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Assignment 5 - Pool Fire - s2020027

A hydrocarbon liquid is released from confinement at a rate of 0.12 m3/s into a bund wall of 27 m diameter. If the liquid catches fire, the heat flux to a person 55 m away is estimated using two models. The point source model estimates a heat flux of 8.75 kW/m2. The solid plume model accounts for flame obscuration and estimates a lower heat flux of 1.005 kW/m2, showing the importance of accounting for factors like soot in the fire modeling.

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Sherlyn Lee
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89 views

Assignment 5 - Pool Fire - s2020027

A hydrocarbon liquid is released from confinement at a rate of 0.12 m3/s into a bund wall of 27 m diameter. If the liquid catches fire, the heat flux to a person 55 m away is estimated using two models. The point source model estimates a heat flux of 8.75 kW/m2. The solid plume model accounts for flame obscuration and estimates a lower heat flux of 1.005 kW/m2, showing the importance of accounting for factors like soot in the fire modeling.

Uploaded by

Sherlyn Lee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 5: Pool Fire

Name : Lee Shei Ching Matric No: S2020027

A hydrocarbon liquid with a high molecular weight is released from confinement at the
volumetric rate of 0.12 m3/s. A bund wall of 27 m diameter exist to constrain the spill. If the
liquid caught fire, estimate the heat flux to a person standing at a distance of 55 m from the
bund wall. Assume that there is no wind and the relative humidity is 80%. Estimate the
heat flux using the point source radiation model as well as the solid plume radiation model.
Given data:
- Heat of combustion of the liquid: 44,700 kJ/kg
- Heat of vaporisation at ambient temperature: 320 kJ/kg
- Liquid boiling point: 375 K = 101.85°C
- Density of liquid: 760 kg/m3
- Heat capacity of liquid (constant): 2.8 kJ/kg °C
- Ambient temperature: 303 K = 29.85°C
Answer Script
Heat of vaporisation modified at the liquid boiling point:
T BP
o
Δ H =Δ H v + ∫ C p dT
Ta

o
101.85 C
kJ kJ kJ kJ
o
(
Δ H = 320 )
+ ∫ 2.8
kg 29.85 C kg
dT = 320
o kg ( ) (
+2.8 (101.85−29.85)
kg )
kJ
Δ H o=521.6
kg
Vertical Burning Rate:

Δ Hc
ẏ max =1.27 ×10
−6

ΔH
o
−6
=1.27 × 10 ( 44700
521.6 )

ẏ max =1.089 ×10−4 m/ s


Mass Burning Rate:
kg
m B =ρ ẏ max=(760 3
)¿ 1.089 ×10−4 m/s ¿
m

m B =0.0828 kg /m2 s

The maximum, steady state pool diameter:

V̇ L 0.12m 3 /s
D max =2
√ √
π ẏ
=2
π (1.089 ×10−4 m/s)
=37.457 m

Since this is larger than the diameter of the diked area, the pool will be constrained by the dike
with a diameter of 27 m. The area of the pool is:
2
π D 2 π ( 27 )
A= = =572.2 m2
4 4

Given that :

- Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3


- Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
0.61
kg
0.0828

(( )
0.61
H mB m2 s
D
=42
(
ρa √ gD ) =42
kg m
=1. 499
1.2 3
m ) √( )
9.81 2 ( 27 m )
s

Thus,
H
H= × D=( 1.499 ) ( 27 m )=40.473 m
D
Point Source Model

With the right-


angled triangle being formed:

x=√ 20.2372 +68.52=71.427 m


View Factor:
1 1
F p= 2
= 2
=1.56 ×10−5 m−2
4 π x 4 π ( 71.427 )
Partial pressure of water:
5328
80 14.4114− 303 K
Pw =1013.25 ( )
100
e =3395 N /m2 @ 303K

Transmissivity:
−0.09
N
τ a=2.02 ( Pw X s )−0.09
[( )
=2.02 3395 2 ( 71.427 m )
m ] =0.662

Thermal flux with conservative value 0.4 for the fraction of the energy converted to
radiation,

Er =τ a η m B Δ H c A F p =( 0.662 )( 0.4 ) ( 0.0828 )( 44700 ) (572.56 ) ( 1.56 × 10−5 )


kJ
Er =8.75 2
=8.75 kW /m2
m s
Solid Plume Radiation Model
Estimate of the radiant flux at the source:
- 𝐸𝑚 is the maximum emissive power of the luminous spots (approximately 140 kW/m2)
- S is an experimental parameter (0.12m-1)
- 𝐸𝑠 is the emissive power of smoke (approximately 20 kW/m2)
kW −(0.12m kW
( ) )(27 m)
−1 −1

Eav =E m e−SD + E s ( 1−e−SD ) = 140 e +(20 )(1−e−(0.12 m ) ( 27 m)


)
m2 2
m

Eav =24.7 kW /m2


H H
=1.499∴ =2 ( 1.499 )=2.998 ≃ 3
D R
The distance from the flame axis to the receiver = 55m+27/2 m = 68.5m

¿ 68.5
∴ Dimensionless Distance ¿ Flame Axis=Distance¿ Flame Axis = m=5.07
Pool Radius 13.5
By referring to Figure 3.33 the Maximum view factor = 0.06

Atmospheric transmissivity:
−0.09
N
−0.09
τ a=2.02 ( Pw X s )
[( )
=2.02 3395 2 ( 55 m )
m ] =0.678

Radiant Flux:
kW kW
(
Er =τ a E av F21=( 0.678 ) 24.7
m 2)( 0.06 ) =1.005 2
m

The result from the solid plume radiation model is smaller than the point source model.
This is most likely due to consideration of the radiation obscuration by the flame soot, a
feature not treated directly by the point source model. The differences between the two
models might be greater at closer distance to the pool fire.

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