Multiplexing – Definition – Types of Multiplexing:

FDM, WDM, TDM

  Asif Shaik
Generally, a communication channel such as an optical fiber or coaxial
cable can carry only one signal at any moment in time. This results in
wastage of bandwidth. However, we can overcome this drawback by using
a technique called multiplexing. By using the multiplexing technique, we
can easily send multiple signals simultaneously over a communication
channel (medium). 
Multiplexing Definition
Multiplexing is a technique which combines multiple signals into one signal,
suitable for transmission over a communication channel such as coaxial
cable or optical fiber. Multiplexing is also sometimes referred to as muxing.

The multiplexing technique divides the communication channel into several

logical sub-channels. Each logical sub-channel is dedicated to an individual
signal. 
Thus, the multiple signals are sent simultaneously over a shared
communication channel (medium). Multiplexing has-been used for many
years in long-distance telephony.
Multiplexing is done by using a device called Multiplexer or MUX. The
multiplexer combines n input lines to generate one output line.
Without Multiplexing vs With Multiplexing
The below figure shows the communication system without multiplexing.
 The communication system without multiplexing carries only one signal at
any moment in time. Thus, it uses three communication channels to carry
three signals. In this technique, a large amount of bandwidth is wasted.
The below figure shows the communication system with multiplexing. It
carries three signals simultaneously. Thus, it uses only one communication
channel to carry 3 signals (multiple signals). In this technique, the
bandwidth is effectively used.

Types of Multiplexing
Multiplexing is mainly classified into two types:
o Analog multiplexing
o Digital multiplexing
 Analog multiplexing is again classified into two types:
o Frequency Division Multiplexing
o Wavelength Division Multiplexing
In digital multiplexing, the Time Division Multiplexing is the most popular
technique. The time division multiplexing is again classified into two types:
o Synchronous TDM
o Asynchronous TDM
Analog Multiplexing
The process of combining multiple analog signals into one signal is called
analog multiplexing. It multiplexes the analog signals according to their
frequency or wavelength.
Multiplexing requires that the multiple signals be kept apart so that they do
not overlap with each other and thus can be separated at the receiving end.
This can be achieved by separating the signal in frequency.
There are two types of analog multiplexing:
o Frequency division multiplexing
o Wavelength division multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing is an analog technique. It is the most
popular multiplexing technique. We use this technique extensively in TV
and radio transmission. This technique combines multiple signals into one
signal and transmitted over the communication channel. Frequency division
multiplexing is also known as FDM.
In this technique, the bandwidth of the communication channel should be
greater than the combined bandwidth of individual signals.

The frequency division multiplexing divides the bandwidth of a channel into

several logical sub-channels. Each logical sub-channel is allotted for a
different signal frequency. The individual signals are filtered and then
modulated (frequency is shifted), in order to fit exactly into logical sub-
channels.
In this technique, each logical sub-channel (individual signal frequency) is
allotted to each user. In other words, each user owns a sub-channel.
Each logical sub-channel is separated by an unused bandwidth called
Guard Band to prevent overlapping of signals. In other words, there exists
a frequency gap between two adjacent signals to prevent signal
overlapping. A guard band is a narrow frequency range that separates two
signal frequencies.
How FDM system works
The below figure shows the schematic diagram of an FDM system. The
transmitter end contains multiple transmitters and the receiver end contains
multiple receivers.  The communication channel is present between the
transmitter and receiver.
At transmitter end, each transmitter sends a signal of different frequency. In
the below figure, the transmitter 1 sends a signal of 30 kHz, transmitter 2
sends a signal of 40 kHz, and transmitter 3 sends a signal of 50 kHz.
These signals of different frequencies are then multiplexed or combined by
using a device called multiplexer. It then transmits the multiplexed signals
over a communication channel.

At the receiver end, the multiplexed signals are separated by using a

device called demultiplexer. It then sends the separated signals to the
respective receivers. In the above figure, the receiver 1 receives signal of
30 kHz, receiver 2 receives signal of 40 kHz, and receiver 3 receives signal
of 50 kHz.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Advantages of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
1. It transmits multiple signals simultaneously.
2. In frequency division multiplexing, the demodulation process is easy.
3. It does not need Synchronization between transmitter and receiver.
Disadvantages of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
It needs a large bandwidth communication channel.
Applications of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
1. Frequency division multiplexing is used for FM and AM radio
broadcasting.
2. It is used in first generation cellular telephone.
3. It is used in television broadcasting.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Wavelength division multiplexing is an analog technique. It is the most
important and most popular method to increase the capacity of an optical
fiber. We know that wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional to
each other (I.e. longer wavelength means low frequency and shorter
wavelength means high frequency). Therefore, the working principle of
wavelength division multiplexing is similar to frequency division
multiplexing. The only difference is in wavelength division multiplexing
optical signals are used instead of electrical signals. In wavelength division
multiplexing, optical signals are transmitted through fiber optic cables.
Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology in which multiple optical
signals (laser light) of different wavelengths or colors are combined into
one signal and is transmitted over the communication channel. Thus
multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously over a single
communication channel.
Or
Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology that increases the
bandwidth of a communication channel (optical fiber) by simultaneously
allowing multiple optical signals through it.

In wavelength division multiplexing, the communication channel is a fiber

optic cable. Wavelength division multiplexing is also known as WDM. A
demultiplexer at the receiver end separates the optical signal wavelengths
or colors.
In this technique, the bandwidth of the communication channel should be
greater than the combined bandwidth of individual signals.
The wavelength division multiplexing divides the bandwidth of a channel
into several logical sub-channels according to its wavelength. It allots each
logical sub-channel for a different light color or optical signal wavelength.
The individual signals are filtered and then modulated (wavelength is
shifted), to fit exactly into logical sub-channels.  
In this technique, each logical sub-channel (individual signal wavelength) is
allotted to each user. In other words, each user owns a sub-channel.
 The main advantage of WDM system is that you only need to upgrade the
multiplexer and demultiplexer at each end; you no need to buy more fibers
which are more expensive.
Wavelength division multiplexing enables bi-directional communication and
multiplication of optical signal capacity.
How WDM system works
The schematic diagram of a WDM system is shown in the below figure. The
transmitter end contains multiple optical transmitters and the receiver end
contains multiple optical receivers. The communication channel (optical
fiber) is present between the transmitter and receiver.
At transmitter end, each transmitter sends an optical signal of different
wavelength or color. These optical signals of different wavelengths or
colors are then multiplexed or combined by using a device called
multiplexer.

The multiplexed signals are then transmitted over a single communication

channel (optical fiber). In between the transmitter and receiver, optical
amplifiers are used to compensate the optical signal loss caused during the
transmission.
At the receiver end, the multiplexed signals are separated by using a
device called demultiplexer. The separated signals are then sent to the
respective receivers.
Types of Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WDM techniques are of two types:
o Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
o Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing is also simply referred to as
DWDM. It is a technology in which a large number of optical signals (laser
light) of different wavelengths or colors are combined into one signal and is
transmitted over the communication channel to a long distance.  
When the optical signal transmission distance becomes hundreds of
kilometers, some signal loss will occur. In order to compensate this signal
loss, optical fiber amplifiers are used in the DWDM communication system.
The optical amplifiers used in DWDM technology are Optical Line Amplifier
(OLA), Optical Boost Amplifier (OBA), and Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA).
However, these amplifiers will not work effectively in the entire bandwidth of
the communication channel. They work effectively in a small wavelength
range. This small wavelength range is called gain bandwidth. 
Therefore, very small wavelength spacing is needed between two optical
signals to put a large number of optical signals into the gain bandwidth. The
DWDM technology uses this gain bandwidth to effectively transmit a large
number of optical signals simultaneously. DWDM has the ability to transmit
up to 80 channels (80 optical signals) with 100 GHz (0.8 nm) spacing.
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing is a technology in which multiple
optical signals (laser light) of different wavelengths or colors are combined
into one signal and is transmitted over the communication channel for a
short distance. Coarse wavelength division multiplexing is also simply
referred to as CWDM
The DWDM technology is mainly useful for long distance communication
(>100 km). However, if the transmission distance is less than 100
kilometers, we no need to use optical amplifiers. Hence, gain bandwidth is
not required. We can send optical signals in the entire bandwidth of the
communication channel. This allows the wider channel spacing between
the optical signals. A typical CWDM system has a channel spacing of 20
nm between the optical signals. This allows the use of low-cost
components such as uncooled lasers, MUX and DEMUX.
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing has the ability to transport up to
18 optical signals per optical fiber. It is designed for short distance.
Advantages of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
1. WDM allows transmission of data in two directions simultaneously
2. Low cost
3. Greater transmission capacity
4. High security
5. Long distance communication with low signal loss
Digital Multiplexing
The process of combining multiple digital signals into one signal is called
digital multiplexing.
Time Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing is a technique in which multiple signals are
combined and transmitted one after another on the same communication
channel.
At the receiver side, the signals are separated and received. Each signal is
received by a user at a different time.
Time Division Multiplexing is also simply referred to as TDM. It is the digital
multiplexing technique.
In frequency division multiplexing, all signals of different frequencies are
transmitted simultaneously. But in time division multiplexing, all signals
operate with the same frequency are transmitted at different times.
In frequency division multiplexing, the sharing of a channel is done on the
basis of frequency. But in time division multiplexing, the sharing of a
channel is done on the basis of time.

In time division multiplexing, each user is allotted a particular time interval

called time slot during which data is transmitted. The time interval (time
slot) allotted to each receiver (user) is so small that the receiver will not
detect that some time was used to serve another receiver (user).  
In time division multiplexing, all signals are not transmitted simultaneously;
instead, they are transmitted one after another. For example, as shown in
the above figure, at first, we send signal A. Then after second signal B and
then after third signal C and finally, we send last signal D. Thus, each user
occupies an entire bandwidth for a short period of time.
 The time division multiplexing technique is used to multiplex analog signals
or digital signals. However, the time division multiplexing is more suitable
for digital signal multiplexing.
In time division multiplexing, the bandwidth capacity of the communication
channel should be greater than the multiple input signals.
Types of TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Time Division Multiplexing is mainly classified into two types:
o Synchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
o Asynchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Synchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
In synchronous time division multiplexing, each device (transmitter) is
allotted with a fixed time slot, regardless of the fact that the device
(transmitter) has any data to transmit or not. The device has to transmit
data within this time slot. If the device (transmitter) does not have any data
to send then its time slot remains empty.
As shown in the below figure, the various time slots are arranged into
frames and each frame consists of one or more time slots dedicated to
each device (transmitter). For example, if there are 3 devices, there will be
3 slots in each frame. Similarly, if there are 5 devices, there will be 5 slots
in each frame.

The above figure shows 4 devices (transmitter A, transmitter B, transmitter

C, and transmitter D) that have 4 dedicated time slots (time slot A, time slot
B, time slot C and time slot D).
The transmitter A data is sent at time slot A, transmitter B data is sent at
time slot B, transmitter C data is sent at time slot C and transmitter D data
is sent at time slot D.
In the time frame 2, the transmitter B and C does not have any data to send
so the time slot B and C remains empty. 
The main drawback of synchronous time division multiplexing is that the
channel capacity is not fully utilized. Hence, the bandwidth goes wasted.
Asynchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
In Asynchronous time division multiplexing, the time slots are not fixed (I.e.
time slots are flexible). The asynchronous TDM is also known as statistical
time division multiplexing.
In synchronous TDM, the number of time slots is equal to the number of
devices (transmitters). But in Asynchronous TDM, the number of time slots
is not equal to the number of devices (transmitters). The time slots in
asynchronous TDM are always less than the number of devices
(transmitter). For example, if we have X devices and Y time slots. Y should
always be less than X (I.e. Y < X).

In asynchronous time division multiplexing, time slots are not fixed to a

particular device; instead, they are allotted to any of the devices that have
data to send.
In the above figure, it is shown that the number of devices are 4 and time
slots are 3. The timeframe 1 (all slots) is completely filled with data from
devices A, B, and C. The timeframe 1 has only 3 time-slots. So the data
from device D is filled in the next timeframe (I.e. timeframe 2) in timeslot 1.
The data from devices A and D will be filled in timeslots 2 and 3 in
timeframe 2.
In asynchronous time division multiplexing, the multiplexer scans all the
devices (transmitters) and accepts input only from the devices that have
actual data to send and fills all the frames, and then sends it to the
receiver.
If there is not enough data to fill all the slots in a frame, then the partially
filled frames are transmitted. In most of the cases, all the time slots in
frames are completely filled.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Advantages of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
1. Full bandwidth is utilized by a user at a particular time.
2. The time division multiplexing technique is more flexible than frequency
division multiplexing.
3. In time division multiplexing, the problem of crosstalk is very less.
 Disadvantages of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
In time division multiplexing, synchronization is required.
Advantages of multiplexing
1. Multiple signals can be sent simultaneously over a single communication
channel.
2. Effective use of channel bandwidth
3. Multiplexing reduces cost
4. Multiplexing reduces circuit complexity
Applications of Multiplexing
1. Communication system
2. Computer memory
3. Telephone systems
4. TV broadcasting
5. Telemetry
6. Satellites
Compare FDM, WDM, and TDM
FDM WDM TDM
1. The communication 1. The communication
channel is divided by channel is divided by 1. The communication
frequency. wavelength. channel is divided by tim

2. Analog technique. 2. Analog technique. 2. Digital technique.

3. Synchronization is not 3. Synchronization is not 3. Synchronization is
required. required. required.
4. It requires complex 4. It requires complex
circuitry at the transmitter circuitry at the transmitter 4. It does not require
and receiver. and receiver. complex circuitry.
 5. In FDM, the problem of 5. In WDM, the problem of 5. In TDM, the problem o
crosstalk is severe.  crosstalk is severe.  crosstalk is not severe. 
6. The channel bandwidth is 6. The channel bandwidth is 6. The channel bandwid
effectively used.  effectively used. wasted.
7. FDM stands for 7. WDM stands for
Frequency Division Wavelength Division 7. TDM stands for Time
Multiplexing. Multiplexing. Division Multiplexing.
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