LITERATURE

REVIEW

-CHAPTER 2
Presented by Noorhazlinda Abd Rahman
 WORDS TO "Google" is not a synonym for 'research'

LIVE BY... Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol

 To confirm that
THE REASON students/researchers have
conducted a rigorous search to
BEHIND ensure that the material obtained to
THIS... form a review is relevant, quality and
up-to-date.
GETTING STARTED
Objectives & Outcomes
1. What is a literature review?
2. Why is it important?
3. How do I do it?
 LR in Overview
Searching Strategy
Presentation Data Extraction

Outlines Data Analysis and Synthesis

Writing the LR
Scholarly Referencing
 What is "the literature"?

Literature Review
"The literature" is a collection of all of the relevant
written sources on a topic. It will include both

in Overview theoretical and empirical works. Both types

provide scope and depth to a literature review.

https://press.rebus.community/
"The literature" published in books, journal articles,
conference proceedings, theses and dissertations. It
can also be found in newspapers, encyclopedias,
textbooks, as well as websites and reports written by
government agencies and professional organizations.
Literature Review
While these formats may contain what we define as
in Overview
‘the literature’, however not all of it will be appropriate
for inclusion in your own literature review.
Definition of Literature Review (LR)

LR is a critical recap of what has already Literature Review

been researched on a topic. in Overview
https://www.scribbr.com/
Literature Review in Overview

What is Literature Review (LR)?

Surveys scholarly sources on a specific topic;

Provides an overview of current knowledge;
Points out gaps in existing research;
Appears as part of a dissertation or on its own.
Literature Review in Overview
Purpose of LR?

✓ Demonstrate familiarity with the topic and scholarly context;

✓ Develop a theoretical framework and methodology;
✓ Position your approach in relation to other researchers;
✓ Show how your research fits in.
Conducting a Literature
Review
Searching Strategy

Data Extraction

Data Analysis and Synthesis

Writing the LR
Before the searching ......
Decide what to write in Chapter 2: Review of
Literature

RESEARCH TOPIC
To gather recent experimental and numerical studies that
have been undertaken in investigating the local buckling
behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS) compression
members under fire conditions.

OBJECTIVES
1. To examine the influence of fire on local bucking
behaviour of CFS compression member;
2. To identify design parameter for fire design of CFS
compression members.
In addition ......
We might also want to write other related issues:

OTHERS/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:
1. Mechanical characteristics of CFS in fire
2. Experimental studies on buckling behaviour of cold-formed steel
compression member in fire
3. Numerical studies on buckling behaviour of cold-formed steel
compression member in fire
Searching Strategy
Process to enrich the keywords.
01. Database.
IDENTIFICATION Diverse search techniques.

The filtering process based on:

1. timeline;
02. 2. publication types;
SCREENING 3. language.

LITERATURE REVIEW
A second process in screening:
03. A process to ensure that all articles selected from the
ELIGIBILITY screening process meet the set criteria.
Searching Strategy

GETTING STARTED
Identification - to enrich the keywords

1. Identify main keywords: from topic/objectives (or research

questions);
2. Enrich the main keywords: synonym, related and variation
terms;
3. More keywords, then more research articles can be obtained,
hence more papers can be reviewed.
Where to search?
1. Perform searching in different
database: (a) leading database; (b)
supporting database.
2. Use different techniques for searching:
(a) advanced searching, (b) manual
Searching
(handpicking, snowballing, and contact
author). Strategy
Leading Database:
Identification - to enrich
SCOPUS, Science Direct, World of Science
the keywords
(WoS)

Supporting Database:
Google scholar, JSTOR, EBSCO, Inspec,
etc.
Searching efficiently......

1. Using Boolean “OR” for synonym, related

and variation terms;
2. Link main terms using Boolean “AND”.

"OR"
synonym, related and variation terms Searching
Strategy
Example: "compression member" OR
"column" OR "strut"

"AND"
to link main terms Identification - to enrich
Example: ("cold-formed steel") AND the keywords
("compression member" OR "column" OR
"strut")

Advanced searching :
(1) full search string;
(2) partial search string.
Searching Strategy [Full search string]

Scopus: web of Science:

Example: Example:

TITLE-ABS-KEY((“cold-formed TS=((“cold-formed steel”) AND

steel”) AND (“compression (“compression member” OR
member” OR “column”OR “column”OR “strut”) AND
“strut”) AND (“buckling” OR (“buckling” OR “bending”) AND
“bending”) AND (“fire” OR (“fire” OR “elevated
“elevated temperature” OR temperature” OR “high
“high temperature”)) temperature”))

LITERATURE REVIEW
 NEXT

SLR: Searching Strategy

Screening - filtering process

1. Screening articles should be after we have identified

potential articles to be reviewed in "Identification".
2. The purpose of screening is to select which articles
are relevant to be reviewed.
3. Decide relevancy to be reviewed by "inclusion and
exclusion" based on 3 criteria: (a) timeline publication;
(b) publication types; (c) language.
4. Timeline publication: based on the maturity of the
study.
5. Publication types: research articles, review articles,
books chapter, newspaper, encyclopedia.
6. Language: English and BM.
7. Screening can also be based on other relevant factors:
country, field of research, etc.
1. In "Screening" process, we have "cut
down" few numbers of articles to be
reviewed and we now have the relevant
articles to be reviewed.
Searching
2. 2nd filtering process - read titles and
abstract to confirm eligibility of the
Strategy
articles to be reviewed.
3. Finalized articles to be reviewed. Eligibility - 2nd phase of
filtering process
4. Advisable to conduct by at least 2
reviewers (e.g.: yourself and
supervisor)
GETTING STARTED
 Data extraction is the process by which
researchers obtain the necessary information
about study characteristics and findings from the

Data included studies.

Data extraction requirements will vary from

Extraction review to review, and the extraction forms should

be tailored to the review question.
The first stage of any data extraction is to plan
the type of analyses and list the tables that will
be included in the report.
 Key steps:
a. Identify the data that you want to
extract (descriptive data or analytical
data).
b. Build or pilot your data extraction

Data form/ data extraction table(s)

c. Extract relevant data

Extraction d. Complete the data tables for your

thesis
e. Report your extracted data in your
thesis.
Data extraction forms/tables and data
tables should be developed for each RQ.
Data Extraction
Descriptive data = study characteristic
Example of a “study characteristics” table:
Data Extraction
Analytical data = outcomes (results)
Example of a “study results” table: Data Table of Experimental Works
Data Analysis and Synthesis

Analysis:
a detailed examination of anything complex in order to
understand its nature or to determine its essential
features

Synthesis:
concisely summarizing and linking different sources in
order to review the literature on a topic, make
recommendations, and connect your practice to the
research.
Data Analysis and Synthesis
What to look for......... Trends in the literature over time
Key themes
Debates and disagreements
Pivotal publications
Research gaps

Study characteristics:
Demographic distribution: publication based on years, types,
theme, methods, etc.
Geographic distribution: publication based on countries and
continents.
Encourage to use software: Spreadsheet software and VOS viewer.
Data Analysis and Synthesis
In reporting the analysis and synthesis, try to answer the
following questions:
1. What are the main findings of my review?
2. How do my findings fit with the previously published
research?
3. What are the strengths and limitations of the included
studies?
4. What are the strengths and limitations of the review process?
5. Can the findings be generalized?
6. What are the implications of the review?
7. What conclusion can be drawn from the review?
 Common structures:
Chronological: Organize by time

Data Analysis and Thematic: Organize by theme

Methodological: Organize by
Synthesis methodology
Theoretical: Organize by theoretical
approach
Write the Literature Review
Format of a literature review...............

FINALLY.........
Introduction establishing purpose
Body analyzing the literature
Conclusion summarizing key findings

The Introduction:

Provide background on the topic

Describe the objectives of the literature review
Reiterate the central problem
Briefly summarize the scholarly context
Write the Literature Review
Format of a literature review...............

FINALLY.........
The Body:
May be divided into sections
Analyze and interpret
Critically evaluate
Synthesize different sources
Use well-structured paragraphs
Cite your sources
Write the Literature Review
Format of a literature review...............

FINALLY.........
The Conclusion:
Discuss the overall implications
Make suggestions for future research
Show how the literature review has informed your approach
State what gaps your research will address
"Scholarly referencing" refers to a
Scholarly
series of conventions used to point
readers towards sources that you
Referencing
have cited, quoted, or otherwise
borrowed from in your work. Plagiarism and Citation
 Many different referencing styles;
Provide the fundamental pieces of
Scholarly information to enable a reader to go and
find a source cited in your work and look at
Referencing it for themselves;
Fundamental info.: name, title, year,
journal's name/publisher & place of
Plagiarism and Citation
publication and additional details (i.e.,
volume, issue and page range).
Why and when do I
reference?

Avoid plagiarism - the use of someone

else' works or ideas as your own; Scholarly
Readers can trace the influences on
your thinking, data, and methodology in
Referencing
a clear and transparent way;
Supports your interpretations of your Plagiarism and Citation
results.
Scholarly Referencing
Plagiarism and Citation
Scholarly Referencing
Plagiarism and Citation

What referencing system do I use?

Parenthetical and numerical styles:

the most common scholarly styles in use, and are employed

across a wide range of academic disciplines, with different
formats dominant in different fields.

System: MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard and Vancouver

Scholarly Referencing
Plagiarism and Citation

The Harvard System

The Harvard style is an author-date referencing
system. which draws upon the sixth edition of the
‘Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers’.
Each work or source referred to within the body of
your writing is given an in-text reference and an
entry in the Reference list at the end of the
document.
The Harvard System
In-text Reference

2 types: (1) Quoting directly; (2) Paraphrasing.

In-text referencing for quotation:
The Harvard System
In-text Reference

In-text referencing for quotation: using author (s) name

in the sentence:
The Harvard System
In-text Reference

In-text referencing for paraphrasing:

The Harvard System
In-text Reference

In-text referencing for paraphasing: using author (s)

name in the sentence:
The Harvard System
In-text Reference

In-text referencing for 2 or 3 authors:

The Harvard System
In-text Reference

In-text referencing for more than 3 authors:

 Reference list should be located on a

The Harvard separate page at the end of

dissertation/thesis or articles.
System It should include the details of all
your in-text citations, arranged
Reference List alphabetically A-Z by author
surname.
The Harvard System
Reference List
BOOK

JOURNAL ARTICLE
1. https://libguides.brown.edu/
2. https://blog.efpsa.org/
3. https://guides.dml.georgetown.edu/
4. https://s4be.cochrane.org/
5. https://www.york.ac.uk/
Bibliography
6. https://www.oxbridgeessays.com/
7. https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/
Bibliography
1. Boland, A., Cherry, G. and Dickson, R. eds., 2017. Doing a systematic review: A student's guide.
2. Counsell, C., 1997. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic
reviews. Annals of internal medicine, 127(5), pp.380-387.
3. Noyes J & Lewin S., 2011. Chapter 5: Extracting qualitative evidence. In: Noyes J, Booth A, Hannes
K, Harden A, Harris J, Lewin S, Lockwood C (editors) (2011). Supplementary Guidance for Inclusion
of Qualitative Research in Cochrane Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 1 (updated
August 2011). Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group, 2011. Available from URL
http://cqrmg.cochrane.org/supplemental-handbook-guidance.
4. Okoli, C., 2015. A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review. Communications
of the Association for Information Systems, 37(1), p.43.
Get to Know
DR. NOORHAZLINDA ABD RAHMAN
celindarahman@usm.my

BENG. (HONS.), PHD, KYOTO

MSC, USM (2005)
UKM (1999) UNIVERSITY (2015)
Structural
Civil & Structural Engineering Crowd Dynamics and
Engineering Behaviour
Thank you and

LITERATURE REVIEW
good luck!

PPKA, USM, 21.04.2021