several storeys below street
meerkat teachers don’t really teach, at least not according to the defi- level, was a real eye-opener.
nition of teaching I just mentioned. Hilary: All the modules on this course have captured everyone’s at-
tention. I did history of architecture and design at school and this
Another example is that of ants, which might be somewhat closer to course encompasses these, and more.
what we accept as teaching. When an ant discovers food, it teaches a Gareth: Yes, and other topics such as architects having to take into
second ant where to find it. When they leave the nest together, the account economy of scale and how they achieve it, for example, by
first ant slows down or stops every now and then, so that the second using low-energy innovations.
ant can remember the route between the food and the nest. The ant Hilary: Those ideas particularly drew my attention. I love the notion
with the information goes first and is continually tapped on its rear of using ‘ice-batteries’. Whoever thought up the idea of using cheap
end by the learner’s antennae, so that it continues to show the path to electricity at night to freeze water in the basement and then let it melt
the food. It seems to need the reassurance that the pupil is following during the day to cool the air in the building was extremely imaginative.
and learning. Nonetheless, although both meerkats and ants adjust Gareth: That building... what was it called ... oh, yes, The Bank of
their teaching based on how their students are reacting, only the ants America Tower ... apart from the ‘ice-batteries’, was built mainly from
communicate openly. It’s a two-way street between teacher and student. recycled material. It also stores rainwater to recycle and conserves
water using other means. I’m looking forward to going to New York
This form of tuition though, does not fit the definition of teaching. The to see it, though I suppose by the time we get there it will have been
knowledge being transferred from one ant to the other is specialised superseded by another building that’s taller and even more innovative.
information, based on the moment and on one specific thing. One ant Hilary: Mm... True. And don’t you think money must play a huge part?
is not teaching the other how to find food generally, but where food You can’t just spend a fortune designing a building to suit your own
can be found right at that moment. In fact, lots of other animals teach ideals. After all, the owner will want to sell or rent the flats, retail
in the same way. Bees perform intricate dances to show where food space or whatever and make a profit. Therefore there must be a
can be located, and monkeys signal each other with calls when a pred- budget which would impose some limitations.
ator is nearby. But what a monkey cannot tell other members of its Gareth: Absolutely. So have you decided what your project will be
group is which direction the predator is coming from or when it will about? I bet it’s going to be along the lines of how people will move
come, for example, in an hour or later. around, as well as live and relax in their ivory towers in the sky.
17
Hilary: How did you guess? Joking aside, I’m considering focusing on Male: I didn’t really know what I wanted to do after I left school, so I
how to improve escape routes in the event of some sort of disaster sort of drifted into sales. I thought it would be easy, but it was far from
coupled with designing something that can house thousands of people it. The problem was that to make a sale you had to be really forceful
but is constructed so that no one feels overcrowded or cramped. and not take ‘No’ for an answer. We were trained to use all the argu-
Gareth: Sounds good. I’m going to concentrate on solar power. Not ments we could to convince them to buy. I resigned when I saw a cus-
just from the point of optimising solar energy for heating; more from tomer in tears because they couldn’t make the monthly payments. I
the penetration of the sun into the building so that everyone gets couldn’t bear to see someone in so much distress; distress caused by
enough light in their home. Also, so the sun is not blocked out in the one of my colleagues, but it could quite as easily have been me.
gardens, walkways or parks that you mentioned earlier. Taller build-
ings also shouldn’t block out the sun on other shorter buildings. Now you will hear Part 4 again.
Hilary: Good luck with it. That is the end of Part 4.

Now you will hear Part 3 again.

TEST 5
That is the end of Part 3.

Part 4 Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for this test.
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in which I shall introduce each part of the test and give you time to look at the
different people are talking about what they experienced in their first questions. At the start of each piece you’ll hear this sound. [BELL] You
job. Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) will hear each piece twice. Remember while you are listening write
why each person dislikes the job. Now look at Task 2. For questions 26- your answers in your book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any
30, choose from the list (A-H) what reason each person gives for leav- questions now, because you must not speak during the test.
ing. While you listen you must complete both tasks. You now have
forty-five seconds in which to look at Part 4. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS] Part 1
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the an-
Speaker 1 swer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are
Female: Times have changed a lot since my first job. I was sixteen, two questions for each extract.
and went to work in an office as the Office Junior.
This meant I made the tea, along with doing the filing and photocopy- Extract 1
ing. I liked my colleagues, but it got on my nerves that they constantly You hear a radio presenter introducing an item about a famous
complained how much they had to do. When I offered to help, they building. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
wouldn’t let me. They guarded their jobs with their life. Everyone had
worked there for donkey’s years, but I eventually got bored because I Presenter: First on the programme today, we’ll be discussing the re-
didn’t have enough to do. It was the same old thing, day after day. port the House of Commons Commission has just brought out, as
When I handed in my notice, they were shocked. Jobs were for life part of their planning on when and how to repair the Houses of Parlia-
then, not just six months. ment. This document is concerned with the more humdrum consider-
ations - removing the asbestos in the building, and repairing or
Speaker 2 replacing leaking pipes and wiring. Above all, the problem is whether
Male: My first job was as a waiter, which probably sounds very old- to complete the work over a number of years with the MPs and peers
fashioned now. However, it was quite well-paid, plus we got tips from in residence, or whether to move them to another location and have
the customers. We worked different hours each week, and nearly al- the repairs completed as quickly as possible. I asked John Thurso, the
ways worked weekends, but I didn’t mind. The problem was that all speaker for the House of Commons Commission, to comment.
the other waiters were at least forty years older than me, so they gave John: The government could move to the Olympic Media Centre or
me all the horrible jobs they didn’t want to do. This included mixing QE2 Conference Centre here in London, or to
the mustard powder with water. The smell was so strong that it made Birmingham. In my experience, I’ve found it is usually better to leave
me feel ill. It was overpowering. Despite this, I actually left because for two years, or whatever, and get the job done, than suffer the in-
my mother insisted I got a job in an office, otherwise I would have convenience and be unable to work properly for 10 years. However,
stayed. it’s still under discussion at the moment, especially as it will cost more
than one billion pounds to complete.
Speaker 3
Male: As soon as I left school, I began an apprenticeship as a plumber. Now you will hear the recording again.
I took to it naturally, and really enjoyed what I was doing. I loved mak-
ing people smile after I’d fixed something in their house. I was so good Extract 2
at it, that eventually my boss just sent me wherever, and he didn’t do a You hear a reviewer talking about a novel which he has read re-
thing. I realised that I was making a lot of money for him, while he sat cently. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
at home. So, I talked it over with my parents and decided to start out
on my own. It was hard at first, but now I have a thriving business with Male: This is a very witty book, with parts of it moving along at a
more than twenty employees. And I still work with them. great pace, and then slowing while the boy, the main character in the
book, reflects on human nature or on events that happened before
Speaker 4 the book begins.
Female: I was recruited by the Civil Service whilst I was still at univer- The most surprising thing for me is that despite being set in South
sity, so as soon as I finished my Finals, I started work at a Job Centre, Africa, no mention is made of any the historic events that were going
as they were then known. I was on the lowest rung of the totem pole, on there at the time. It focuses solely on the boy and his experiences
despite having a degree, and what it didn’t take long for me to realise as he grows into manhood. The strange thing is that we never find out
was that there was practically no opportunity for me to progress any his real name. He explains how he got his nickname, but his birth
further. It literally meant someone leaving or retiring before that name is never mentioned. Even his age is in some doubt, though he
would happen. The final straw was when they froze our salaries for appears to leave home with no fanfare when he is quite young to set
three years. I decided then to move into the private sector and be finan- off on his quest to become a boxer. The descriptions are crisp and
cially rewarded for having the degree that I’d worked so hard to get. thought provoking, seen through the eyes of a young boy. Many of his
observations will make the reader laugh out loud. It’s certainly a well-
Speaker 5 written book that’s worth the money.
18
Now you will hear the recording again. The Internet and YouTube have enabled people who speak an endan-
gered language and live in remote areas to interact with a worldwide
Extract 3 audience. In northeast India, for instance, in a tiny village, two hip-hop
In a radio programme, you hear a woman talking about her last singers, who sing in Aka, their own endangered language, have at-
birthday. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS] tracted an audience of nearly ten thousand people. Fewer than one
thousand people currently speak Aka, but more than ten times that
Female: All my friends and work colleagues forgot my birthday last are listening to their music.
January and when they realised, were more upset than I was. The
older you get, the more birthdays lose their importance, so I was only The Hadza now have their language saved in a talking dictionary. It
a bit miffed that they’d forgotten. I think this was mainly because I could be perfect timing, as their life is changing in more ways than just
never forget theirs, and I suppose it made me feel insignificant in their their language dying out. As they stop living their traditional way of life
lives as none of them had remembered. It also brought to mind how and the young migrate to other places, fewer and fewer of their com-
excited my siblings and I used to get about birthdays when we were munity will engage with each other using their clicking language. It will
young. The whole extended family made a big fuss of us and there was be the end of a way of life that was once the way all of our ancestors
always a wonderful cake. There were also lots of gifts - nothing ex- lived. So let’s hope that technology has arrived in time to help pre-
pensive but thought had gone into the choice so you always got some- serve as many endangered languages as possible for posterity, but es-
thing you were bound to love. Thinking about those days actually pecially the Hadza.
made me feel very nostalgic, not just for the excitement, but for being
with the whole family and being made to feel so special on what was Now you will hear Part 2 again.
always the most distinctive day of the year. That is the end of Part 2.

Now you will hear the recording again. Part 3

That is the end of Part 1. You will hear a programme in which Eva and John Kapos talk about
their hand-made chocolate shop. For questions 15-20, choose the an-
Part 2 swer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. You
You will hear John Kremis, a language researcher, giving a talk about now have 1 minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
languages that are dying out, but might now be saved through technol-
ogy. For questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word or short Interviewer: Eva and John Kapos inherited a hand-made chocolate
phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2. [PAUSE shop fifteen years ago. Since then, they’ve invested time and money to
45 SECONDS] modernise the shop, improve sales, expand their confectionery line,
export abroad, and open a factory to increase production. So, Eva and
I’d like to tell you about a tribe of people whose language is in danger John, has having a factory helped or hindered you?
of dying out, the Hadza. They live by the side of Lake Eyasi in North- Eva: Well, one thing that was a bonus for us was that the shop was al-
ern Tanzania and are a tribe of ancient hunter gatherers who possess ready established and well-known locally.
nothing but the clothes on their back. Despite the fact they own noth- We were also given a lot of advice by the bank, especially about
ing, they are adept at fashioning everything they need from the envi- whether to rent or buy a factory, square footage we were likely to
ronment. But that is not all that makes these people unique; the need, where we saw the business going, and so on. They really helped
Hadza are said to be the most ancient modern humans. They are us to be more resourceful in what we were doing.
thought to be the only surviving group of people that separated from John: As regards the factory, we didn’t want to think too big before
our ancestral family tree and are now not genetically related to any we were ready for it, or spend beyond our means. We weren’t sure
other peoples. The language they speak is made up of a series of clicks what was realistic.
and is nothing like other clicking languages. It might even, according to Eva: So meeting people from the bank and them introducing us to
some linguists, be man’s first ancestral tongue. people in a similar situation was great. We could see what ordinary
people like us had gone through.
The sad part is that the language may not survive for much longer. The
John: Just being able to have a conversation with them, and get hints
Hadza have inhabited this area of Tanzania for around ten thousand
and tips about how to avoid the problems they had, helped us so
years, but of the fewer than one thousand Hadza that remain, less
much. We managed to steer clear of many things that could have been
than four hundred of them live the same life as their ancestors. They
expensive mistakes. In the past, we made the chocolates at the back
are one of the last hunter-gatherers left on the planet, but their land is
of the shop, so as we’ve moved production to the factory, we had
being taken for farmland, and other activities. In addition to this, their
space there and utilised it by setting up a drinking chocolate and cof-
clicking language is spurned by many of the Hadza young, who prefer
fee bar. This has proved to be very popular with locals.
to speak Swahili, the official language of Tanzania. It is not just their
Eva: Technology has also been a great asset to us. Our website en-
vocabulary and grammar which is in danger of becoming extinct. It’s
abled us to receive orders from all over Australia, and now the world.
the world’s linguistic cultural heritage.
Our website design company is very professional and has also given us
It’s estimated that every fortnight a language ceases to exist. Of the a lot of advice.
roughly seven thousand languages spoken around the world today, John: Fortunately we had some idea of what we wanted on the site,
more than half will have disappeared by the end of this century. Lan- and felt it useful to include information about us and the history of the
guages are dying out quicker than animal species. Eight out of ten of shop. Of course, we looked at our competitors’ sites and came to the
these languages are from Africa and the majority of them have no conclusion that what was also imperative was to have a reliable con-
written form. When the last speaker dies, the language becomes extinct. tact system set up, so we use all means of electronic communication
and encourage feedback about our products and service to see if we
Technology, however, might be coming to the rescue. An American need to improve.
linguist has invented talking dictionaries to preserve languages in dan- Eva: Some customers thought that as we now have a factory our
ger of dying out completely. He makes audio recordings of native chocolates would no longer be hand-made.
speakers and along with pictures, posts them on a YouTube channel That’s not the case. We have bigger machinery to weigh, measure and
for endangered languages. In the case of languages that have never mix, to ensure consistency in the taste of the chocolates, but after that
been written down, an orthography - or script - of the language has everything is done by hand. So we include videos of us on our web-
been created so it can be used on mobile phones to send text mes- site, so that people can watch us actually making the chocolates.
sages. So far there are eight talking dictionaries, but more are being John: Opening the factory was a huge gamble for us, but thankfully it’s
prepared. proved successful and worth the risk. Now we give small presenta-
19
tions to other clients of the bank, who have a small business like ours. see for me, was the figure of justice holding a sword and scales in her
This is not just helpful to the people we meet, but for us, too. hands above the building’s iconic copper dome. I’d always thought she
Eva: Yes, because we had to think back to all the things that we’d was blindfolded - to show she was against undue influence - but she
gone through, as there were things that we hadn’t actually looked at, isn’t. Apparently, a lot of those who go through those doors are not of
specific aspects of this process that we just took for granted, but are the same opinion.
valuable for us to pass on. We didn’t, as such, have a business plan be-
cause the shop was already up and running. It might have been very Speaker 5
different had we had to start from scratch. Male: A day at St. James’s is an education. You get panoramic views of
John: We also didn’t really have a budget; all we knew was that we the London Eye and Westminster, and if you stand on the footbridge
didn’t want to get into debt and work long hours to pay off loans. We that spans the lake, you can see Buckingham Palace. We rented a
waited to do everything until we had the money. We also had to term deckchair and sat in the shade, watching the squirrels and birds while
about hiring staff and all the legal implications of taking that step. Be- eating a picnic. On the lake there are ducks, swans and geese, but the
fore that it was a family business and they all took a share of the prof- coolest thing of all was the pelicans, which stop by the rocks at the
its rather than a salary. Today we couldn’t manage without taking on side of the lake every day at half past two to eat. They were very
staff. amusing to watch. I was surprised; there was much more to see and
Interviewer: Eva and John Kapos, thank you. Now, ... do there than I had imagined.

Now you will hear Part 3 again. Now you will hear Part 4 again.
That is the end of Part 3. That is the end of Part 4.

Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in which

TEST 6
people are talking about a place they have visited in London. Look at
Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) what type of
place each speaker visited. Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for this test.
choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker most liked about each I shall introduce each part of the test and give you time to look at the
place. While you listen you must complete both tasks. You now have 45 questions. At the start of each piece you’ll hear this sound. [BELL] You
seconds in which to look at Part 4. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS] will hear each piece twice. Remember while you are listening write
your answers in your book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any
Speaker 1 questions now, because you must not speak during the test.
Male: My day out was brilliant. I went to a special exhibition called the
Rain Room. You enter a dark area where there’s a spotlight shining Part 1
onto falling water. It sounds like a downpour and you start to feel the You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the an-
dampness in the air. The amazing thing is that when you move into the swer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are
‘rain’, you don’t get wet. The water over your head stops as you walk, two questions for each extract.
making it feel like you are special and won’t get wet however hard it
pours. The best thing for me was seeing how wary people were at Extract 1
first, putting out their hand to feel the rain and then finally dancing in You hear a man talking about a tombstone in Rome. Now look
it, but not getting wet. at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
In Rome, a tombstone survives of a young boy, dated 94 AD. The
Speaker 2 boy’s name was Quintus Sulpicius Maximus, and he died aged just
Female: While we were there, we went into the Planetarium. You eleven years, five months and twelve days old. His statue stands on a
feel like you’re in Star Trek, whizzing round the galaxies on the inside pedestal overlooking the Piazza Fiume, a busy intersection in central
of its roof, sitting in a comfortable chair. There are also many interac- Rome. In his left hand is a scroll, appropriate for a young poet, and he
tive displays you can play on, which makes it easy and fun to learn is wearing a toga to indicate he was a Roman citizen, despite his young
about gravity, meteorites and space missions. What I was most fasci- age. Not long before his death, he had entered an adult poetry com-
nated by though, is what is outside in the courtyard. There you can petition, in which he composed and recited a very long poem in
put your feet both sides of the meridian line and pretend to be in two Greek. He didn’t win, but only a few months after the competition, he
hemispheres at the same time. Out there you also get fantastic views suddenly died. His proud but heartbroken parents explain this on the
of Greenwich, and can even spy on other tourists by using the unique tombstone, along with the fact that he had worked himself to death.
Camera Obscura. His poem is also carved on the stone so everyone would know how
clever he was. However, perhaps this example serves more as a re-
Speaker 3 minder that pushy parent syndrome still continues today. Maybe par-
Male: I spent most of the day at the ‘home of cricket’. First, I took the ents should allow their children to be children, and not push them to
very absorbing hour-and-a-half tour of the ground and facilities. This excel when they are not ready for it.
included the Long Room, where members watch matches looked
down on by the portraits of cricket’s most famous people. The mu- Now you will hear the recording again.
seum is packed full of memorabilia and I could see it appealed to visi-
tors who were cricket fans, as well as those that weren’t. My favourite Extract 2
thing of all was seeing for myself the famous weather vane in the You hear part of a radio discussion about people’s behaviour in
shape of Father Time, now atop the Mound Stand. I’ve seen many pic- lifts. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
tures of it, but never the real thing. The media centre was unusual,
too; it looks just like a clock radio. Louise: Mark, you’ve had the experience of being stuck in a lift for
hours. How did you pass the time?
Speaker 4 Mark: Well, I started thinking about why we behave so weirdly in lifts.
Female: Spending the day at a place so steeped in history was amaz- I noticed that the four of us in the lift all stayed in our own corner,
ing. The Old Bailey is a byword for notorious people being put on trial forming a square. We didn’t even talk very much after the first five
and even today you can see some interesting cases. You can’t take minutes or so or of being stuck.
anything into the room with you, and the seats are very uncomfort- Louise: Yes, I’ve noticed that. Two people take diagonally opposite
able, so I was glad I could sit on my jumper. Even more interesting to corners and when a third person enters the lift, they form a triangle.
20
It’s because there’s not enough space. We normally stand about an All this does not take into account the effect on the habitats of plants
arm’s length of distance apart when we meet someone, and there’s and animals, which all play their part in keeping the temperature on an
just not enough room in a lift to do that. even keel. They cannot evolve as quickly as humans can, to the new
Mark: Maybe, but I also think part of it is that we try to act in a way circumstances. Human kind won’t have to evolve, but the way and
that can’t be considered threatening in such a confined space. So we where we live will, costing billions of pounds to adapt. Cities and their
don’t make eye-contact and always look at the floor numbers or down infrastructure will have to be moved and new ways to produce food
at the floor. will also have to be found.
Louise: True, but although we know lifts are safe, most people can’t
wait to get out of them. The biggest problem is that were we to find a solution to the amount
of carbon dioxide in the air, it wouldn’t make much difference for a
Now you will hear the recording again. couple of hundred years. We’d still be emitting it, there’s a lot already
in the atmosphere and it’s a gas that lasts a long time, so temperatures
Extract 3 will continue to rise.
You hear a woman talking about tourists. Now look at Ques-
tions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS] However, now a way has been devised that could start to slow down
the problem. They have made an artificial tree that absorbs the car-
Female: Well, by the 1970s, package tours were the new way to bon dioxide from the air through the ‘leaves’ which is claimed to be
travel and explore the rest of the world. These new tourists were one thousand times more efficient than real leaves. These trees don’t
spoiled and indulged wherever they went by holiday companies or ho- need the sun like real trees do, so as they can be placed closer to-
tels. Their holiday experience was tailored to meet their expectations, gether, more of them can be used.
as opposed to what was really on offer in their host country.
They expected the same food and comforts as they would receive at The leaves, which appear to be like papery plastic, are covered in a
home, never taking into account that they were not actually at home. substance that includes sodium carbonate. This substance extracts
Therefore, when something happened that let them part the curtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, yet the accumulation on the leaf
to see real life in the country they were in, they were shocked. This can be washed off with water. Each leaf then can dry in the wind and
was something they were unprepared for and gave them the impres- absorb yet more carbon dioxide.
sion that all foreign countries were dangerous. Unfortunately, in some
ways this attitude has not really changed today. Tourists still don’t learn The trees have been proven to be very effective, with one tree ab-
much about the country they are visiting, preferring to lounge on the sorbing one tonne of carbon dioxide a day. Planting ten million of
beach, eat international food and do the odd bit of sightseeing, which these trees would extract three point six billion tonnes of carbon
is just enough culture for them. dioxide a year. This is the equivalent to almost ten percent of the car-
bon dioxide produced annually. Encouraging figures, but the problem
Now you will hear the recording again. remains that they are expensive to produce and there’s no point in,
That is the end of Part 1. say, just the UK planting them. Every country in the world needs to
plant these trees to have any effect.
Part 2
You will hear Rachael Dawson, an environmentalist, giving a brief talk Now you will hear Part 2 again.
about an opportunity to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the That is the end of Part 2.
atmosphere. For questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word
or short phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2.
[PAUSE 45 SECONDS] Part 3
You will hear part of a discussion between two education experts,
Scientists have for decades been investigating ways to reduce global David Wilcox and Gabriella Dale, who are talking about how the in-
temperatures by reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Car- creasing number of online universities is redefining learning and educa-
bon dioxide, the cause of rising temperatures, has no colour and no tion. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits
smell and unlike oxygen and nitrogen, it soaks up the heat of the Sun’s best according to what you hear. You now have 1 minute to look at
rays despite letting light rays go through, just like the glass in a green- Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
house. Scientists have been experimenting to find ways to adjust the tem-
perature by lowering some of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Interviewer: It’s a pleasure to welcome two researchers from the
government’s Education Department, David and Gabriella, to lead our
If they succeeded, it would be more than just a feat of engineering to discussion on what’s happening to education today. Some are accusing
adjust nature. It would give Earth numerous advantages that super- the Internet of hijacking students, leading to the inevitable collapse of
sede just lowering the temperature of the planet. traditional ways of learning. Are they right, Gabriella?
Gabriella: Well, for quite a while now people have been able to learn
Each time we exhale, we release carbon dioxide, exactly like all other through distance learning - the Open University has been around for a
animals do. While we’re doing this, plants, trees and algae absorb car- long time. They used printed material and television programmes in
bon dioxide and discharge oxygen. This balancing act by nature has the past, but now they can make life easier, especially for overseas
kept the Earth at an average temperature of fourteen degrees centi- students, by using the Internet. It’s another way of communicating in-
grade, whereas without carbon dioxide, the world would be at formation, but with its own conventions. What do you think, David?
around minus eighteen, so we definitely need carbon dioxide - just not David: Since the Industrial Revolution, the increase in technology has
so much of it. allowed us to do new things in education, but there have always been
doom- mongers who predicted the end of conventional learning in
This balance though, has been disrupted because humans are expelling schools, colleges and universities. They assert that the Internet is al-
more carbon dioxide than plants can take in, due to more people on lowing anyone to set up an educational website when they are not
the planet than ever before. Eventually the atmosphere will strike a necessarily qualified to do so. However, there are some sites on the
new balance, but it will be at a higher temperature than today. By in- web where people can get a topclass education without spending a
jecting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, human beings have penny.
raised average temperatures around the world, increased the fre- Gabriella: Indeed. In 2012, the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation do-
quency of hurricanes, and increased rain fall and wildfires. Sea levels nated a million dollars to edX, the world’s biggest online learning en-
have also risen. terprise. It was founded by MIT and Harvard, and incorporates an
21
ever growing number of what they term ‘massively open online only use the Internet for bookings, as it keeps our overheads at a min-
courses’. It aims to bring virtual higher education of the finest quality imum. It will mean hiring more staff, which will be a boost for the local
to thousands upon thousands of people. In 2013 it started to offer a economy and, in the long run it will benefit us as a business, along with
variety of completely free online classes made available from MIT, all our employees. In this business you constantly have to evolve or
Harvard, the University of Texas and Berkeley. lose out to your competitors.
David: edX is a non-profit organisation, hailed as ‘the future of online
education: for anyone, anywhere, anytime’. Speaker 3
Although they’re one of the newest and largest, they are by no means Male: We make an effort every year to improve something for the
on their own. There are thousands of others. One, Udacity, is another tourist season. We’re open fifty weeks of the year, so whatever we
supplier of superior Internet higher education. They had to increase decide to do has to be completed in the two weeks we’re shut. This
the number of courses they offer after 160,000 students enrolled on year we’ve done a lot of research into colour and how it affects peo-
the first one, which demonstrates how many people want to learn online. ple’s mood. Therefore we’re changing all our cups, saucers and small
Gabriella: The Internet is nothing new and the public are used to plates so that they’re orange and the larger plates are cream. We’re
being able to find any information they want, however obscure. So, in also going to paint the walls a colour that’s between cream and orange
my opinion, people are increasingly looking at online courses because and changing the lighting. We’re hoping to create a more pleasant am-
they want to acquire the skills and knowledge to flourish in today’s biance so that our customers will take pleasure in their experience
business world. They don’t have the time or financial means to go here and tell their friends.
back to college or study full-time, so the Internet is the perfect answer.
David: I agree. The author, Clay Shirky, said that online learning is not Speaker 4
a replacement. He believes that - and these are his words - ‘education Female: This year we’ve decided to offer trips further afield. There
can be unbundled’. By that he means that we can separate the pieces are some wonderful places to visit further down the river and we
traditional learning offers, and use parts of them as we need them or think we should include them in our itinerary. Not only that, but we’re
can afford them. This is something conventional educational establish- going to focus on different groups and provide places to see that are
ments can’t compete with. age-appropriate for them. We get feedback from the Tourist Board so
Gabriella: To many academic organisations though, Shirky’s ‘un- that we can develop trips that suit and they’ve given us some very
bundling’ is anathema. They believe it is a blueprint for lower stan- helpful information. For example, one idea is to market trips to the
dards, the disintegration of everything we cherish and hold dear. Now, more mature higher spending tourists who visit outside the main
all this might well be right, at least for now. It’s unimportant because it tourist season. They like to visit gardens, historic buildings and other
doesn’t matter. Education is going the same way as information - into places they can walk around at their leisure.
the ether. People don’t buy dictionaries or encyclopaedias any more -
they use an online dictionary or look in Wikipedia. And that’s not Speaker 5
going to change. Male: It’s hard to remain competitive in this industry and still make a
David: What should actually be taken into account is that looking at a profit. However, this year we’ve come up with a lot of special offers
computer screen cannot replace a sense of community within a and bargain deals that we hope will attract visitors to stay here. For
school, the personal interactions and the shared space, face-to-face example, if a family of four want to stay and the youngest child is
dealings with a teacher or tutor and the aspirations they have in com- under the age of ten, he or she stays for free. We also propose to
mon to succeed. As well as learning to co-operate and work as part of offer fourteen days for the price of twelve, and so on. It’s an incentive
a team. All this students miss out on by learning online. to stay longer and use our facilities. We have a gym, a spa and an in-
door swimming pool, so there are alternatives to walking round Lon-
Now you will hear Part 3 again. don on a rainy day.
That is the end of Part 3.
Now you will hear Part 4 again.
Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in which That is the end of Part 4.
people are talking about their part in the tourist industry. Look at Task
1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker’s
occupation is.
Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H)
how each speaker hopes to improve their business. While you listen
you must complete both tasks. You now have forty-five seconds in
which to look at Part Four. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]

Speaker 1
Male: We try to add something new each year to encourage tourists
to visit and spend their money. This year we extended the garden and
bought new garden furniture. In addition, we added a glass conserva-
tory so people can sit and eat and drink in there if the weather is bad -
which it usually is - and look out over the garden. In the caf , we’ve
come up with a menu that has more variety and made the whole place
more attractive, light and airy. Last year we invested in more hands-on
exhibits to encourage younger people to visit and next year we will
renovate the Elizabethan Main Hall and hire it out for wedding recep-
tions, anniversaries and birthday parties.

Speaker 2
Female: We plan to begin our season earlier. The weather is chang-
ing, so it’s often warmer in the spring than in the summer. It’s no good
starting flights in May. We need to begin in March and offer more
competitive prices. We’re negotiating now to finalise this. Then we
can start advertising online and update our Internet timetables. We
22
TEST 7 Extract 3
You hear a vet, Jemma Shuter, talking about her career. Now
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you Female: I must admit that when I was younger I didn’t give any
time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll thought to the fact that my parents had their own businesses. My fa-
hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re- ther is a vet and my mother owns two pet shops. They hoped my
member while you are listening write your answers in your brother and I would take them over in due course, but even so, they
book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now, were tremendously supportive of whatever we wanted to do. Both of
because you must not speak during the test. us went to university to become vets, but neither of us is involved in
the family businesses. Now I’m Head Zoo Keeper and Vet at a zoo. I
Part 1 feel passionately about keeping wild animals in captivity and want to
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the an-
give them the best medical help I can. As I’m sure you realise, the job
swer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are
is very varied, from extracting a tooth from a tiger to creating a pros-
two questions for each extract.
thetic foot for an elephant. That’s part of the excitement of working
there - you never know what each day will bring. My brother is work-
Extract 1 ing in Africa, treating wild animals and in conservation parks, but he’s
You hear a marine biologist talking about measures to increase actually out in the wild looking for sick animals.
fish populations. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE 15
SECONDS] Now you will hear the recording again.
That is the end of Part 1.
Male: The number of fish in our oceans is declining fast, yet there
seems to be practically nothing being done by governments or busi- Part 2
nesses to intercede. Overfishing, when various countries ignore inter- You will hear a student, Peter Kenneth, giving a short talk on the
national agreements about fishing numbers and where to fish, along topic of concrete. For questions 7-14, complete the sentences
with illegal catches by fishermen to sell on the black market, are the with a word or short phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to
root cause of the problem. One conservation answer is to initiate look at Part 2. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
more marine reserves like those in the Pacific Ocean. Here there is no
commercial fishing and inspections are constantly carried out on all I’m going to be giving a short talk on concrete. I’ve tried to summarise
facets of marine wildlife. some of the main information I’ve found about it. The advantage is
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, resulting in that there’s a great deal of research on concrete, though often this
overfishing. One way to solve this problem is fish farming, otherwise only looks at one particular use of it. For example, one study only fo-
known as aquaculture. This involves breeding fish commercially in cused on the importance of concrete for commercial buildings, be-
tanks or other enclosures for food. Currently around the world, the cause it has a high thermal mass and very low permeability, making for
most common fish that are farmed are catfish, salmon, carp and energy efficient construction. All studies, however, emphasised the
tilapia. There is, however, no reason why other fish, such as cod, not entirely negative effects of using concrete. It is a major contributor
could not be farmed in the same way. This would ease the pressure to greenhouse gas emissions, yet recycling of concrete is becoming in-
on the oceans, provide employment and solve the fish shortage prob- creasingly common from structures that have been demolished.
lem in many countries.
You will hear the recording again. Concrete can be used not only for buildings, but also bridges, tunnels,
pavements, overpasses, roads, runways, dams, reservoirs, and other
Extract 2 architectural structures, such as the Roman Pantheon. The Romans
You hear part of an interview with Sophie Lefevre, a history were the first to realise the properties and potential of concrete,
teacher who helps students who are being bullied. though when the Roman Empire finally disintegrated, the art of con-
Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS] crete making was forgotten until the mid-18th century.
Concrete is one of the most resilient building materials available. It is
Interviewer: Sophie, you were home-schooled from the age of thir- very resistant to fire and can actually become stronger over time, so
teen, yet you became a history teacher. What attracted you to the structures made out of concrete can have a long life. Concrete is also
profession? the most widely used building material throughout the world, with an
Sophie: Well, I was home-schooled because I was bullied, not be- annual use reckoned to be between twenty-one and thirty-one billion
cause I disliked the teachers. I admired some of my teachers and it tonnes.
turned out that my parents were excellent teachers, too, so maybe I
take after them in more ways than one. One benefit of using concrete - and a fact I found interesting - is that it
Interviewer: You’re also quoted as saying that you want to make a is often produced locally; typically within thirty miles of where it is
difference, not just teach. going to be used. Therefore fuel requirements to transport it are low
Sophie: Yes, indeed. The way the situation of my being bullied was in comparison with other construction materials. Similarly, compara-
handled was absolutely disgraceful. The Head tively little energy is used to produce and combine the materials that
Teacher took no action, nor did my Form Teacher. Every school go into making and mixing concrete, though large amounts of CO2
should nip it in the bud immediately rather than do nothing, but these are produced through the chemical reactions when manufacturing it.
bullies got away with it for years. I know the misery it caused me and
then I saw the same thing in other students. A big part of my job is Whether the construction is a residential or a commercial building,
dealing with such situations. We have a counsellor at the school that throughout its lifetime concrete offers considerable energy efficiency.
can help, and a phone line students can ring. I also run a website that It should be borne in mind that air leakage from a building leads to a
gives information and advice to children being bullied. huge loss of energy, adding to heating bills.
The thermal mass of concrete stores and releases the energy required
Now you will hear the recording again. for both heating and cooling a building, so delivering year-round bene-
fits by lessening the temperature fluctuations inside and minimising
heating and cooling costs. Insulation in a building reduces energy loss,
but thermal mass uses the walls to store and release energy. Modern
concrete wall systems have external insulation and thermal mass to
create a ‘green’ energy-efficient construction.
23
I’ve also looked at the other benefits of building in concrete. For ex- nearly everything that was a viral hit was created by professionals for
ample, as previously mentioned, they are more resistant to fire than an online audience. Originally, all video-sharing websites were for
buildings in other materials, because concrete does not burn. This people to upload their home videos or funny items they’d recorded
lessens the risk of the building collapsing, thus providing valuable pro- on mobile phone cameras. These were the most popular. However,
tection from a fire and it gives time for the fire brigade to enter the there are still home-made items on the net that turn out to be very
building and the occupants to leave it. Another advantage is that con- successful.
crete buildings can withstand strong winds, hurricanes or tornados Paula: We couldn’t find any real common ground because however
due to their inflexibility, resulting in minimal horizontal movement. much you want your upload to go viral and make you money, basically
it’s up to the audience whether it’s a success or not. Think back to
The same cannot be said when there is a strong earthquake. Large pre-Internet days. You’d say to a member of your family or a friend,
quakes can create stress on a concrete structure that is not steel rein- ‘Look at this,’ or ‘Have you seen this?’ But ‘this’ was in a newspaper or
forced, leading to what can be fatal failure. In fact, unreinforced build- magazine.
ings pose one of the biggest earthquake risks around the world. Trevor: Now you send a video you’ve liked to all your friends and
Concrete dust caused through collapsing buildings also produces dan- family, who then send it to all their friends and family, and so on.
gerous air pollution. Everything is seen by a much wider audience and not just one or two
people you know.
In the past, when a concrete building was knocked down, the debris Naturally, in the past you might also have told your friends about
was always discarded in landfills, but as I mentioned before, recycling something you’d seen, but the main difference is telling rather than
is on the increase thanks to people being more environmentally seeing.
aware, financial savings and new green laws that have come into being Paula: Absolutely. Videos are rarely uploaded to show art or original-
around the globe. As regards... ity. Instead they are uploaded to share, so what is important about a
viral hit is when the clip meets the rest of the world and the world
Now you will hear Part 2 again. falls in love with the clip. It’s something for everyone to participate in
That is the end of Part 2. and inspires a sort of ‘cult’ experience. That’s the moment when a
video becomes a viral hit and spreads across and around the world
like the plague.
Part 3
You will hear an interview in which two sociologists, Paula Now you will hear Part 3 again.
Slater and Trevor Burrell, discuss what makes a viral hit on That is the end of Part 3.
video-sharing websites. For questions 15-20, choose the an-
swer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
You now have 1 minute to look at Part 3.
[PAUSE 60 SECONDS] Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in
Interviewer: The popularity of some uploads to video-sharing web- which people are talking about what they did last weekend.
sites seems to be a peculiar mix with nothing in common. So is it feasi- Look at Task 1.
ble to identify which of video might become a viral hit? Here to
discuss this with me are Paula and Trevor, two sociologists who have For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) where each
been studying this very phenomenon for a while. Paula, what’s your speaker went. Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose
opinion? from the list (A-H) how each speaker felt about their activity.
Paula: Well, when you think that in 2012 a Korean rap song, Gang- While you listen you must complete both tasks. You now have
nam Style, amassed more than one billion views - a most unlikely hit 45 seconds in which to look at Part 4. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
one would have thought - and a man firing a gun at his daughter’s lap-
top was nearly as popular, it’s hard to find a common denominator. Speaker 1
Trevor: There are seventy-two hours of video viewing put on a Male: It was the first time I’d been for years. I used to go every week-
video-sharing website like YouTube every single minute. So nearly end, but then I got married, we had children, and inevitably, there was
every single minute of modern history is a fad waiting to happen. And always another claim on my time. So, it made a nice change to go with
make no mistake, it’s very big business. Some advertising companies my mates and cheer the team on. They lost, but it didn’t really matter
spend millions and millions trying to recreate the essence of a video as they played well and the atmosphere was great. I’d forgotten what
that they hope will become a viral hit. it was like, what with the banter amongst the supporters and seeing
Paula: Although we haven’t come to any solid conclusions, we’ve ac- the famous names on the pitch. I’d like to start going again on a more
tually found it easier to approach this in a different way. By that I mean regular basis, but it’s much more expensive than in the past, so we’ll
instead of looking at what successful viral hits are doing, we’ve looked see.
at what they aren’t. This is rather unconventional, but it’s helped us
enormously. Speaker 2
Trevor: For example, is the length of these videos all the same, and Female: We nearly missed the beginning, as there was far more traffic
the answer to that is ‘No’. As of last week, four of the world’s top ten than we’d been expecting for a Tuesday night.
videos lasted around five minutes or longer, but one lasts thirty min- Luckily, finding a parking space was easy and we sat down in our seats
utes. So length doesn’t seem to be an issue. And being able to speak just as the credits started to roll. Unfortunately, though, we shouldn’t
the language to fully appreciate them doesn’t seem to be necessary ei- have bothered. It wasn’t what we were expecting and we both felt
ther. Unless, of course, more than a billion people learned how to rather let down. We wish we hadn’t wasted our money or hired a
speak Korean in 2012 to comprehend every word of Gangnam Style. baby-sitter. We’d have been warmer and more comfortable at home,
Paula: That obviously appealed to people because of the music and watching a DVD. The only good thing was that we bumped into some
the fact people could dance to it. The top ten most watched at the friends as we came out, and went for a drink with them. It was a mar-
moment are equally divided between people speaking and song, so vellous opportunity to catch up on all their news.
that doesn’t seem to be a criterion. Making it visually exciting seems to
have no affect either. A recent smash hit was one camera focused on
five people and a guitar, so no excitement there. We discovered that
people keeping still was more important, but not absolutely essential.
Trevor: What has changed, though, is that in the last twelve months
24
Speaker 3 Samantha: So you end up lost and blame someone else for not giving
Male: I was pleasantly surprised to see how colourful and vibrant it the right directions.
was. There were people there of all nationalities, lots of different lan- Matthew: Well, the problem is that if you’ve never been to a place
guages spoken and the choice of food was phenomenal. Apart from before, you need exact directions and not just a description of the
there being so many people there - it made it a bit difficult to see all place. The curse of knowledge isn’t a mental defect - it’s a side effect
the stalls - they had all kinds of clothes, furniture, knick-knacks, and of the differences between one person and another.
who knows what else. We saw as much as we could and then when to
try some of the wonderful food we’d seen. It made a change to go Now you will hear the recording again.
somewhere different, and I think we’d both like to make the foray
again in a few weeks time. Maybe get some Christmas presents there.
Extract 2
Speaker 4 You hear a sleep consultant talking about the consequences of
Female: I was driving past Lin’s and thought I’d just pop in. Normally, a lack of sleep. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15
I’d have rung first, but I thought I’d take the chance she was in. She SECONDS]
seemed more pleased to see me than I expected, but I didn’t realise
how much she’d gone through in the time since I’d last seen her. In Female: Can you remember every single thing you did, said, saw,
the end, I was very pleased I’d bothered to stop - it made me feel like smelt, and heard yesterday? It’s unlikely if you didn’t get enough sleep
I’d done something worthwhile with my evening. I told her about a last night. Recent research has shown that losing just two hours sleep
few funny things that had happened to me, and by the time I left she a night can affect your memory. Loss of sleep stops the brain from
was smiling and laughing. I think my spontaneous visit was the best storing the events of the day - and these memories are lost forever.
thing I could have done to cheer her up. The right amount of sleep is not a luxury; it’s vitally important. It’s cru-
cial for the brain and for the brain’s functions, so that we can remem-
Speaker 5 ber and consolidate what happened to us during that day. This
Male: Marina and I go every weekend now. She wasn’t all that eager re-enactment of daily activities and conversations in our sleep is nec-
to try it at first, but she’s got really good now and can beat all our essary for them to be stored in the brain. The brain needs this - what
friends. We play as part of a team against other teams from the local has been termed ‘quiet time’ - when it saves all the daily information
area every Saturday, but this week was different because we played in just like a computer saving a document and filing it in your chosen
the final of a tournament and won! We were over the moon; it’s the folder. For students, it is even more significant. There appears to be a
first time we’ve ever managed it. In fact, we’ve never got very far at all critical period when what has been learned is assimilated, proving that
in the past, as we were always outplayed. This year though, it was our lack of sleep at certain times can be more damaging than at other
turn. Now we have the trophy as proof that we did it. times.

[PAUSE 10 SECONDS] Now you will hear the recording again.

Now you will hear Part 4 again. Extract 3

That is the end of Part 4. You hear an etymologist discussing the origins of an expression.
Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
Presenter: As part of our ongoing series about the origins of com-
mon English expressions, we have with us today Olive Rowland, who

TEST 8
lectures on etymology around the world. Olive, one of our viewers
would like to know how ‘to eat humble pie’ came about.
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for Olive: Actually, Tony, humble pie is made from umbles, which are the
this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you innards of a deer. Needless to say, the umbles are not the nicest part
time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll of the animal. So, after hunting deer, the rich landowners would eat
hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re- the venison - the deer’s prime meat - for their evening meal, while
member while you are listening write your answers in your their employees had to dine on umble pie. That’s humble with no h.
book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now, Presenter: So how come it begins with an h now?
because you must not speak during the test. Olive: Well, at some stage, someone who was not familiar with what
umbles were, believed it was just a spelling mistake, especially when
Part 1 they saw that umble pie was indeed a ‘humble’ dish. So he or she
You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose added the h and it became humble pie.
the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you Presenter: So the modern phrase was born really, from the sense
hear. There are two questions for each extract. that whoever was eating it was being forced, in a way, to swallow
their pride.
Extract 1 Olive: Exactly, Tony.
You hear two friends, Matthew and Samantha, discussing giv-
ing directions. Now look at Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE 15 Now you will hear the recording again.
SECONDS] That is the end of Part 1.

Matthew: Hi, Sam. I’ve just been reading about how difficult it is to
give people directions.
Samantha: You mean it’s not just women who are bad at it?
Matthew: Both sexes are. Apparently it’s called the ‘curse of knowl-
edge’. It’s a psychological idiosyncrasy whereby once we have learned
something we find it difficult to realise how things look to someone
who doesn’t know the same information yet. In other words, as soon
as we know how to get somewhere we don’t need directions, so we
give inane directions to other people, such as ‘It’s about half way
down the road on the right just past a white gate’ , which makes per-
fect sense to the person saying it.
25
Part 2 Part 3
You will hear a demographer, Charlotte Dawson, giving a talk You will hear an interview in which Dr. Jessie Spooner, a doctor
about the difficulties of compiling population forecasts. For at a university hospital, and Dr. Mitchell Clarke, a medical re-
questions 7-14, complete the sentences with a word or short search assistant, discuss why hypochondriacs keep the rest of
phrase. You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2. us healthy. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or
[PAUSE 45 SECONDS] D) which fits best according to what you hear. You now have 1
minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
Hello. I’m Charlotte Dawson and I’m here to talk about a recent re-
port that describes the world’s aging population, along with their pre- Interviewer: A new study reveals that society needs people who
dictions as to how many people will inhabit the planet by 2050. have a phobia about diseases and illnesses, because they influence the
rest of us to get vaccinations. Mitchell, you’re a medical research assis-
Let’s start by taking the report’s premise that at the moment one in tant. Do you agree that the rest of us benefit from having hypochon-
nine people are aged sixty or older. The report states that by 2050 driacs amongst us?
this figure will have risen as high as one in five and that there will be Mitchell: Perhaps. There are so many contagious diseases around
more older people than those aged fifteen or under. A spokesperson these days, like swine and bird flu that we researchers spend a lot of
for the United Nations Population Fund, who compiled the report, time attempting to predict if an epidemic is going to occur. This study,
says that they are sure these figures will prove to be correct, because using a computer model, shows that having just a few individuals who
the people who will be sixty in 2050 have already been born. There- fear disease and who get immunised, can induce other people they
fore there is no speculation involved; everything is based on facts. know to do the same. The result is what is termed ‘herd immunity’,
when most of the population is vaccinated without much prompting
With a current world population of seven billion, the same report esti- from doctors.
mates there will be nine billion people by 2050, a lot of these elderly. Jessie: Exactly. It brings about a critical mass of immunised people. As
But what, in my opinion, must be pretty hard to calculate, is the birth Mitchell just mentioned, forecasting an epidemic is vital in the medical
rate. How can they possibly predict this accurately? There are so world. It’s crucial for calculating any emergency measures that might
many different, yet fascinating, factors that have to be allowed for. In need to be taken, should such a thing happen. Some models today use
my research on this, many statisticians focus on something they have very advanced computer programmes to understand exactly how mo-
noticed in the numbers that they call the ‘demographic transition’. bile people are. For example, international travel is a major headache
This is something that happens when a society becomes wealthier. It is if there’s an outbreak of something contagious. Instantly it’s spread to
a swing in the birth and death rates from a high level to a low level, another continent.
generally due to an increase in their economic and social develop- Mitchell: I should point out that the researchers who compiled the
ment. This takes place in four phases. The first is when there are high study, suggested that some individuals will always choose to be vacci-
birth rates, as well as high death rates. The second phase consists of nated, maybe because they feel at risk or perhaps they just have very
high birth rates, but fewer deaths. In phase three, the birth rate starts strong principles about it. Or it could be because they know or hear
to drop, as does the death rate and there is slow population growth about someone else who has been infected. Not everyone responds
that starts to stablise. Phase four is when there are low birth and in the same way.
death rates, leading to low population growth. Jessie: The point here, though, is do these committed people cause
others to seek immunisation themselves? Bear in mind that some will
So we can see that countries that get richer suffer lower fertility rates. refuse to receive any vaccination whatever the situation. This could be
Yet many statisticians presume that first world, or advanced countries, due to what has been termed the ‘free-rider’. If there is a perceived
will continue to have low population growth, despite their wealth. cost to the vaccination, whether it is the risk of having the vaccine in-
There are indications though, that they might be wrong. After all, tra- jected, a fear of injections, a belief that it won’t do any good, or the in-
ditionally the birth rate throughout Europe has fallen, but if we take as convenience of going to the doctor’s, people will not bother to do it.
an example the last decade, there have been rises in fertility in these They might then rely on the protection afforded by everyone else
more advanced nations. This has been mainly attributed to immigra- they know to get immunised and not spread the infection.
tion, but this is not in fact the case. The native inhabitants of these Mitchell: The drawback with this is that if the majority of the popula-
countries are now having more children. But does this increase in the tion take this route, the herd immunity I mentioned earlier disappears.
birth rate in some developed countries mean that world population Then the whole population is at risk, though it must be said that an-
forecasts are incorrect? other study found that the number of people who copied the
hypochondriacs and got the necessary vaccine, varied over time and
Statisticians have admitted that they’ve made mistakes over the last depended on the risk of catching a disease.
half century, somewhat due to their underestimation of how long peo- Jessie: Other factors come into play, too, as the researchers found
ple will live, but also because they haven’t kept up with the develop- out. They used a group of people who had to decide more than once
ments and fluctuations in the birth rate. Many feel the four phases are if they would be vaccinated or not. Each ‘turn’ they took they were
changing, and there might in fact be a fifth phase. given a different scenario, for example, a flu epidemic. Their choice
was made after being told the outcome of a decision made by them
In my opinion, predicting the population numbers of the future is not and other members of the group previously. So, if they hadn’t been
an exact science, much as statisticians would like us to think other- vaccinated last time and got infected, they often changed their mind
wise. In 2004, the United Nation’s department of economic and social the next time and got their injection.
affairs attempted to predict what the global population would be in Mitchell: So small influences can have a big effect, which means the
2300. They agreed with the recent report that there would be ap- question still remains whether those few hypochondriacs committed
proximately nine billion people on the planet by 2050 and stay at that to getting regular vaccinations really affect those that have to think
figure until 2300. This, however, was just their ‘middle’ figure. They twice about it.
had a high figure of 36.4 billion and a low guess of only 2.3 billion. This Jessie: What’s fascinating it that the research showed that even if
to me shows that it’s practically impossible to say how many people there are only a few - even as low as five percent – they can lessen the
will be living in this world in the future. effects of an epidemic. They act as a sort of role model for others to
act responsibly. In the real world, we generally see the same people all
Now you will hear Part 2 again. the time, so it’s not beyond the realms of possibility to have an influ-
That is the end of Part 2. ence on some, if not all of them.
Mitchell: It also disproves the point that one person can’t influence
the world. They can, though the example we’ve been talking about
26
still needs more research into it. Individuals make their own health Speaker 5
choices and we still don’t know how much this is influenced by others. Male: I knew I wanted take a break and had intended to head to
So we never know what the upshot of these decisions might be. America, but I was then offered a one year contract to help build new
infrastructure in Equatorial Guinea. My time is nearly up now, and I’m
Now you will hear Part 3 again. going to miss many people here. The salary is high and the cost of liv-
That is the end of Part 3. ing, low. I live in a small bungalow with the most amazing views. I can’t
say I’ve got the hang of the local dialect, but we get by with my basic
Spanish, which has improved.
Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in I’ve been able to do things someone of my age would never normally
which British people talk about living abroad. be allowed to do, so I wouldn’t have missed the experience for the
world.
Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H)
what reason each speaker gives for moving to that country. Now you will hear Part 4 again. That is the end of Part 4.
Now look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose from the list
(A-H) what benefit each speaker mentions about where they

TEST 9
now live. While you listen you must complete both tasks. You
now have forty-five seconds in which to look at Part Four.
[PAUSE 45 SECONDS] Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for
this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you
Speaker 1 time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll
Female: I made an appointment with an agency and they suggested hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re-
that I try working abroad as an English teacher, because I have a de- member while you are listening write your answers in your
gree in English Language. I did some research and finally settled on book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now,
Japan. It was quite simple to find a teaching position, although it was because you must not speak during the test.
expensive for accommodation in the beginning. The school is very
modern and well-equipped with all the latest technology and I love my Part 1
students. I also earn far more than I would in England. Every day I You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose
learn something new about this country and its culture, and I’ve trav- the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you
elled quite extensively. It was a good move on my part and I really hear. There are two questions for each extract.
couldn’t be happier.
Extract 1
Speaker 2 You will hear a discussion in which a woman talks to her
Male: I was posted here a year ago. I didn’t really want to be sent husband about her job. Now look at Questions 1 and 2.
here, but as I had no choice I decided to make the most of it. Now, [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
the reverse is true. The place has really grown on me and I’m not
looking forward to day I have to leave. There are so many outdoor ac- M: You seem distracted this evening Sharon. Are you ok?
tivities to do here, especially on the water. The weather helps of W: Oh, I don’t know James. It’s this promotion. I’m not comfortable
course, despite the intense heat in July and August, but sailing or with it but I’m not sure why.
water skiing help cool you down. Wearing a uniform can be uncom- M: Well you seemed eager to accept it last week. It’s the natural
fortable during those months, but most of the buildings have air condi- path for you to take, isn’t it? You’ve never been nervous of promotions
tioning. I’ve really enjoyed my time here. in the past.
W: I know. I don’t think I regret accepting it and the decision is made
Speaker 3 now. The extra money will certainly come in handy.
Male: My time living on this island began entirely by chance. I came on M: That’s not too important though. I think it’s your phobia of flying
holiday here twenty years ago, and while walking around heard sev- that’s troubling you deep down.
eral tourists moaning about the lack of choice as regards food on the W: I must admit that I’m happy with my daily commute but the long
island. There were only expensive restaurants or coffee bars, nothing distance meetings might be a bit challenging. Oh, ignore me, I’m fine
in between. I realised there was an opening for me here making filling really.
snacks for lunch or afternoon tea. I started in a small way, with a place
that could only seat twelve people, but have gradually expanded. It’s Extract 2
hard work, but the locals are easy to get along with, and always willing You will hear a conversation where two friends discuss a cruise
to lend a hand. They’ve really made me feel a part of the community. they have just returned from. Now look at Questions 3 and 4.
[PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
Speaker 4
Female: My husband and I used to come here on holiday for many M: That really was a dream trip, wasn’t it?
years, so we knew quite a lot about the place. It wasn’t exactly a diffi- W: Absolutely, I loved every minute of it. The food was as good as
cult decision to move here permanently when we both lost our jobs everyone said it would be with that celebrity chef on board and the
because my company shut down, and Bob relocated to Norway. We service was outstanding. They deserved that that big tip we gave them.
both love the temperate winters and it’s much less expensive to live M: Oh yes and we’ve got good suntans, haven’t we?
here in the winter than in England; the biggest bonus in our opinion. W: You can say that again.
We’re not doing too badly with the language. Everyone tries to help M: Considering how many passengers were on board, it was surpris-
us, and we watch a lot of Portuguese television, which helps. ingly uncrowded. I suppose we were on shore a lot of the time so we
Shopping is getting easier each day and we have made many new weren’t aware of other people that much.
friends. W: I loved that elderly couple that we had dinner with on the last night.
M: To be honest, I think we were among the youngest on board. It
seemed that about 80% of the passengers were drawing their pension.

27
Extract 3 Part 3
You will hear a conversation in which two colleagues talk You will hear an interview in which a radio presenter interviews
about their job. Now look at Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 an artist about her work. For questions 15-20, choose the
SECONDS] answer (A, B, C or D), which fits best according to what you
hear. You now have 1 minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 60
M: You must be outraged about Bob getting the manager’s position, SECONDS]
Amy. Are you still going to stick around, or is that the final straw? I
know I wouldn’t put up with that. M: Although Laly Mille has been creative since childhood, it took her
W: I blame myself as I was offered the job before and I turned it down. many years to listen to her creative soul, and become an artist. In fact,
I was too busy bringing up my kids to take on more responsibility at she didn’t start calling herself an artist, or sharing her art with the
work. world, until 2010. Laly, there’s a lot of mixed media collage work on
M: You seem to be ready for a new challenge now so maybe you the market these days, how do you differentiate yours from the rest?
should start looking further afield. In other words, what do you feel makes your work unique and truly
W: I’m beginning to think the same thing. your own?
Laly: Collage is very important in my work and I do use it a lot. My
Part 2 most elaborate paintings have lots and lots of layers of collage, and
You will hear a conservationist talking about the restoration yet, when you first look at them, you won’t necessarily notice it at all.
of older buildings. For questions 7-14, complete the sentences You’ll have to come closer. That’s because I tend to really blend it all
with a word or short phrase. You now have 45 seconds in together with paint, inks, pastels and even words.
which to look at Part 2. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS] M: So the layers of different materials represent layers of meaning I
suppose.
If working on your property involves the renovation of a period building, Laly: To me, what’s hidden is equally as important as what is visible.
you may need the skills of a specialist conservator or restorer who will When I paint a girl by her window, I paint the garden behind it, or
use the highest standards to ensure the preservation of original mate- collage a map of the city where I imagine her to be. It may be almost
rial. But how do you go about finding someone suitable? Fortunately, invisible to the viewer, but it’s there and it affects the rest of the paint-
there are sources of information at hand and growing numbers of ing. All the collage elements I use in a painting are relevant to the story
wellqualified experts. I am trying to tell. They act as clues, like a sort of visual lexical field.
Storytelling is a very important aspect of my art.
For the less challenging tasks, there are also courses for the layman, and M: What is the most challenging part about being a mixed media
these can give both hands-on experience and historical background. In artist?
addition, there is a wealth of technical advice from a variety of impartial Laly: One of the greatest things about mixed media is this sense of
organisations. endless possibility. Practically anything can become an art supply! But
it can become a bit overwhelming too, especially at the beginning, and
The Conservation Register is a database of professional conservation make it hard to find your own style or favourite techniques. To me the
and restoration businesses throughout the UK and Ireland. To be in- key is to keep experimenting at my own pace and to stick with a few
cluded in the Conservation Register, various stringent criteria have to techniques that I have truly made my own. But any time I get stuck,
be met, including seven years of experience, relevant training and trying out something new is the best remedy.
qualifications, and references from five projects completed within the M: What is the best part about creating art using various art supplies
last five years. and found objects?
Laly: First, it is just so much fun! The other day I was working on a
The database can be searched according to subject and geographical plaster gauze piece for an assemblage and inadvertently spilled some
area, with print-outs of five workshops being supplied for £7.50. Al- coffee on it ... and it looked great! The effect was just so cool that I
though currently available by phone (weekdays 10am-4pm), or via the started dipping my brush into my mug and spilling more coffee all over
web where people can search under specialisations and localities. the piece. I love this sense of freedom.
M: What do you wish you knew about mixed media before you got
The Victorian Society, formed to promote the preservation and ap- started?
preciation of the arts and architecture of that period, does not offer Laly: Experimenting means trial and error! Working in layers with dif-
courses but can give advice over the telephone and via email - although ferent materials means that sometimes they will react in unexpected
only if you are a member. ways. For instance, inks can be pretty tricky! Some inks will keep
“coming back” no matter how much paint or gesso or modeling paste
The Georgian Group offers study days and lectures about Georgian you put on top of them. Once you master these processes, you can
architecture, although these are of a theoretical nature rather than start using them to your advantage.
practical. However, it does have a variety of useful publications. M: As you know, art is very subjective in nature. What some people
like, others do not. I’m sure you’ve received both positive and nega-
Support for the renovators of period property has grown tremendously tive feedback in your career, but what I want to know is how you
over recent years. That development is reflected in homeowners’ handle the negative criticism, especially when it really hurts?
appreciation of period features and original detailing. Laly: I live in France and here, mixed media is very little known. And
when it is, it is categorised as a craft along with scrapbooking. Not as
So, whether for your own satisfaction or with an eye to increasing art. So of course some people won’t like it, or won’t know what to
eventual saleability, its worth considering conservation work and making make of it. And if some galleries prefer cold, abstract, “conceptual”
sure it is carried out well. Start by finding out exactly what sort of art, well, they’re just not a fit for me and I’m not a fit for them. To me
building you are dealing with, how it was built, the materials and tech- art is not an intellectual thing and I’m not interested in concepts. What
niques employed and then find the appropriate methods for repair I love is how poetic, evocative and intuitive art can be. But I’m not
and modernisation saying that rejection is not painful. When you put your whole heart
into your work, of course it will hurt. The best thing at times like
Now you will hear Part 2 again. these is to have a strong, supportive community that understands
That is the end of Part 2. what you’re trying to do and that you can rely on for a bit of cheer-
leading. These are the people you’re putting your art out there for,
they’re your “fit”.
M: Do you use the internet much?
Laly: Blogging and social networking are great ways to connect with
28
like-minded souls and build a community where you can support each that I will have a short story published soon, but I am aware that they
other. still aren’t quite good enough. I’m nearly there though.
M: What is your creative process like?
Laly: I don’t really know if I have a process, not yet at least. Sometimes Speaker 5
I will “see” or dream an image that I will quickly try to capture as a M: I’ve been working for this organisation since I graduated from uni-
small sketch, other times I just start collaging papers and staining with versity. It’s a good solid company and I would like to think that I can
inks and paint and follow where it leads me. gain that last promotion that I’m seeking. I’m one step away from the
M: How do you come up with a profitable pricing structure for your top job and I truly believe I could do it better than my boss. He is
art? always making mistakes and I have to sort out the problems he creates.
Laly: I am still very much struggling with this issue. With time and The worst thing is that when I do that he gets the praise for a job well
research, going to art shows, looking at how others price their work, done! I’m hoping that the new skills I am gaining on the accountancy
gives me a better idea of where I stand. But it is so subjective. For course will give me the edge over him. Then the director will realise
now I have an idea of the minimum price for the smaller pieces and how valuable I am. I’m hoping to make myself indispensable to the
the highest price for the bigger or most elaborate ones. I try to find company.
my way between these.

TEST 10
Now you will hear Part 3 again.
That is the end of Part 3.
Paper 4 – Listening: I’m going to give you the instructions for
Part 4 this test. I shall introduce each part of the test and give you
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear five short extracts in time to look at the questions. At the start of each piece you’ll
which people are talking about learning a new skill. hear this sound. [BELL] You will hear each piece twice. Re-
member while you are listening write your answers in your
Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H) book. There will now be a pause. Please ask any questions now,
the person who is speaking. Now look at Task 2. For questions because you must not speak during the test.
26-30, choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker is expres-
sing. While you listen you must complete both tasks. You now Part 1
have forty-five seconds in which to look at Part Four. [PAUSE You’ll hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose
45 SECONDS] the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you
hear. There are two questions for each extract.
Speaker 1
M: These days my profession involves quite a lot of IT skills but back Extract 1
in my day we didn’t even have computers, just shelves and shelves of You hear two friends talking about lectures. Now look at
patient files. So it wasn’t for work reasons that I did the silver surfer Questions 1 and 2. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
course at my local college. I really needed a way to keep track of my
three grown up grandchildren who are dotted all over the world. We F: Hi Jake, so what did you think about the lecture on Artificial Intelli-
use skype most of the time and I look at the images they put on Face- gence?
book. Having a vast knowledge of tropical diseases, I can’t help worry- M: It was certainly interesting, as the speaker was very engaging. Also,
ing about them at times, especially as one of them is trekking through it wasn’t a topic that I know too much about, so I guess that helped to
the amazon Rainforest at the moment. hold my interest, too.
F: I agree with you I felt the same too. You know, I remember I once
Speaker 2 went to a lecture about climate change and my attention kept wan-
W: People might think that my job is a bit boring, but I am actually dering throughout, despite the best efforts of the speaker to engage
quite fulfilled working here. I’ve got to know a lot of the regulars who the audience. I just felt the lecturer wasn’t telling us anything that we
come shopping in our department store and I have a great rapport didn’t already know already. After all, it’s so much in the news, these
with them, especially the retired people who come in for a chat. Actu- days!
ally it was during one of these chats that I heard about the local ce- M: Quite so! So are you going to the next lecture? You know the one
ramics class, and I thought I’d give it a whirl. Last year I actually made on smart technology? It’s bound to be well attended. A subject like
a whole batch of gifts for friends and family. I don’t want to blow my that appeals to most people.
own trumpet too much, but I think my pots look very professional. It’s F: All I know about smart technology is to do with smartphones, as I
also heaps of fun and I’ve made a few new friends at the class. use one every day. That’s about my limit, with modern technology,
apart from the internet, of course! It’s not that I’m not interested in
Speaker 3 new technologies but I don’t want to sit through another lecture so
M: It’s much harder working here than I had expected. After leaving soon after the previous one! I’d start drifting off to sleep without a
school I thought catering would be lots of fun, lots of free food and
coffee to wake me up. I didn’t get back ‘til late, last night you know!
not particularly difficult. How wrong could I have been? The staff can-
teen provides food for over 150 staff in the shop and it’s non-stop all
Extract 2
day. I enrolled for the Food Safety and Hygiene course at college as I
You hear two friends discussing the topic of sending Christmas
later want to make a career in catering. Here I am being provided with
cards. Now look at Questions 3 and 4. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS]
good basic training in food preparation and cooking but of course I am
on the lowest pay scale, which is a struggle. Once I have my safety
F: Right. That’s the last of my cards done!
certificate, I’ll be entitled to more in my pay packet. At least with this
M: What? Written all your Christmas cards already?
job you never feel bored.
F: I’m not one to leave things to the last minute, like you! It’s good to
Speaker 4 be organised, I think, otherwise it can be so stressful if you have
W: I gave up my job ten years ago due to family commitments. In a dozens of cards to do in a very short time. Also you’re likely to miss
way I don’t regret that, but I did burn quite a few bridges when I left the last posting date and then your cards won’t arrive until after
my last company. Now I can see that I was foolish as I would love to Christmas and what’s the point in that?
work for them again on a part-time basis but we didn’t say goodbye M: I try to get mine off early too, you know, to avoid paying extra
on the best of terms. So, I took up the creative writing course as it’s postage so the cards arrive in time for Christmas! It just never works
something I can do at home while the kids are at school. I’m hoping that way, though and I end up paying more in postage than for the
29
card itself, sometimes! Luckily I don’t send many Christmas cards - almost all of the important scenes from the first twenty minutes of the
only to those who live far away. The rest I always deliver by hand. movie I was directing, were scheduled at the end of several produc-
F: At least that’s better than sending those dreadful e-cards to people tion days. When we got to those scenes, often we only had an hour to
at Christmas. I mean, come on now! Is it so difficult to post a real card shoot an entire sequence, so they had to be rushed, and when we fi-
and send it? Few people have so many friends that they can’t afford to nally got into the editing room, the first twenty minutes were the
send Christmas cards to everyone! People appreciate thought and toughest to put together. We had fewer pieces and less coverage than
effort, something that someone who sends an e-card knows nothing we had for the rest of the film, and our greatest struggle in postpro-
about! duction was how to make that first act of setup seem as dynamic as
everything else in the film.
Extract 3
You hear two colleagues talking about their work. Now look at Finally, first-time directors without exception, shoot too many scenes
Questions 5 and 6. [PAUSE 15 SECONDS] that could have been edited before filming began. This leads to hours
and hours of painstaking and unnecessary editing. It is also a highly
F: Ugh! Sometimes I really hate my job! frustrating process, having to cut scenes that took so much time and
M: Why do you say that? You’re one of the most dedicated employees effort to film.
here!
F: Don’t get me wrong. I love my job - even the early morning starts! That being said, I wouldn’t change my job for the world! I just wish I
I’m also never at a loss as to what to do next. As you know, I’m not had known about all the problems and pitfalls when setting out in my
one of those people who idle away their time in the office, clock- career. It would have saved a lot of heartache and frustration!
watching until the end of the working day. But I’m putting in a lot of
extra hours and never getting any acknowledgement for it! Now you will hear Part 2 again.
M: I see. A bit of praise can go a long way. Without it I can see how That is the end of Part 2.
you would start to get a bit demotivated.
F: Well, I wouldn’t mind so much but I’m I’ve been here five years now Part 3
without so much as a pay rise. You’ll hear an interview in which two crime authors, called
M: Why don’t you apply for a higher position? Petra Langford and Lucien Thompson, are talking about their
F: Admittedly, I could do with the extra money but not the extra work. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (A, B, C or D),
which fits best according to what you hear. You now have 1
hours, as I have a lot of commitments outside work! You see, there’s
minute to look at Part 3. [PAUSE 60 SECONDS]
no easy solution.
M: Yes, I see. Tricky one, isn’t it?
Int: Today I have with me two internationally-renowned crime au-
thors, Petra Langford and Lucien Thompson, to talk about their work.
Part 2
So let me start by asking you, Petra and Lucien, what inspires you to
You hear a director, Josh Martin, talking about the problems
write?
encountered by first-time film directors. For questions 7-14,
Petra: Well I try to take inspiration from everyday things in life. I hear
complete the sentences. You now have 45 seconds in which to
things in conversation or on the radio, and I try to imagine the whole
look at Part 2. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]
story based on what I remember. I’m constantly working out scenar-
ios in my head, playing “what if” and trying to find something to write
If there's anything that's even harder than making a movie, it's making
down.
your first movie. There are so many potential problems and pitfalls,
Lucien: What Petra says, I can identify with, wholeheartedly. I find
that as a first-time director you’re blissfully unaware of.
eavesdropping on conversations on the bus or train a wonderful way
to collect material. There are so many different types of people all
One of the greatest problems for an unknown film director is to get
around to inspire me. I take care though, that none of my fictional
your film financed. Even if financiers are interested in your script and
characters are too like the characters that inspired them. I don’t want
vision, they still consider you a liability. They don't know whether you
to get into trouble, after all!
can deliver the goods yet, and they might fear that you’ll have a nerv-
Int: Although your characters are often drawn from real life, it must
ous breakdown in the middle of shooting, as some first-time directors
be difficult to get your fictional characters to behave realistically. How
have.
do you both achieve that?
Lucien: For me I can do it without too much effort, as my fictional
In order to convince financiers to invest in you and your film, you have
characters become an extension of me. So I just write the words and
to cast movie stars. I think it's funny that the question I get asked the
actions of each character as if I were in their situation. That doesn’t
most is, "How did you get so many movie stars to be in your film?" be-
mean everything that what they say or do is what I would personally
cause the real answer is "Out of necessity!" That's what it takes to get
do in any given situation, I just try to imagine the scene from their
an independent period drama made these days — especially as a first-
viewpoint.
time director - and if you don't have those stars, you'll have to slash
Petra: Personally if I’m stuck, wondering how this or that character
the budget and the number of locations.
would react, I just have a brainstorming session with a couple of my
good friends. We often meet for a chat and a glass of wine at a bar or
Another problem which can hit you out of the blue, if you are an inex-
home and when you’re relaxed it’s easier to be inspired! Failing that, if
perienced director, is with background actors. Even experienced di-
I have based my storyline loosely on a real life event, I will research
rectors can make bad choices, as when you cast background actors
newspaper articles and so on, to find out what characters said or how
you have no idea whether or not they can perform. You just have to
they acted during episodes from that the related event.
rely on agency head-shots and the word of their agents that they are
Int: Tell me now about your writing process.
up to the job. As you get more experienced you get to know who
Petra: My writing process is rather old school. While I absolutely love
might overact, ruining a big scene. It’s just a hunch you get when you
computers and digital technology, I can’t use any of it to write. I still
see someone for the first time.
write everything out longhand on a yellow pad. Lots of yellow pads.
The first two drafts of my books are written this way. Then, for the
Also a big problem that first-time directors have, is prioritising. Many
third draft, I transfer it to a computer. In the past I’ve used voice
tend to leave the most important scenes for the end of the day. How-
recognition software but lately, I’ve gone back to typing. Outlines are
ever, with experience, you learn that the last scene you shoot each
not really my thing. Never were. It used to drive my teachers crazy in
day will be the most compromised, because inevitably, you're running
school. I’d write my article or report and then make the required out-
out of time. I wish I'd known that going in, because for some reason,
line afterwards. I still use that process on books. After I have the first
30
draft written, I make an outline! Speaker 3
Int: That certainly must be a slow process! Well, Lucien, what about I would love to say that adopting a vegetarian diet was due to ethical
you? Are you a technophobe, when it comes to writing? reasons and a concern for animal welfare and the future of the planet,
Lucien: I must admit I did favour longhand until I realised that you can prompted by persuasive journalism in a magazine or newspaper. Alas,
make alterations more effectively using a computer. You can take out behind it, was a more mercenary motivation. As a student, I was living
words, or add them and move chunks of dialogue around much more on a limited budget and had to make ends meet somehow. I decided
easily on a computer. If you do that longhand, you’re just left with an therefore to cut out meat and live off pulses, beans, fruit and vegeta-
illegible scrawl and lots of crossings-out that take hours to decipher! So bles. A healthy option, I’m sure you would agree. Well it wasn’t long
I’m a convert to technology, you could say, despite the initial reservations! before I began to reap the benefits of a vegetarian diet. Whilst before I
Int: Finally, what advice would you give to other writers? often went down with colds and flu every winter, I now seemed to be
Lucien: Well I had a bit of an uphill struggle when I first started writing - immune to these illnesses. I didn’t become noticeably any fitter but I
no overnight success for me! So my advice to would-be authors, is just definitely think a vegetarian diet has done me a lot of good!
keep writing! Never stop. Don’t let anyone discourage you. If you
have your own unconventional methods of writing, embrace that. If Speaker 4
you like writing in isolation do it. It’s often best not to have friends or It was my annual check-up at my local doctors’ surgery that was the
even other would-be authors around to help or more to the point, real wake-up call for me. I only had to look at my doctor’s face as he
distract you. Don’t try to change what is working in order to satisfy pulled out the results of my recent medical, to realise that all was not
someone who doesn’t appreciate your process. There is no wrong well. Basically, I had been consuming a high-fat diet and my heart was
way to write a book. Of course, there is always room to learn and not in good shape at all. Surprisingly, I hadn’t the slightest idea that
grow as a writer but that shouldn’t mean you have to abandon what anything was wrong with my health. I was still jogging regularly and
you are comfortable with. swimming in the local public baths without any problem whatsoever. I
Petra: Yes, I agree with Lucien that it’s no easy process to get pub- followed medical orders to switch to a low-fat diet and since then
lished if you’re a first-time author. However, I think it helps to sur- haven’t looked back. I haven’t done another medical since adopting a
round yourself with like-minded people, pursuing a similar goal, like different eating regime but I just hope now that the results won’t be as
other budding authors. That way you can encourage one another, es- bad for my next medical as they were for the last one!
pecially if you have a set-back, like yet another rejected novel re-
turned from a publishing house! But above all, stay true to yourself Speaker 5
however tempting it is to adopt a more ‘marketable’ style - just keep Many years ago, I was living in Tunisia. I was contracted to work for a
going you’ll be rewarded for your perseverance, in the end! year as an EFL teacher, you see. Well there were many things I had to
Int: Well we’ve run out of time now, so I would just like to thank you get used to. It was an entirely different culture for a start. Also the
both for sharing your thoughts with us. I wish you both good luck in food was very different to what I had been used to before. Lots of
your careers and to any would-be authors out there, take heart, it’s couscous, vegetables and so on, with very little meat. A lot healthier
never easy at the beginning as you can see but you can succeed, like than my normal diet, then, to be honest! Returning to the UK later, I
Petra and Lucien, if you have determination and talent. adopted my old diet. Then one day, I picked up an old recipe book.
Just out of interest, to see if I would feel any health benefits, I started
Now you will hear Part 3 again. eating foods that I ate in Tunisia. Within a couple of weeks I was a dif-
That is the end of Part 3. ferent person! I could run after a bus or up a flight of stairs without
getting out of breath. A really positive result!
Part 4
Part 4 consists of two tasks. You will hear 5 people speaking
about why they changed their diet.

Look at Task 1. For questions 21-25, choose from the list (A-H)
the reason each speaker gives for changing their diet. Now
look at Task 2. For questions 26-30, choose from the list (A-H)
what each speaker feels a change of diet has achieved. While
you listen you must complete both tasks. You now have forty-
five seconds in which to look at Part Four. [PAUSE 45 SECONDS]

Speaker 1
Well it was at university that I began to question where my food was
being sourced. It’s all too easy to go into a supermarket, pick up some
pre-packaged meat without a thought as to its origin. It was some
friends of mine who’d been to a debate given on campus by the Vege-
tarian Society that drew my attention to this. Soon after this they all
kept suggesting that I should, too, adopt a healthier diet. Since changing
to being a vegetarian, I can’t say that I necessarily feel a lot healthier,
but the savings I’ve made by switching to a diet of beans, pulses and
wholegrain rice have been considerable.

Speaker 2
I’d just passed my fortieth birthday and I guess I was facing a bit of a
mid-life crisis when I looked in a mirror after I’d been out on a run.
Dressed in tight-fitting ski pants and a tank top, I realised that I des-
perately needed to get into shape. Exercise alone was not doing it for
me! I took stock of what I ate on an average day and was horrified to
discover how many biscuits and sweets I consumed. It wasn’t exactly
rocket science to work out that this, more than a lax physical regime
was the reason I was so out of shape! Well, having now adopted a
healthier eating plan I’ve seen the pounds drop away and now can
view my reflection the mirror without cringing!
31