Engineer's Reference

This section includes:

! Energy Equation
! Roughness Values—Manning's Equation
! Roughness Values—Kutter's Equation
! Roughness Values—Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation
! Roughness Values—Hazen-Williams Formula

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Energy Equation
The energy relationship between the downstream and upstream end of a pipe is:

(8.1)

Where V = Fluid velocity (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2)

g = Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2)
P = Pressure (N/m.2, lb/ft2)
γ = Specific weight of fluid (N/m.3, lb/ft3)
z = Elevation at centroid (m, ft)
h = Headgain, such as from a pump (m, ft)
G
h = Combined headloss (m, ft)
L

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Roughness Values—Manning's Equation
Commonly used roughness values for different materials are:

Table 8-1: Manning's Coefficients n for Closed Metal Conduits

Channel Type and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Brass, smooth 0.009 0.010 0.013
Steel; Lockbar and welded 0.010 0.012 0.014
Steel; Riveted and spiral 0.013 0.016 0.017
Cast iron; Coated 0.010 0.013 0.014
Cast iron; Uncoated 0.011 0.014 0.016
Wrought iron; Black 0.012 0.014 0.015
Wrought iron; Galvanized 0.013 0.016 0.017
Corrugated metal; Subdrain 0.017 0.019 0.021
Corrugated metal; Storm Drain 0.021 0.024 0.030

Table 8-2: Manning's Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits

Channel Type and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Lucite 0.008 0.009 0.010
Glass 0.009 0.010 0.013
Cement; Neat, surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
 Cement; Mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
Concrete; Culvert, straight and free of debris 0.010 0.011 0.013
Concrete; Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris 0.011 0.013 0.014
Concrete; Finished 0.011 0.012 0.014
Concrete; Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight 0.013 0.015 0.017
Concrete; Unfinished, steel form 0.012 0.013 0.014
Concrete; Unfinished, smooth wood form 0.012 0.014 0.016
Concrete; Unfinished, rough wood form 0.015 0.017 0.020
Wood; Stave 0.010 0.012 0.014
Wood; Laminated, treated 0.015 0.017 0.020
Clay; Common drainage tile 0.011 0.013 0.017
Clay; Vitrified sewer 0.011 0.014 0.017
Clay; Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc. 0.013 0.015 0.017
Clay; Vitrified subdrain with open joint 0.014 0.016 0.018
Brickwork; Glazed 0.011 0.013 0.015
Brickwork; Lined with cement mortar 0.012 0.013 0.016
Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slimes, with bends and connections 0.012 0.013 0.016
Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom 0.016 0.019 0.020
Rubble masonry, cemented 0.018 0.025 0.030

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Roughness Values—Kutter's Equation
Table 8-3: Roughness Values—Kutter's Equation
Channel Type and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Brass, smooth 0.009 0.010 0.013
Steel; Lockbar and welded 0.010 0.012 0.014
Steel; Riveted and spiral 0.013 0.016 0.017
Cast iron; Coated 0.010 0.013 0.014
Cast iron; Uncoated 0.011 0.014 0.016
Wrought iron; Black 0.012 0.014 0.015
Wrought iron; Galvanized 0.013 0.016 0.017
Corrugated metal; Subdrain 0.017 0.019 0.021
Corrugated metal; Storm Drain 0.021 0.024 0.030

Table 8-4: Kutter's Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits

Channel Type and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Lucite 0.008 0.009 0.010
Glass 0.009 0.010 0.013
Cement; Neat, surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
Cement; Mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
Concrete; Culvert, straight and free of debris 0.010 0.011 0.013
Concrete; Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris 0.011 0.013 0.014
Concrete; Finished 0.011 0.012 0.014
Concrete; Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight 0.013 0.015 0.017
Concrete; Unfinished, steel form 0.012 0.013 0.014
Concrete; Unfinished, smooth wood form 0.012 0.014 0.016
Concrete; Unfinished, rough wood form 0.015 0.017 0.020
Wood; Stave 0.010 0.012 0.014
Wood; Laminated, treated 0.015 0.017 0.020
 Clay; Common drainage tile 0.011 0.013 0.017
Clay; Vitrified sewer 0.011 0.014 0.017
Clay; Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc. 0.013 0.015 0.017
Clay; Vitrified subdrain with open joint 0.014 0.016 0.018
Brickwork; Glazed 0.011 0.013 0.015
Brickwork; Lined with cement mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slimes, with bends and connections 0.012 0.013 0.016
Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom 0.016 0.019 0.020
Rubble masonry, cemented 0.018 0.025 0.030

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Roughness Values—Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation
Table 8-5: Darcy-Weisbach Roughness Heights k for Closed
Conduits
Pipe Material k (mm) k (ft)
Glass, drawn brass, copper (new) 0.0015 0.000005
Seamless commercial steel (new) 0.004 0.000013
Commercial steel (enamel coated) 0.0048 0.000016
Commercial steel (new) 0.045 0.00015
Wrought iron (new) 0.045 0.00015
Asphalted cast iron (new) 0.12 0.0004
Galvanized iron 0.15 0.0005
Cast iron (new) 0.26 0.00085
Wood stave (new) 0.18 ~ 0.9 0.0006 ~ 0.003
Concrete (steel forms, smooth) 0.18 0.0006
Concrete (good joints, average) 0.36 0.0012
Concrete (rough, visible, form marks) 0.60 0.002
Riveted steel (new) 0.9 ~ 9.0 0.003 ~ 0.03
Corrugated metal 45 0.15

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Roughness Values—Hazen-Williams Formula
Table 8-6: Hazen-Williams Coefficients
Pipe Material C
Asbestos cement 140
Brass 130 – 140
Brick Sewer 100
Cast iron; New, unlined 130
Cast iron; 10 yr. old 107 – 113
Cast iron; 20 yr. old 89 – 100
Cast iron; 30 yr. old 75 – 90
Cast iron; 40 yr. old 64 – 83
Concrete or concrete lined; Steel forms 140
Concrete or concrete lined; Wood forms 120
Concrete or concrete lined; Centrifugally spun 135
Copper 130 – 140
Galvanized iron 120
 Glass 140
Lead 130 – 140
Plastic 140 – 150
Steel; Coal tar enamel, lined 145 – 150
Steel; New, unlined 140 – 150
Steel; Riveted 110
Tin 130
Vitrified clay (good condition) 110 – 140
Wood stave (average condition) 120

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