Bahasa Inggris II
Bahasa Inggris II
Bahasa Inggris II
ENGLISH II
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
ARRANGED BY:
CLASS : II A3 MANAGEMENT
LECTURER
First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled “SUPPLY AND DEMAND” right in the calculated
time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr.
Erwin Apriansyah as lecturer in English Language II major.
in arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized
there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the
process of writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all.the
writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. then
the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the
next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain
more knowledge about English Language II major.
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TABLE LIST OF CONTENT
PREFACE............................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER I (INDTRODUCTION)
1.1. Background .................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Aims of paper ................................................................................................. 5
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CHAPTER I
(INDTRODUCTION)
A. Background
In every trade transaction, there must be a demand, supply, price and quantity of
production that affect each other. Demand and supply in particular agricultural production
will meet in price and quantity units (quantity of goods).
At the equilibrium point of the market, the buyer's intensity corresponds precisely
to the intensity of the seller, ie the amount that the buyer will pay (the requested amount)
exactly the same as the amount to be sold by the suppliers (amount offered). This sum is
called the amount of balance, and the price associated with it is called the equilibrium
price.
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B. Aim Of Paper
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CHAPTER II
(Discussion Of The Problem)
2.1.Definition Of Supply
Supply is a number of goods or services provided for sale at various price levels at
a given time and place. Another notion of pesnawaran is the desire and ability of
the sellers or dealers to offer various quantities of goods in a price relevance.
Penawaran adalah sejumlah barang atau jasa yang disediakan untuk dijual pada
berbagai tingkatan harga pada waktu dan tempat tertentu. Pengertian lain dari
pesnawaran adalah keinginan dan kemampuan para penjual atau penyalur untuk
menawarkan berbagai jumlah barang dalam suatu relevansi harga.
The supply curve shows the relationship between the price of a product and the
quantity supplied (quantity that is willing to be produced / sold), if other things
are constant / ceteris paribus. The slope of supply curve is positive, ie if the price
rises then the quantity of supply will increase, and vice versa.
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2.3 Factors Cause The Occurrence Of The Offer
Sama seperti pada kurva permintaan, perubahan pada kelima faktor ini akan
mengakibatkan pergeseran pada kurva penawaran. Kelima faktor ini adalah
faktor diluar harga.
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2.4 Law Of Supply
a) At the time of rising demand prices and when the price drops demand falls.
a) Pada saat harga naik permintaa naik dan pada saat harga turun
permintaan turun.
a) Sub-marginal offer: Offers made by sellers who are able to sell below
market price.
b) Marginal Offer: Offers made by sellers who are able to sell equals market
prices.
c) Margin super offers: Offers made by sellers who sell their products above
market rates.
d) Individual offerings: Offers made by an individual.
e) Market offerings: Offers made by many sellers on the market.
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2.6. Definition Of Demand
Permintaan adalah sejumlah barang atau jasa yang diinginkan dibeli atau
dimiliki pada berbagai tingkat harga pada waktu tertentu. Fungsi permintaan
dalam ilmu ekonomi adalah sebuah fungsi yang menunjukan hubungan antara
harga barang dengan jumlah barang yang diminta oleh masyarakat. "Fungsi
Permintaan" berasal dari dua kata, yaitu fungsi dan permintaan. "Fungsi"
adalah ketergantungan suatu variabel dengan variabel lainnya. Fungsi secara
umum ditulis y = F(x). Secara grafik, digambarkan dengan y = sumbu vertikal, x
= sumbu horizontal dan F menyatakan ketergantungan y terhadap x. Sedangkan
"permintaan" adalah banyaknya barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat.
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2.7 The Demand Curve
The demand curve shows the relationship between the price of a product and the
quantity demanded, if other things are constant / ceteris paribus. Demand slopes
negatively on price (law of demand). In other words, when the price rises demand
will fall, and when the price drops demand will rise.
The demand curve is a curve that describes the nature of the relationship between
the price of an item and the quantity of goods demanded by spemblers. The
demand curve is based on real public data about the number of demand for a good
at various price levels, presented in tabular form.
The demand curve shows the relationship between the price of a product and the
quantity demanded, if other things are constant / ceteris paribus. Demand slopes
negatively on price (law of demand). In other words, when the price rises demand
will fall, and when the price drops demand will rise.
The demand curve is a curve that describes the nature of the relationship between
the price of an item and the quantity of goods demanded by spemblers. The
demand curve is based on real public data about the number of demand for a
good at various price levels, presented in tabular form.
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2.8 Factors Cause of Demand
a) Average consumer income. If the income goes up, everyone will tend to
consume more / buy more goods even though the price of the goods does
not change, for example, the rich prefer VIP room than the low-income
people.
b) Market size. Larger populations tend to buy more from smaller populated
cities.
c) Price and availability of related products. One of the most important is the
substitution product. For example, the demand for moderate-sized health
services will be low if the small, inexpensive (not maximal)
d) Tastes. Differences in history and culture will affect consumer tastes.
Certain products may sell in a region, but not in other regions. For
example, dukun beranak will not sell well among people who know
medical services because of taboo (Dukun is not sterile).
e) Special effects. For example, the demand for masks when the mountain
erupts, umbrellas ahead of the rainy season.
The above five factors may result in a shift in the demand curve, since
they are off-price factors. Note that the increase / decrease in price will
cause the demand to change along the demand curve, while the above five
factors will result in a shift in the demand curve.
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2.9 Law Of Demand
At a time when the price rises demand falls and when prices fall demand rises.
Quantity of demand tends to go down when prices go up for two basic reasons:
Pada saat harga naik permintaan turun dan pada saat harga turun
permintaan naik.
Kuantitas permintaan cenderung turun ketika harga naik karena dua alasan
dasar :
1. Efek substitusi. Naiknya harga suatu produk akan mengakibatkan
konsumen mencari substitusi yang harganya tidak naik. Misalnya saja,
biaya berobat naik di rumah sakit, maka dapat diganti dengan berobat di
Puskesmas. (Produk substitusi adalah produk-produk yang memiliki
fungsi sama/serupa).
2. Efek pendapatan. Apabila harga naik sementara pendapatan konsumen
tidak berubah, maka daya beli riil konsumen tersebut berkurang.
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2.10 Type Of Demand
1. Permintaan Absurd/Absolut.
Permintaan Absurd / Absolut adalah permintaan yang tidak diikuti dengan
kemampuan untuk membeli.
2. Permintaan Potensial.
Permintaan potensial adalah permintaan yang sudah didukung oleh daya beli,
namun belum terdapat keinginan untuk membeli.
3. Permintaan Efektif.
Permintaan Efektif adalah permintaan yang didukung oleh kemampuan untuk
membeli (mempunyai daya beli).
4. Permintaan Individu.
Permintaan Individu adalah permintaan yang dilakukan oleh satu konsumen saja.
5. Permintaan Pasar
Permintaan Pasar adalah permintaan yang dilakukan oleh konsumen secara
keseluruhan dalam pasar.
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CHAPTER III
(CONCLUSION)
Supply and demand meet at a point called the balance point. At this point,
the amount that the buyer will pay (the requested amount) exactly matches the
amount that the suppliers will sell (the amount offered). This sum is called the
amount of balance, and the price associated with it is called the equilibrium price.
Penawaran dan permintaan bertemu pada satu titik yang dinamakan titik
keseimbangan. Pada titik ini, jumlah yang akan dibayar pembeli (jumlah yang
diminta) persis sama dengan jumlah yang akan dijual oleh para pemasok (jumlah
yang ditawarkan). Jumlah ini disebut jumlah keseimbangan, dan harga yang
berhubungan dengannya disebut harga keseimbangan.
Perubahan keseimbangan pasar terjadi bila ada pergeseran kurva
permintaan dan penawaran yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Pergeseran
ini dapat kekiri maupun kekanan. Jika faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan
adalah harga, keseimbangan akan kembali ke titik awal. Tetapi jika yang berubah
adalah faktor-faktor ceteris paribus seperti teknologi untuk sisi penawaran, atau
pendapatan untuk sisi permintaan, keseimbangan tidak kembali ke titik awal.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://harahap-reza.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/ekonomi-mikro-penawaran-supply-
dan.html
http://tobymangapan.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/makalah-ekonomi-permintaan-dan-
penawaran.html
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