FP2C8 Polar Coordinates 210221 Online

F2: Chapter 7: Polar coordinates
Cartesian : P(x,y) Y
Polar: P(r,θ)
Note:
i) Pole=origin(0,0), initial line =positive x-axis x
ii) x=rcosθ, y=rsinθ
(7.1) Transform the Cartesian equations into Polar equation and vice-versa
examples:
1 Find the Cartesian coordinates for the polar coordinates
(a)(6,3π/2) and (b)(4.5,-1/3π)
2 Find the polar coordinates of the Cartesian coordinates
(a)(3,0) (b)(12,5)
3 Find the polar equations of
(a) y=x2 (b)(x+y)2=1
4 Find the Cartesian equations of the curve with polar equations:
(a)r=2acosθ (b)r2=a2sin2θ
Ex8A:1be,2ac,3abdg,4cdl
(7.2)Sketching curves given their polar equations

Note:Only draw the curve for r≥0
(1) r=c →circle with centre O and radius c
(2)θ=α →half line with angle α from initial line
(3)r=a θ →spiral starting
(4)r=2acos θ or r=2asin θ → circle with radius a and centre (a,0) or (0,a)
(5)r=acos(nθ) or r=asin(n θ)→n loops symmetrically arranged around O.
(6)r=a(p+qcos θ) or r=a(p+qsin θ) → i)p≥2q, egg shape ii)q≤p<2q, dimple shape iii)p=q, cardioid shape
Hint:i)look for symmetry, if it is function of cosѲ only there is symmetry about initial line, if it is a
function of sin Ѳ only there is symmetry about line Ѳ=π/2.
ii)IF contains secѲ or cosecѲ, it is easier to use its Cartesian equation
iii)find max/min r and θ when it occurs
iv)find θ for trig function equals (-1,0,1)
Examples of some important graphs
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
r=4cos Ѳ - ≤Ѳ≤ r=2+2sinѲ R=4cos2Ѳ - ≤2Ѳ≤ , - ≤2Ѳ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
- ≤Ѳ≤ , - ≤Ѳ≤
4 4 4 4
Ѳ −𝜋 -
𝜋
-
𝜋
0 𝜋 𝜋
Ѳ 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Ѳ 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
3 4 6 4 6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
2
r 0 2 2.8 4 3.5 2.8 r 2 3 3.4 3.7 4 3.7 3.4 3 r 4 2 0 - - - 0 4
2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 Ѳ π 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
Ѳ π Ѳ π
3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 6 4 3 2 3
4 6 4 6
r 2 0 -2 -2.8 -3.5 -4 r 2 1 0.6 0.3 0 0.3 0.6 1 r 4 2 0 - - - 0 2
2 4 2
Ex 8B: All
(8.3)Area of sectors
𝛽1
Area= ∫𝛼 𝑟 2 dθ
2
Examples:
1 Find the area 0f one loop of the curve r= acos3Ѳ
2 Find the area bounded by r=aθ and the lines θ=π/2 and θ=π.
3 Sketch the curves r= 1+ cosѲ and r=√3 sinѲ. Find
a)the points where the curves meet
b)the area contained between the curves
Ex8C:2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
(8.4)Tangent parallel or perpendicular to initial line

Tangent parallel to initial line: dy/dѲ=0
Tangent perpendicular to initial line: dx/dѲ=0
Example:
1 Find the points on r=acos3Ѳ, where the tangents are perpendicular to the initial line.
2 Find the points on r=1+sinѲ, where the tangents are parallel to the initial line.
Ex8D: All Chapter Review:All
Additional examples:
1 Figure 1 shows the curve C with polar equation r = a (1-cos Ѳ),
0≤Ѳ≤ 2π, where a is a positive constant.
At the points P and Q the tangents to the curve are parallel to the initial line Ѳ= 0.
(a) Find the polar coordinates of P and Q. The shaded region is bounded by the
curve C and the straight line PQ.
(b) Find the area of the shaded region. [sold]
2 The shape of a company logo is to be the region enclosed by the curve with polar
𝜋
equation r2 = a2sin 2Ѳ, 0≤Ѳ≤ .
2
A sign in the shape of the logo is to be made by cutting the area enclosed by the
curve from a square sheet of metal OPQR where O is the pole and R lies on the
initial line, Ѳ= 0, as shown in Figure 2. PQ and QR are tangents to the curve,
parallel and perpendicular to the initial line respectively, at the points A and B on
the curve.
(a) Find the value of Ѳ at the point A.
3√3
(b) Show that the area of OPQR is a2.
8
(c) Find the area of the metal sheet which is not used. [solh]
𝜋
3 The curve C1has polar equation r = Ѳ cos Ѳ, for 0≤Ѳ≤ .
2
𝜋
a)The point on C1 furthest from the line Ѳ = is denoted by P. Show that, at P,
2
2Ѳ tan Ѳ – 1 = 0
And verify that this equation has a root between 0.6 and 0.7.
𝜋
The curve C2 has polar equation r = Ѳ sin Ѳ, for 0≤Ѳ≤ . The curves C1 and C2
2
intersect at the pole, denoted by O, and at another point Q.
b)Find the polar coordinates of Q, giving your answers in exact form.

c)Sketch C1 and C2 on the same diagram.
d)Find, the area of the region bounded by the arc OQ of C1 and the arc OQ of C2 .

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F2: Chapter 7: Polar coordinates

(7.2)Sketching curves given their polar equations

(8.4)Tangent parallel or perpendicular to initial line

b)Find the polar coordinates of Q, giving your answers in exact form.

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