A Modular Approach

with Readings

Marco D. Meduranda, PhD

Professor
Navotas Polytechnic College
 Module 2

Nouns and Pronouns

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this module, students will have been able to:

• describe and analyze meaning, and use of various noun and

pronoun structure.
• apply knowledge of structure of nouns and pronouns in creating
correct sentences

2
 General Instructions

This module is composed of key inputs on the

structure of English specially on the topic of
nouns and pronouns. The students are expected
to study the topics and accomplish the
embedded exercises.

The assessment tasks at the end will allow you

to demonstrate the essential understandings,
key competencies and desired learning
outcomes for each lessons.

Connect with your teacher via the learning

management system created for this particular
course. If you have clarifications and questions,
contact him via his email:
mdmed2410@gmail.com or through the
messenger chat of the class online learning
group.

Your success to this course lies in your hands.

Good luck!

MDM
Assessment Tasks

TASK Grids: Choose and complete any three tasks from the task grid
below. Submit your outputs in PPT format, each tasks in separate files, on
your Google Drive.

CONCEPT 20 ITEM QUIZ POWERPOINT

MAP/DIAGRAM LESSON

Create a concept map Create a 20 item Create a 25-40 slide

that shows the multiple choice quiz original PowerPoint
properties, categories that shows application lesson about NOUNS
and forms of NOUNS of knowledge of nouns and PRONOUNS.
and PRONOUNS. (2 and pronouns. Output
diagrams) should be on a
Powerpoint.
VIDEO LESSON INTERVIEW AN 20 INTERACTIVE
ENGLISH TEACHER WEBSITES
Create a 10-15 minutes
video lesson focusing Make an interview with Search the internet and
on the concepts of an English Language locate 20 websites that
NOUNS and Arts teacher and teach nouns and
PRONOUNS. Upload discover strategies on pronouns to children.
the file in mp4 format. how they teach nouns Have a screenshot of
and pronouns in a the websites and put
communicative way. then on a Powerpoint
Ask for example lesson presentation.
plans.

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 Unit - 1
Nouns
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of Nouns
1.3 Noun and Noun Phrase
1.4 Kinds of Nouns
1.4.1 Proper nouns
1.4.2 Common nouns
1.4.3 Collective nouns
1.4.4 Material nouns
1.4.5 Abstract nouns
1.5 Nouns: Countability
1.5.1 Coun table nouns
1.5.2 Uncountable nouns
1.6 Nouns: Gender
1.6.1 Masculine and Feminine forms
1.6.2 Common/dual gender
1.7 Conclusion
1.8 Unit End Questions

1
1.0 Objectives
This unit will give you a fairly good idea about the most common of the parts of
speech – Nouns. In Hindi you call them स7ं ा
1.1 Introduction
Nouns are naming words. Every language has its own set of nouns and the list is
open ended i.e. newer nouns one added to the older ones with the changing times.

1.2 Definition of Nouns

A Nouns is the name of a person place or thing. A thing includes a quality (fear) a
material (gold), a collection (herd, army), a state (adherence) and an action (cheat,
mock, movement)
1.3 Noun and Noun Phrase
A noun is often called a' noun phrase. A noun phrase can be a single-word noun:
Teachers love their pupils. (noun phrase: teacher)
But a noun phrase is usually longer than a single word because it consists of an
adjective or a determiner plus a noun.
A good teacher loves his pupils. (noun phrase: a good teacher)
1.4 Kinds of Nouns
Nouns can be classified into five kinds:
1. Proper nouns
2. Common nouns
3. Collective nouns
4. Material nouns
5. Abstract nouns

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1.4.1 Proper nouns
A proper noun is the name of a particular person or thing, i.e. a name used for an
individual person or place, river, or mountain etc.:
Mary, Rahul, Godavari, India, Everest
1.4.2 Common nouns
A common noun refers to any and every person or thing of the same kind or class,
not to a particular person or thing:
cow, dog, girl, boy, man, woman
Common nouns Proper nouns
girl Latha
dog Rover
man Aslam
1.4.3 Collective nouns
A collective noun is the name of a collection, group of people, or things of the
same kind: class, team, government jury, federation
1.4.4 Material nouns
A material noun is the name of a material, substance, or ingredient things are made
of. They can be articles of food or drink as well:
iron, copper, steel, gold, coal, silver, rice, wheat, milk, water, tea, sugar
Note: A material noun is a type of common noun but a distinction is made between
the two. A common noun is usually a countable noun but a material noun is an
uncountable noun.
The cow gives us milk.
Cow is a common noun (countable), but milk is a material noun (uncountable).
1.4.5 Abstract nouns
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or concept:
beauty, sweetness, childhood, love

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Note: Concrete nouns are names of material things, i.e. things having a material
form, shape or size. Abstract nouns are the names of qualities found in various
kinds of objects. Since they have no material form, they cannot be seen or touched.
We can know of them only through our mind:
Concrete nouns Abstract nouns
sugar weetness
book beauty
milk hatred
Patna fear
We can see sugar but cannot see sweetness, so sugar is a concrete noun and
sweetness an abstract noun. In short, concrete nouns refer to physical properties
and abstract nouns to mental roperties.
1.5 Nouns: Countability
Nouns are of two kinds from the viewpoint of countability:
a) Countable nouns b) Uncountable nouns
1.5.1 Cou table nouns
Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns:
a book one book two books
an egg one egg two eggs
Generally a noun used in answer to the question how many? is a countable noun:
How many films did you watch?
I watched six films.
How many flights are there from here to Delhi?
There are only two flights.
Note: Common nouns and collective nouns are by and large countable.
1.5.2 Uncountable nouns
Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns:
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 milk, water, ink, sugar, butter
(not, a milk, one water, two sugar)
A noun used in answer to the question how much? is an uncountable noun.
When we want to refer to the quantity of these items we use values of
measurement which are countable:
How much milk do you need?
We need a litre of milk.
Note: a) Material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable. So are proper
nouns, though they can be used as countable nouns in special
situations:
There are two Indias, the rural and the urban.
b) Certain nouns can be used both as countable and uncountable
depending on the context.
Uncountable Countable
I prefer chicken to fish. These chickens are lovely.
Petrol catches fire easily. Shall we make a fire out here?
1.6 Nouns: Gender
Gender is of four kinds:
Masculine (denotes male)
Feminine (denotes female)
Common (denotes both male and female)
Neuter (denotes neither male nor female)
Masculine Feminine Common Neuter
boy girl student gold
man woman teacher rice
brother sister doctor flower
uncle aunt child river
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bull cow diplomat table
Note: The words masculine and feminine can be used as adjectives to describe the
looks or qualities of human beings. In this sense masculine means: having the
characterstics of a man, so it can be used of a woman or girl as well.
The lady standing in the centre has masculine looks.
Similarly with feminine. Notice that in this sense masculine/feminine indicates
characteristics or attributes, not sex.
1.6.1 Masculine and feminine forms
The feminine of nouns is formed in two ways:
i) by adding ess to the masculine form
ii) by adding she/girl/woman to the masculine form
i) By adding ess to the masculine form
actor Actress lion lioness
baron Baroness master mistress
count/earl Countess murderer murderess
duke Duchess priest priestess
god Goddess prince princess
heir heiress shepherd shepherdess
host hostess tiger tigress
hunter huntress waiter waitress
Note: a) English has only a small number of feminine forms (noun + ess).
Professional activities are often referred to in the common gender.
The feminine forms authoress, poetess, directress, inspectress are no longer in use.
She is the director of this institute. (not, directress)
She is an inspector of police. (not, inspectress)
b) The feminine form of hero is heroine.

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ii) By adding she/girl/woman
he-goat she-goat
boy-friend girl-friend
student woman student
businessman businesswoman
policeman policewoman
sportsman sportswoman
salesman saleswoman
statesman stateswoman
But in many cases, the feminine form is not derived from the masculine form. In
the examples listed below, the feminine form is a totally new word, not related to
the masculine form phonetically.
bachelor - maid/spinster gander - goose
boar - sow gentleman - lady
boy - girl hart - roe
brother - sister horse - mare
buck - doe husband - wife
bull/ox - cow lord - lady
bullock - heifer man - woman
cock - hen nephew - neice
colt - fi lIy sir - madam
dog - bitch stag - hind
drake - duck uncle - aunt
drone - bee wizard - witch
father - mother fox - vixen
friar/monk - nun mon/dual - gender

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1.6.2 Common/dual gender
1) Nouns denoting profession
Most of the nouns denoting profession/occupation are in the common gender:
ambassador doctor minister pupil
artisan editor monarch reader
artist enemy monitor relation
artiste engineer musician scientist
author fool neighbour secretary
baby foreigner novelist servant
captain friend orphan singer
child infant person speaker
clerk judge player student
collector lawyer poet teacher
cook lecturer politician typist
cousin librarian president worker
criminal magician principal writer
dancer trlagistrate professor
1.9 Conclusion
Now you have a basic idea about the kinds of nouns and gender.

1.10 Unit end Questions

1. Name any ten nouns around you and classify them accordingly.
2 How are feminine forms formed in English. Give examples.

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 Unit – 2
Pronouns
Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition
2.3 Kinds of Pronouns
2.3.1 Personal pronouns
2.3.2 Possessive pronouns
2.3.3 Reciprocal pronouns
2.3.4 Demonstrative pronouns
2.3.5 Reflexive pronouns
2.3.7. Relative pronouns
2.3.8 Interrogative pronouns
2.3.10 Indefinite pronouns
2.4 Pronouns: Number
2.5 Pronouns: Gender
2.6 Pronouns :Persons
2.7 Summary
2.8 Exercises
2.0 Objectives
In this unit we shall discuss Pronouns as used in English

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2.1 Introduction
Pronouns are what you understand as सवJनाम in Hindi. They are not open ended.
The list of pronouns in every language is limited.
2.2 Definition
Pro means 'for' or 'acting as.' A pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun or a noun
phrase. In other words, it has all the characteristics of a noun: it can function as a
subject/object/complement in a sentence.
A pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of nouns or noun phrases:
1. Suresh went to the market because Suresh wanted to buy a pen.
i.e. Suresh went to the market because he wanted to buy a pen.
2. Walking is a form of exercise. Walking is easier than swimming.
i.e. Walking is a form of exercise. It is easier than swimming.
But a pronoun is different from a noun in that it cannot take a premodifying
adjective nor can it take a determiner or a prefix/suffix. The form of a pronoun is
fixed.
2.3 Kinds of Pronouns
There are nine kinds of pronouns:
i) Personal Pronouns
ii) Possessive Pronouns
iv) Demonstrative Pronouns
v) Reflective Pronouns
vii) Relative Pronouns
viii) Interrogative Pronouns
ix) Indefinite Pronouns
2.3.1 Personal pronouns
I, we, you, he, she, it, they

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These seven pronouns are called personal pronouns. On the basis of their role in a
speech act, these can be divided into three:
First Person, Second Person, Third Person
2.3.2 Possessive pronouns
my, our, your, his, her, their, its (determiners)
mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, its (predicative use)
They are used to express ownership/possession/relationship.
Determiners are followed by a noun.
This is my room.
The possessive pronoun in its predicative use cannot be followed by a noun.
We don't say:
This is mine room.
We say:
The room is mine.
Note: Its is always used as a determiner, never as a predicative.
This is a lock and that is its key. (not, ... that key is its.)
2.3.3 Reciprocal pronouns
each other, one another
These are used to express mutual/reciprocal relationship:
They love each other/one another.
Like any other pronoun, each other and one another have no intrinsic reference;
therefore they have to have an antecedent. But unlike other pronouns, these cannot
normally appear as the subject of a main clause because the antecedent should be
in the sentence itself. Typically these occur as object of a verb or a preposition in a
sentence that has a plural subject.
1. No two artists approve of each other's works.
But we cannot say:

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2. If there are two children of the same age it is always good to put them in the
same class. Each other can help in doing the homework.
But we can say:
The children can help each other in doing the homework.
Even though there are enough contextual clues in (2) as to the antecedent of each
other the sentence is not possible.
Note: Traditional grammar makes a distinction between each other and one
another. It requires that each other be used of only two people/things and one
another of more than two. In current English both are used interchangeably, with a
slight preference for each other.
2.3.4 Demonstrative pronouns
this, that, these, those
They are used to point to (demonstrate) people or things they stand for:
1. This is our new house.
2. That is the bridge built by the British.
Demonstrative pronouns have number contrast:
this these
that those
The basic function of demonstratives is to indicate the nearness or distance of the
person or object referred to, from the speaker.
Some of the uses of demonstrative pronouns are shown below:
a) When pointing:
This is my brother, Ravi.
That is his new car.
b) When a specific category is implied:
Those who apply late will not be considered.
c) When there is a reference to a previous statement or a statement that
follows:
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 This is what I told them.
That is my opinion on the matter.
Note: Difference between it and this
It is a personal pronoun, whereas this is a demonstrative pronoun. As a
demonstrative pronoun this indicates nearness and also identifies a person or thing.
The use of it does not convey these shades of meaning, so this is preferred to it for
making a formal announcement or introduction:
This is All India Radio giving you the news. (not, it)
Mum, this is Iaya, my friend. (not, it)
In an answer, however, it is preferred to this when a contracted form is used.
What's this?
It's a new electronic device. (not, this)
But when a contracted form is not used, this is okay.
What is this? This is a new electronic device.
2.3.5 Reflexive pronouns
Form:
A reflexive pronoun is formed by attaching self/selves to the objective form of the
pronoun:
myself, ourselves, yourself/selves, himself, herself, themselves, itself
a) A reflexive pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun in the objective case i.e.,
as a direct object:
Govind saw Govind in the mirror.
Govind saw himselfin the mirror.
This is used to avoid an awkward construction 'Govind ... Govind' .
Gayatri laughed at Gayatri.
Gayatri laughed at herself.

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Note: .Reflexive means 'bent back', i.e. 'bending the subject back to the subject.' A
reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object refer to the same person
or thing. This can be seen from the agreement between the subject and the
reflexive object:
I saw myself in the mirror.
We dressed ourselves in the kitchen.
You sent yourself a birthday card.
They wrote themselves a 'Thank you' note.
He hurt himselfwhile playing.
She taught herself the piano.
One should avail oneself of this chance.
b) It can be used as an indirect object as well:
Sujatha made herself a new dress.
Raghu gives himself airs.
2.3.7. Relative pronouns
who, whom, which, what, that
A relative pronoun relates or refers back to a noun or pronoun called its antecedent.
It also joins clauses. So it is a pronoun as well as a conjunction. Relative pronouns
introduce relative clauses and noun clauses:
Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
I don't know who is standing at the gate.
Which is used also as a sentence relative pronoun to introduce the relative c in a
sentence:
They eat snakes, which is unusual.
2.3.8 Interrogative pronouns
Who, whom, whose, which, what

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The forms of relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns are identical, but their
functions are different: the former join clauses, the latter ask questions.
a) Who can come as the subject or as the object in a clause. Here who refers
only to persons, not to things:
Who discovered America? (as subject)
Who did you invite for lunch? (as object)
Who are you talking about? (as object of the preposition)
In current English, whom is rarely used as the object; who is the preferred
form.
b) Whose is the possessive form of who; it can stand for both animate and
inanimate nouns in interrogative expressions.
Do you know whose book won the award this year? (refers to author)
I borrowed a book from the library whose pages are all torn. (refers to
book)
c) Which is used for both people and things when there is an implied choice or
selection:
Which card game do you like to play?
Which teacher do you like best?
d) What as subject or object is used to refer to things only:
What is in your pocket?
What's wrong with you?
Note: a) Who is used for asking questions about a person's name, what for
seeking information about a person's profession.
Who is that gentleman talking to your father? He is Mr Reddy.
What is he? He is an artist.
b) Which presupposes a set and the person is being asked about his choice.
What, on the other hand, does not presuppose any set and there is no choice
implied.
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 Which do you want? The red one.
What do you want? Some coffee.
2.3.10 Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns constitute a heterogenous set. One can go about classifying
them differently using different criteria.
A) Universal pronouns:
each, every, all
Each refers to two or more people or things, whereas every refers to three or more.
Further, each presupposes a set (supplied by the context), every does not.
Rajeev walked into the room and gave a sweet to everyone (not, each)
Both each and every take of-constructions following them. So does all.
All can occur immediately before a noun. Therefore it is more like a determiner.
At times a definite article can intervene between all and the noun.
All the girls want to imitate Karen.
Each of you should attend the function.
Everyone of them came to see me in hospital.
B) Assertive pronouns:
There are five sub-classes in this:
a) much, many
more Milk More hats
most Mosy
b) little, less, least, few, fewer, fewest
Less goes with uncountable nouns and fewer with countable nouns.
Occasionally, less can be found with count nouns, too. Expressions
denoting periods of time, sums ,of money etc. take less.
There is less orange juice in my glass.
There are fewer public holidays this year.
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c) several, enough
Several occurs with plural countable nouns only. Enough can occur with
both countable and uncountable nouns. Enough, unlike several, can precede
or follow the head noun.
Hanif and I met and spoke to several craftspersons at the fair.
Have you packed enough food for a day?
Have you packed food enough for a day?
d) one
The use of one as a pronoun is typical of British English. In American
English his is used in place of one's.
One should love one's neighbour.
One should not think too much of oneself.
In question tags we/you is preferred to repeating one.
One cannot live all alone, can we/you? (not, one)
One/ones can substitute for a countable noun.
This mirror has cracked. I need to buy a new one.
These grapes are sour. I like sweet ones.
One can be premodified by the, that, this and which.
I have read a number of stories, but this is the one I like best.
I don't fancy this model, can I have that one?
Which one? The one in the corner?
One/ones is usually left out after these/those/either/neither/firstllastlnext.
These cars are smaller than those. (not, those ones)
The last to arrive was the bl ind man. (not, last one)
Here are two shirts. You can take either. (not. either one)
e) someone, somebody, something
Some usually goes with positive statements/questions.
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 Something must be done before it is too late.
Can someone help me with accounts?
I hope somebody picks up the phone.
C) Non-assertive pronouns:
a) anyone, anybody, anything
Any, unlike some, has some special occurrence properties. It does not occur
with positive statements unless there is a modal element like can/will. A
negative also can licence any.
The citizens will not believe anything. (not, The citizens believe anything).
I can challenge anybody.
b) either
Either as a pronoun refers to one out of a set of two. Note that either is
always singular.
Eitheryou make up your mind quickly, or we leave you and go.
Either of the two proposals is acceptable to me.
D) Negative pronouns:
a) no, no one, nobody, none, nothing
No can precede a 'noun, therefore it is like a determiner.
Madhuri showed no interest in the new film.
The rest of the n- series have only nominal function. These generally take
an affirmative verb; they do not allow a not in the sentence.
The police did nothing to control the mob.
(not, The police could not do nothing.)
There are certain varieties of non-standard English where a double negative
is common.
b) neither

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 Neither is the negative counterpart of either. It is always used in the
singular. It can come before a noun.
Neither of the allegations is true.
Neither allegation is true.
2.4 Pronouns: Number
Like nouns, pronouns too, have number. But the number system of pronouns is
different from that of nouns because an s is not added to pronouns to turn them into
plural. The singular and plural forms of pronouns are fixed.
singular plural
I, me, my, mine, myself we, us, our, ours, ourselves
you, your, yours, yourself you, your, yours, yourselves
he, his, him, himself she, her, hers, herself they, them, their, theirs,
themselves
it, its, itself, one, oneself this, that, much, little these, those, ones, both,
many, some
each, either, neither, few, each other, one
another
none, no one, someone, anyone, everyone
somebody, nobody, anybody, everybody
something, nothing, anything, everything
Note: you, all, any, some, none, who, which and that can be used in both numbers.
You are a clever fellow. All is not lost.
You are brave men. . All are well here.
(Thou, the singular second person pronoun is archaic.)
2.5 Pronouns: Gender
Gender is of four kinds:
i) Masculine
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 ii) Feminine
iii) Common
iv) Neuter
The gender system of pronouns is different from that of nouns because a suffix like
ess is not used to mark gender distinctions. The gender of pronouns is fixed.
i) Masculine pronouns
he, him, his, himself
ii) Feminine pronouns
she, her, hers, herself
iii) Common gender pronouns
I, we, you, they Personal Pronouns
mine, ours, yours, theirs Possessive Pronouns
myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves Reflexive Pronouns
each other, one another Distributive Pronouns
each, either, neither
everybody, nobody, anybody Indefinite Pronouns
somebody, everyone, noone
anyone, someone, one none
ho, which, what, that, Relative Pronouns
who? which? what? Interrogative Pronouns
iv) Neuter gender pronouns
it, its, itself
anything, nothing, something, everything
2.6 Pronouns :Persons
Person is a grammatical category which has three divisions:

20
The first person refers to the person speaking or writing (I, we), the second person
to the person addressed (you) and the third person to the person spoken or written
about (he, she, they). In a speech situation the first and second person are
necessarily present, the third person mayor may not be present.
i) First person
I, me, my, mine, myself,
we, us, our, ours, ourselves
ii) Second person
you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves
iii) Third Person
he, his, him, himself,
she, her, herself,
it, its, itself,
they, them, their, theirs, themselves
2.7 Summary
You have been given a detailed understanding of the pronouns in English in this
unit.
2.8 Unit End Question
Fill in the blanks with the right alternative:
i) She doesn't obey parents. (his, her)
ii) It is who has broken this chair. (he, him)
iii) He is not such a man can help us. (who, as)
iv) I don't know the man is standing there. (who, which)
v) One shouldn't betray friends. (one's, his)
vi) ______ of the two sisters is married. (none, neither)
vii) ______ of the two boys will get a prize. (anyone, either)

21
 viii) ______ of the two girls has short hair. (each, everyone)
ix) Everyone of the guests has taken seat. (his, their)
x) He and I believe in doing work sincerely. (my, our)
xi) My watch broke yesterday is now useless. (that, which)
Choose the right alternative and fill in the blanks:
i) Who you food and money? (gives/does give)
ii) What the accident? (did caused/caused)
iii) What is she? She is . (Mary/a nurse)
iv) He acquitted as a statesman. (well/himself well)
v) ______ is the tallest girl in the class? (Which/What)
vi) ______ is he speaking to? (Who/Whom)
vii) ______ he gone yet? (has/hasn't)
viii) Do you know who ? (she is/is she)
ix) They are looking at . (he/him)
x) Who is he? He is . (a teacher/Rakesh)
III. Correct these sentences:
1. My father, that lives in France has sent me a watch.
2. It are they who create problems everywhere.
3. I haven't yet read the book who is lying on the shelf.
4. She is 0 e of those who does what she says.
5. One can't live all alone, can one?
6. They each wants to get a medal.
7. This is a fan and that is it's switch.
8. Do you know as to when will Jennifer get back?
9. Everyone of these two boys was rewarded.
10. I am the man who have won a prize.
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11. I think foolish to tease a snake.
12. This is mine own car.
13. He always prides on his wealth.
14. He addressed to the chair.
15. Which colour is gold?
IV. Put a tick (V) against the correct sentence.(s):
1. a) It was Anil who helped me.
b) It was Anil that helped me.
2. a) It is Shweta whom I want to see.
b) It is Shweta that I want to see.
3. a) This apple is green. I want red one.
b) This apple is green'. I want a red one.
4. a) Look at the boy who is in shorts.
b) Look at the boy that is in shorts.
5. a) He is the greatest thinker that was ever born.
b) He is the greatest thinker who was ever born.
6. a) They eat snakes, which is nauseating.
b) They eat snakes, which are nauseating.
7, a) A girl who has short hair she looks like a boy.
b) A girl who has short hair looks like a boy.
c) A girl that has short hair looks like a boy.
8. a) They enjoyed last night.
b) They enjoyed themselves last night.
c) They enjoyed themselves a party last night.
9. a) It is BBC giving you the news.
b) This is BBC giving you the news.
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 References

Givon, T. (1987). On understanding grammar. New York: Academic Press.

Gordon, P. C., Grosz, B. J., & Gilliom, L. A. (1993). Pronouns, names,
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