ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are greatly acknowledgement the role played by our concern teachers in the training of the fantastic PLCC.

We are also very thankful to our Er. Kamal Bhalla of Communication department. We are also thankful to our training coordinator. Who provides us the opportunity to work on this PLCC. We gratefully acknowledge the debt which we owe to numerous authorities whose works writing we have consulted during the course of preparation of this training report.

Abstract
[1]

The communication flow of today is very high. Many applications are operating at high speed and a fixed connection is often preferred. If the power utilities could supply communication over the power-line to the costumers it could make a tremendous breakthrough in communications. Every household would be connected at any time and services being provided at real-time. Using the power-line, as a communication medium could be a very costeffective way compared to other systems because it can use the existing infrastructure, the electrical power distribution network, Which is a ubiquitous one? In this report, we investigate the applicability of power line communications technique to data communications. The investigation is both theoretical and practical, we detail on all aspects of power line carrier communications and a Working power line link is designed and tested. Topics covered include feasible applications of power line carrier communications (hereafter referred to as PLCC), currently available protocols and the impact of international standards.

[2]

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Company Profile.4 Chapter 2: Project Introduction....9 Chapter 3: Network Architecture...................................15 Chapter4: System Description.........................................64

Conclusions103
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................104

CHAPTER 1
[3]

COMPANY PROFILE

1.1 Introduction:
With the arrival of 21st century the world has moved towards another renaissance with communication technologies merging with information technologies and in not so distant future with consumer electronics. PunCom is India's premier Telecom and IT equipment and solution Provider Company having successfully supplied and implemented a host of state-of-the-art Telecom, Software and integrated turnkey solutions across the country. It is most sophisticated manufacturing and software development facilities. It initially started of as a single product venture, now has transformed into a multi product company, manufacturing a wide range of sophisticated multiplexing switches and transmission products providing total telecommunication solution to customers. PunCom also offers a wide range of software packages customized foe communication products.

[4]

PUNCOM mission is to provide technologically superior products and services of high quality on time cost effectively and consistently to achieve investors and most important customers confidence. Consistent track record of high productivity and its strong financial position has made MNCS vie for equity at various times.

1.2 Infrastructure:

North of New Delhi, located in garden state of Punjab, heartland of Indian entrepreneurship, PunCom was established in July 1981, near the city of Chandigarh. PunCom-SD is the largest software development center in India. Starting its operation is a single rented shed, now the company has 4 start-of-art factories spread over 17266 square of the land.
[5]

A 100 plus pool of qualified software professionals. A diverse hardware platform range including Intel, HP and SUN.

Digital expertise on diverse software platforms.

1.3 Potential Venture in Technology:

PunComs mission is continuous advancement in the areas of communication and information technology industry encompassing telecommunication, software constancy, and voice processing. PunCom has one of Indias most sophisticated manufacturing and software development facilities. For this purpose, the manufacturing facilities are equipped with the latest state-of-art machines like:

Automated SAD Assembly Lines.

Waves soldering Machines

Multiplayer PCB Assembly Lines.

Telecom Protocol Analyzer

[6]

1.6 Major Activities:

The Company has the following major areas of activities: Manufacturing.

Equipment supply and after sales services. System Design and engineering. Education and turnkey Projects. Survey, Installation commissioning and annual maintenances contacts.

Research and development. Training. Constancy in System and network planning.

Customized software solution.

[7]

Switching products:
Electronics private Automatics Branch Exchange with direct Inward dialing facility. Rural Automatics Exchange

Medium size Digital Exchange.

Large size Digital Exchange. Remote Switching Units.

1.10 Key Activities:

Computational finance Computing. System Software Solutions. Hardware Solutions. Mass Appeal Products. Application Development Tools. Web Applications. Natural Language Processing Solutions.

[8]

1.11Turn-Key Products:
Mobile train radio for railway Optical fiber and mobile radio for gas authority of India Limited

Microwave/UHF radio for DOT , railway , defense

Optical fiber system for railway MAX-L digital exchange unto 3.5k capacities for DOT

CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION:
PL 9500 (Ver.-01) is a new generation Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) equipment intended for transmission of speech, facsimile, telegraphy, telemetry (RTU data) and Teleprotection signals. It employs the carrier frequency range of 32 KHz to 508 KHz over High-voltage Overhead Power Transmission lines with suitable line coupling equipment. Because of their low attenuation in this carrier frequency range the transmission lines are good means of communicating information over medium to long distances.

[9]

The overall cost of the PLCC equipment is relatively low as compared with other means of communication and is more cost effective for long distance communications. The equipment employs Amplitude Modulation Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (AM-SSB-SC) transmission to permit longer range of transmission by optimum utilization of transmitted power and frequency spectrum.

The equipment offers a single channel expandable to two channels. Both the channels can be configured for full bandwidth speech/fax conversation or shared Speech-cum-Superimposed data channel or one high-speed 4-Wire exclusive data channel of 1200 baud. The equipment is also suitable for transmission of tele-protection signals. The terminal employs DSP techniques for full field programmability and is thus flexible, easy to use and compact; leading to simplified network design, installation and maintenance. The equipment complies to the relevant ITU-T/CCITT, IEC 495: 1993-09 and IS 9482:1996-01 specifications ensuring reliable coupling of channels at the VF interfaces in power system control centers, power stations, microwave radio and leased backup links.

2.2 DOCUMENTATION
The documents for PUNCOM PLCC PL-9500 equipment are intended to fully explicate the details of the Power Line Carrier Communication Equipment and thus enable the users to fully understand the system for proper utilisation and maintenance. To
[10]

achieve this, the documents have been divided in two categories as shown below.

DOCUMENTS

USER MANUAL

SERVICE MANUAL

Doc. no. PDC-TD-3.159

Doc. no. PDC-TD-3.160

a)

User Manual
This document is intended to provide the general understanding of the system and an overview regarding its design and architecture. highest level of basic building For User Manual, the approach is to deal with implementation and gradually move down to the blocks. Accordingly, a detailed network

implementation is first provided in the form of line diagrams and block diagrams. The broad architecture of the system is then dealt with, duly explaining the physical appearance and the basic block diagrams of the constituents of the equipment. In order to provide
[11]

all basic design aspects, the technical specifications of the system have been given. The document concludes with the explanation of the acronyms used throughout the document.

b) Service Manual
Service Manual is provided for the convenience of the installation personnel and maintenance/operating staff. All installation procedures including mounting details and floor plan for the PLCC rack along with the cabling scheme and user settings that are required for the commissioning of the system have been duly provided. Once commissioned, the system can be verified for proper operation through user-friendly LCD screens and keypad. Its details have been mentioned in terms of the operation of keypad and meanings of messages on the display unit. Also, this document contains regular checks for proper working and minor repairs and adjustments in case of malfunctions. All the relevant information in terms of preliminary adjustments for all the units and user settings has been provided. Besides this, daily maintenance procedures and service flow charts for all the units are provided so as to ensure minimum failure time. This manual also contains the tables for the frequency selection of the terminal and the tuning procedures for the HF Tx and HF Rx filters.

[12]

2.3 SALIENT FEATURES

Single or dual channel configurations. Terminal, Drop / Insert through coupled repeaters. 32 KHz to 508 KHz frequency range with 1 KHz frequency allocation steps. Power amplifier available for 20/40/80W PEP power output. 300 Hz to 3720 Hz Audio Frequency band. Digital Signal Processing technique employed for easy field programmability. On site configuration of channel frequencies, transmission filters, line impedance and speech, data and protection coupler levels. Remote extension of direct EPABX line, Hot Line, Express Channel and 2-Wire/4-Wire E&M modes available on VF Interface unit. Same Channel Modem for speech, fax & high speed RTU data. Local and Remote loopback facility. Fully complies with the relevant EMI and EMC standards.

Extensive use of Integrated Circuits and Crystal filters provides improved quality and reliability of equipment. Fully complies with IEC 495: 1993-09 and IS 9482:1996-01 Standards. Supervisory unit facilitates easy maintenance and operation. Easy user interface using LCD display for status and alarm monitoring.
[13]

Protection from surge voltages and Lightning etc. is provided both on VF side and HF side. Protection devices are in the form of Metal Oxide Varistors for spike suppression and Gas Discharge Tubes to counter the effect of Lightning etc. Employs crystal band-pass filters giving extremely good VF response. Employs compressors and expanders to improve the noise performance of the system.

2.4 APPLICATIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. Full bandwidth (300 to 3400Hz), high quality speech cum fax channels. Data transmission at 1200bps; for Computer-Networking and SCADA applications. Wide selection of communication channels. (i) Remote extension of telephone lines to distant/smaller

stations - Subscriber mode. - Exchange mode. (This precludes the need to install ESLTR's at such stations) ii (ii)2-Wire Hot line. iii (iii) exchanges.
[14]

4-Wire Express.

(iv) 2-Wire/4-Wire E&M junction circuits between two

(v) 5.

Service channel available on all these modes.

Drop/insertion of channels enroute allows through routing of end to end channels (e.g. SCADA data and Hotline Speech channels on through coupling (VF) and drop / insertion of dial up and superimposed channels on VF basis. Dial up drop / insert channels can be terminated on Integrated Local cum Transit PLCC switch junction circuits.

Chapter-3

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
3.1General: The basic composition of a PLCC network and its interface to the outdoor equipment viz., PABX and Power Line. As shown in the figure, VFT data, RTU data etc. are directly fed to the PLCC equipment and subscribers are fed to the PLCC on 4W/2W through exchange. Subscriber can also be terminated directly on the PLCC Equipment.

[15]

Fig:3.1:Network implemenatation of PUNCOM PL-9500 PLCC System.

3.2Implementation:

Implementation of line traps and

coupling devices has also been shown. Protection couplers are optional depending upon the requirements of the Customer. Fig:depicts the way voice connectivity is provided. Two

[16]

Configurations viz., Hotline and 4W E&M are shown in the figure using Twin channel PLCC system.

Fig:-3.2:Link Implementation of PUNCOM PL-9500 PLCC showing Voice Connectivity

At the near end, i.e., Station A, in the Hotline mode, the subscriber is directly connected to the PLCC and the other subscribers are routed through 4W E and M from exchange. VF received at the other end i.e., Station B, through High Voltage Transmission Line is directly patched to the repeater terminal at VF level. At the far end i.e., Station C the 4W E&M channel (Administrative channel) is terminated at 4W E&M port of the exchange and hotline channel

is directly connected to the subscriber. This is an outline depicting how a link is implemented in the field. Fig: Depicts how RTU data is clubbed within the speech band through RS232 interface provided on the RTU Data Modem.
[17]

It shows a PLCC link that carries both voice and data through a repeater link. Drop/Insert of Voice channel is achieved through a PABX stationed at the receiver. Data is directly coupled by patching.

Fig:-3.3:Drop/Insert of voice channel; through-coupling of data

[18]

Fig:-gives the connectivity of the PLCC PL-9500 system with the PABX. This can be implemented through Direct Exchange Lines, which can either be 4W or 2W. This is an advantage over the conventional PLCC systems where the interconnectivity with the PABX is through 4W E and M interface and ESLTRs are invariably required.

Fig:-3.4:Basic connectivity diagram for PUNCOM PL-9500 PLCC

[19]

3.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

PUNCOM's PLCC Terminal PL-9500 is a flexible system which can be configured for single channel or twin channel operation. Both the channels can be configured for full bandwidth speech/fax transmission or shared Speech-cum- superimposed data channel or one high-speed 4-Wire exclusive data channel of 1200 baud. The single channel PL-9500 terminal is configured using the following:

Main Sub rack a) VF Interface unit b) Channel Modem unit c) Data interface unit d) Supervisory unit e) Power Amplifier unit f) Power Supply unit

[20]

HF Hybrid Sub rack a) b) c) HF Filter Unit HF Hybrid Unit LCD and Keypad Unit (MTU)

Termination Panel This configuration is shown in Fig.2.1 and Fig.2.2 for Single terminal Single Channel and Two terminal Single Channel Systems respectively. All units are same for 10W and 20W systems while Power Amplifier Unit and Power Supply Unit are different for 40W system. For 10W/20W, PAMP-4 (Part no. AMP0697-1) and Power Supply Unit type-1 (Part no. PU0742-1) are employed. For 40W, PAMP-8 (Part no. AMP0697-8) and Power Supply Unit type-2 (Part no. PU0742-2) are employed.

[21]

Fig.3.1 Single Terminal Single Channel System(10W/20W/40W)

[22]

Fig3.2 Two Terminal Single Channel System(10W/20W options only)

[23]

The twin channel PL-9500 terminal can be configured using the following:
1.

Main Sub rack a) VF Interface unit----2nos. b) Channel Modem unit----2nos. c) Data interface unit----2nos. d) Supervisory unit e) Power Amplifier unit f) Power Supply unit

2.

HF Hybrid Sub rack a) HF Filter Unit b) HF Hybrid Unit c) LCD and Keypad Unit (MTU)

3. Termination Panel All units are same for 10W and 20W systems while Power Amplifier Unit and Power Supply Unit are different for 40W system.
[24]

For 10W/20W, PAMP-4 (Part no. AMP0697-1) and Power Supply Unit type-1 (Part no. PU0742-1) are employed. For 40W, PAMP-8 (Part no. AMP0697-8) and Power Supply Unit type-2 (Part no. PU0742-2) are employed.

The PLCC PL-9500 rack can accommodate various configurations on the basis of the HF output power they provide. A 10W/20W system may be configured in any of the following.

Single Channel Single Terminal System. Twin Channel Single Terminal System. Two Single Channel Systems. One Single + One Twin Channel System. Two Twin Channel Systems.

A 40W system may be configured in the following two configurations Single Channel Single Terminal System. Twin Channel Single Terminal System.

[25]

Fig.3.3 Single Terminal Twin Channel System (10W/20W/40W)

[26]

3.4

CONFIGURATION DETAILS
Configuration: PLCC Rack

S. NO. 1.

PART NAME / MODEL

PART NO.

FEATURES

19 PLCC RACK

RCK2531

Standard 19 construction Can house upto two PLCC systems

2.

19 PLCC MAIN SUBRACK

6U2533

Used for PLCC Main rack. Can provide single channel or twin channel operation.

3.

19 PLCC HF HYBRID SUBRACK

3U2534-1

Used for HF Hybrid.

4.

Alarm and Termination panel

4U2532

Provides the user termination for VF/Data Circuits.

Displays Alarms.

[27]

Configuration: PLCC Main Sub Rack

[28]

S. NO. PART NAME / MODEL 1. VF INTERFACE UNIT

PART NO. VFJ0704

FEATURES Provides voice interface. 2W/2W Hotline operation 4W/4W Express

2.

DATA INTERFACE UNIT-2.0Khz

DJU0700-1

Provides three data channels with level adjustment on individual bases.

3.

POWER AMPLIFIER40W(max.) (PAMP-4)

AMP0697-1

Two stage amplifier. 10W/20W line Output Power

4.

POWER AMPLIFIER80W (PAMP-8)

AMP0697-8

Two stage amplifier. 40W line Output Power

5.

SUPERVISORY UNIT

UP0726

Generates Local loop and Remote loop commands.

Monitors various alarms Master Frequency source.

6.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT-TYPE 1

PU0742-1

Used with PAMP-4.

7.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT-TYPE 2

PU0742-2 [29]

Used with PAMP-8.

8.

CHANNEL MODEM UNIT

CHM1020

AM-SSB-SC modulation. Based on programmable

3.5 PLCC RACK:

The standard 19 mechanical construction practice has been used for PL- 9500 rack. This is shown in Fig The PLCC rack of 2135mm(H) x 595mm(W) x 564mm(D) can accommodate two numbers each of Main subrack, HF Hybrid subrack and Alarm & Termination panel. Thus two systems can be equipped in the same rack at repeater station for different directions eliminating the need of extra space and hardware requirements. The face plans of various possible configurations are shown in Fig. PUNCOM standard rack conforms to DIN 19 standard and shall accept equipment conforming to this standard.

Construction Aspects:
1. Front Door Aluminium extrusion frame with 3mm clear perspex sheet fitted with gasket. Door is provided with locking arrangement.
[30]

Line

diagram of the section of the extrusion is shown in Fig.2.5. 2. Rear Door Lockable rear door made of CR steel of thickness 1.2mm. Gasket with Louvers are provided at the bottom. Dust filters are provided on the inner side of the louvers in order to meet IP51 specifications. 3. Side Panels Made of CR steel of thickness 1.2mm. Louvers and air filter arev provided near the bottom. Dust filters are provided on the inner side of the louvers in order to meet IP41 specifications. 4. Top Cover Made of CR steel of thickness 2.0mm with side vented slots. Rubber gromets are provided for cable entry. No holes are provided on the top cover in order that water droplets do not trickle in from the top. This is in accordance with IP51. 5. Bottom Cover Made of CR Steel of thickness 2.0mm; bottom cover is provided with knockouts for cable 6. Frame entry. Made of CR Steel of thickness 2.0mm. The frame 7. Color Scheme accepts rack mounting equipment conforming to DIN19 standard. Frame, Front Door - Structure Munshell N7 Side panels, rear door Top cover - Siemens Grey
[31]

Bottom Cover - Zinc and passivation plating

Fig.3.4 PUNCOM PL-9500 PLCC RACK

[32]

Mounting Details and Floor Plan

The floor plan for installing the PLCC equipment is provided in Fig. The PLCC racks should be secured to the ground before use. Following methods can be used for fixing the rack. Floor Mounting Mark the front line to which the equipment front door should match. The site be chosen in a way that atleast 770mm space is available on both front and rear side for opening the doors and for easy movement of the personnel. Mark four locations for mounting as shown in Floor Plan. Drill four holes of size 20mm and depth 100mm at marked locations. Insert the rawl nuts (M12 size) in the holes with the help of hammer. Place the Rack over the marked area so as to match the rawl nuts with the holes provided at the bottom of the rack. Tighten the rack with the help of bolts using a suitable spanner (size20/21). Note that if cabling is to be done from the bottom the equipment should be so placed that the knockouts on the bottom plate fall on the trench. This approach is suitable only in case the floor is concrete to the depth of the nut. In case where the concrete depth is not adequate for fixing rawl nuts, a better approach is to use the grouting bolts. For this, make four 100x100 mm square pits to a depth of 170mm at the four corners according to the details given in Fig. Fix the grouting bolts in these pits and fill these with cement / cement concrete. Accurately adjust the bolts before the mixture settles and gets hardened. Lift the Rack and place it over the marked area so as to match the bolts with the holes
[33]

provided at the bottom of the rack. Tighten the Rack with the help of the nuts.

Rail Mounting If the equipment is to be mounted on metallic rails ensure that the distance between the mounting holes on rails is as shown in floor plan. New holes should be drilled if the existing holes do not match with floor plan. If it is not possible to drill matching holes in the existing metallic rails, additional ironwork shall be installed to enable drilling of the matching holes. Fix the rack over the rails using M12 nut and bolt.

3.6 Main Subrack

The dimensions of Main sub rack are Height Width Depth 265.0mm 483.0mm 260.0mm

Interconnections between the various units in the subrack are through main motherboard, which contains the mating connectors for all the units. Connections between the various sub racks are made through 2 x 7 and D-type connectorised cables. On the motherboard, all the HF connections between the sub racks are through BNC connectorised coaxial cables.

[34]

The subrack can be configured for Single/Twin channel operation by duplicating VF Interface unit, Channel Modem unit and Data Interface unit. The front view of a fully equipped subrack for twin channel operation is shown in Fig.2.7 for 40W and 20W options respectively. Either of the channels can be configured for shared speech cum superimposed data channel or high-speed exclusive data channel. In case of superimposed data channel, Data Interface unit is required to input or output VFT type data or RTU data. If both channels are configured for superimposed data, two Data Interface units (one per channel) are required.

Mechanical details

Standard subrack is shown in Fig. All the parts are discreetly shown on the Figure. It conforms to DIN/19 Standard. The details of the subrack are given below.

i)

Subrack 6U Frame Height Width Depth = = = 265mm

483mm 260mm

[35]

Key Features i) Made of Aluminum extrusions. Side panels made of Centre supporting extruded stiffener bar in 6U subrack

Aluminum sheet of thickness 2.5mm.

ii)

for supporting motherboard.

CONSTITUENT Frame Mounting Bracket Guide Rail

COLOUR White Alodined Siemenss Grey Powder Coated Semi Gloss Made of glass filled nylon (GFN) / Noril FR Grade / Aluminium

Dimensions of Motherboard:

Width: 426.72mm Height: 261.85mm Thickness:1.6mm

Dimensions of each card: Depth: 220mm Height: 233.35mm Thickness: 1.6mm

[36]

V F I /F

CH M OD

V F I /F

CH M OD

PA M P 8

DA TA I /F

DAT A I /F

SU P

PSU II
OFF

4W

HE A LTH M L EA D X M T A DJ

4W

HE A LTH M L EA D X M T A DJ

PWR O/P M ON OV E R L OA D R E SET TX1 TX2 TX3 TE ST I NPU T TX 1 TX 2 TX 3

HEALTH MAJOR MINOR TM ACO A CO SW R ESET

PWR I /P L/H O/P FA IL -48V -48V R ET ON

4W I N 2W 4W OU T

4W I N 2W 4W OU T

VF XMT SI D TX

VF XMT SI D TX

PC I N TX PI LOT GND

PC IN TX PI LOT GND CH 1 CH 2

+36V -36V 36V R ET +12V -12V +5V GND

A GC BU Z S/N M U TING CAL L SW J A CK TEL CA LL SW J A CK TEL BUZ

A GC S/N M U TI NG

LL RL

LOOP E LE A D R CV A DJ

LOOP E LEA D R CV A DJ 153 KHz 2W 800H z 4W TONE

V F R CV J A CK TEL SI D R CV J A CK TEL

V F R CV SI D R CV

RX 1 RX 2 RX 3

RX1 RX2 RX3 SRL PORT

H F OU T PC OU T R CV PI LOT PC OU T R CV PI LOT

V F I /F

CH M OD

V F I /F

CH M OD

PA M P 4

DA T A I /F

DA TA I /F

SU P

PSU I
OF F

4W

H E A LT H M LE A D X M T A DJ

4W

H EA LT H M L EA D X M T A DJ

PWR O/P M ON OV E RL OAD R ESET TX 1 TX 2 TX 3 T EST INPU T TX1 TX2 TX3

HEALTH MAJOR MINO R TM ACO A CO SW R E SET

PWR I /P L /H O/P FA I L -48V -48V R ET ON

4W I N 2W 4W OU T

4W I N 2W 4W OU T

V F XM T SID T X

V F XM T SI D T X

PC I N TX PI LOT GND

PC IN TX PI L OT GND CH1 CH 2

+36V -36V 36V R E T +12V -12V +5V GND

A GC BU Z S/N M U T I NG CA L L SW J A CK TE L CA L L SW J ACK T E L BU Z

A GC S/N M U T I NG

LL RL

L OOP E LEAD R CV A DJ

L OOP E LEAD R CV A DJ 153 KHz 2W 800H z 4W TONE

V F R CV J A CK T EL SI D R CV J A CK TEL

VF R CV SI D R CV

RX1 RX2 RX3

RX 1 RX 2 RX 3 SRL PORT

H F OU T PC OU T R CV PIL OT PC OU T R CV PI LOT

Fig.3.6 Front view of Main SubRack (40w & 20W

[37]

3.7 Constituents (Sub Units)

The details of the Front panels of different units that constitute the Main Sub-rack are explained in the following sections. VF Interface unit VF interface unit provides interface between Carrier

Communication equipment and 2W/4W E&M PABX junctions. Besides this, it offers Service telephone for maintenance purposes. As shown in Fig.2.9, on the front panel of the VF Interface unit, 4 pin RTG test sockets are provided for 2W and 4W IN/OUT. Call switch is provided for the purpose of Engineering Orderwire. The details of the front panel components and the LEDs for alarms provided on the front panel are given below. S.No 1. Designatio n 4-Wire Component Description LED Indicates 4-Wire operation of the VF Interface. Yellow LED normally ON. OFF status indicates 2-Wire operation. 2. BUZ LED Indicates Call Buzzer status. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates reception of call(ringing of buzzer)

[38]

S.No 3.

Designatio

Component Description Indicates Jack Telephone status. Green LED normally OFF. ON status indicates insertion of Jack Tel. plug in its socket for call initiation. Break plug for 4W VF transmit. Break plug for 4W VF receive. Break plug for 2W VF transmit/receive. Push button switch used to initiate a service call. This connector is used to insert the Service telephone.

n JACK TEL LED

4. 5. 6. 7.

4W IN 4W OUT 2W CALL SW for Service

RTG Socket RTG Socket RTG Socket Push buttonSwit

8.

call ch JACK TEL 5-pin DIN socket

[39]

V F I/F

4W

4W 2W 4W

IN

O U T

Fig.3.7 Front view of VF interface unit

VF INTERFACE-VFJ 0704
B U Z C A L L SW JA C K T E L JA C K T E L

[40]

Channel Modem unit Channel Modem unit translates VF to HF using Amplitude modulation-single side band suppressed carrier technique. This is done by employing two stages of IF. The details of the signals extended on the front plate are provided below with reference to Fig. Test points are provided for VF transmit/receive, PC IN/OUT and Transmit/Receive Pilot. The details of the LEDs and other components are provided below.

S.No 1.

Designation Health

Component LED

Description Indicates Card health status. Green LED normally blinking indicates healthy condition. Permanently ON/OFF indicates faulty condition.

2.

M Lead

LED

Indicates Tx signalling status. Yellow LED normally ON. OFF status indicates permanent GND on M Lead Blinking status of the LED indicates dialling on the channel.

3.

Loop

LED

Indicates system in Local Loop test mode. Yellow LED normally OFF. ON status indicates system in Local Loop.

[41]

S.No 4.

Designation E Lead

Component LED

Description Indicates Receive signalling status. Yellow LED normally ON. OFF status indicates permanent GND on E Lead Blinking status of the LED indicates dialling on the channel.

5.

AGC

LED

Indicates AGC loss condition. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates absence of receive pilot i.e. AGC loss. Indicates status of signal to noise ratio. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates that S/N is less than specified limits.

6.

S/N

LED

7.

Muting

LED

Indicates status of carrier generators. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates PLL failure of any carrier generator.

8.

XMT transmit lvl RCV receive lvl VF XMT

Potentiomete Used to fine adjust the transmit VF level

ADJUST for r 9.

Potentiomete Used to fine adjust the receive VF level Break plug for VF transmit.

ADJUST for r 10. RTG St

[42]

S.No 11. 12. 13. 14.

Designation SID TX VF RCV SID RCV PC IN

Component RTG St RTG St RTG St Test pt.

Description Break plug for SID transmit. Break plug for VF receive. Break plug for SID receive. Used to feed Protection Coupler Send level for testing purpose.

15. 16. 17.

TX PILOT PC OUT

Test pt. Test pt.

Used to monitor the Transmit Pilot level. Used to monitor the Receive level at PC port. Used to monitor the Receive Pilot level.

RCV PILOT Test pt.

[43]

CH MOD

HEALTH M LEAD XMT ADJ

VF XMT SID TX

PC IN TX PILOT GND CHL MODEM-CHM1020

AGC S/N MUTING

LOOP E LEAD RCV ADJ

VF RCV SID RCV

PC OUT RCV PILOT

Fig.3.8 Front view of Channel Modem Unit

[44]

Data Interface Unit

Data Interface unit provides the interface for three VF data channels. The details of the front panel components are given in Fig. and are described below.

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Designatio n TX1 TX2 TX3 RX1

Component RTG St. RTG St. RTG St. RTG St.

Description Used to feed the VF tone level corresponding to data channel 1. Used to feed the VF tone level corresponding to data channel 2. Used to feed the VF tone level corresponding to data channel3. Used to check the received VF tone level corresponding to data channel 1. Used to check the received VF tone level corresponding to data channel 2. Used to check the received VF tone level corresponding to data channel 3.

5.

RX2

RTG St.

6.

RX3

RTG St.

[45]

D A T A I /F

T X 1 T X 2 T X 3

R X 1 R X 2 R X 3

D 0148

Fig.3.9Front View of Data Interface Unit

[46]

Supervisory unit:
Supervisory unit monitors and controls the local and remote PLCC terminals. It also monitors the alarms and displays them on the LCD. The Front plate of Supervisory Unit houses alarm LEDs, test tone generators and switches for loopback. These are described below with reference to Fig.2.12. Switches are provided for switching among channel 1 and channel 2, and for achieving local loopback or remote loopback for test purpose. The details of the LEDs are given below. S.No 1. Designation Health Component LED Description Indicates supervisory health status. Green LED normally blinking. Permanent ON/OFF indicates faulty condition. 2. Major Alarm LED Indicates major alarm condition. Red LED normally off. ON status indicates major alarm (link failure). 3. Minor Alarm LED Indicates minor alarm condition. Red LED normally OFF. On status indicates a minor alarm though the link is through.

[47]

S.No 4.

Designation TM

Component LED

Description Indicates system in test mode. Yellow LED normally OFF. ON status indicates system in Local Loop or Remote Loop.

5.

ACO

LED

Indicates audio alarm cut off status. Yellow LED normally OFF. ON status indicates audio alarm has been cut off. Used to mute the audio alarm. Used to reset the Supervisory Unit. This switch is used to select channel1 or channel2 for loopback operation. This is used to initiate local loop on selected channel (Channel1/Channel2). This is used to initiate remote loop on selected channel (Channel1/Channel2). A test tone of 153Khz may be extended from this test point to the Power Amplifier unit through patch cord. Used to provide Test tone on 2W. Used to provide Test tone on 4W.

6. 7. 8.

ACO SW RESET CH1/CH2

Push button switch Push button switch Switch

9.

LL

Push button switch

10.

RL

Push button switch

11.

153Khz

Test pt.

12. 13.

2W TONE 4W TONE

RTG skt RTG skt

[48]

S.No 14.

Designation SRL PORT

Component 9-pin Dconn.

Description This port is extended to connect VT-100 Terminal.

[49]

SUP

HEALTH MAJOR MINOR TM ACO ACO SW RESET

CH1

CH2

SUPERVISORY-$UP0726

LL RL 3 KHz

800Hz 153 KHz -10.0 dBm -13.5 dBm

2W 4W

Fig.3.10 Front view of Supervisory Unit

[50]

SRL PORT

Power Amplifier unit

Power Amplifier amplifies the HF signal to be fed to the line in two stages viz., Pre-amplifier stage and Power Amplifier stage. Two different designs are provided one to deliver a max. of 40W PEP and the other 80W PEP. The details of alarm LEDs and other front plate components are provided as Fig and given below.
S.No 1. Designation PWR Component LED Description Power Supply input indication. Green LED normally ON. OFF status indicates loss of input supply. 2. O/P Mon LED Output level indication. Green LED normally ON. OFF status indicates output level is less than threshold level. 3. Overload LED Output overload indication. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates 4. 5. 6. RESET TEST INPUT HF OUT Switch Test pt BNC conn. power amplifier faulty condition. Used to reset the Unit once the overload condition disappears. This test point accepts the test tone of 153Khz from the Supervisory unit. Output of the amplifier used to feed the HF signal to HF Filter.

[51]

PA M P 4

PW R O /P M O N OVERLOAD R E SE T

PW R O /P M O N OVERLOAD R E SE T

T E ST I N P U T

T E ST I N P U T

HF OUT

HF OUT

Fig.3.11Front view of Power Amplifier Unit

[52]

Power Supply unit

Two types of designs for power supply are provided- one to be employed for Power Amplifier delivering 40W/20W (40W max.) and the other one to be employed for Power Amplifier delivering 80W. Front view of Power Supply Unit is shown in Fig.2.14. Monitoring points are provided for all the input and output supply voltages on the front panel. The details of the LEDs are given below. S.No 1. Designation Power Compone nt LED Description Indicates 48V present status. Green LED, normally ON. OFF status indicates absence of input 48V. 2. I/P UV/OV Alarm LED Indicates 48V status. Red LED, normally OFF. On status indicates input 48V is not within 3. O/P faulty LED specified range. Indicates the status of output voltages. Red LED normally OFF. On status indicates at least one output is faulty or is out of 4. 5. ON/OFF Switch the specified range. Switches On or Off the Power Supply Unit. This test point is provided to monitor the input supply voltage.
[53]

-48V/-48VRet Test pt.

6.

+36V/36V Ret Test pt. or +50V/50V Ret +12V Test pt. +5V Test pt.

Provided to monitor 36V output supply voltage or 50V output supply voltage. Provided to monitor 12V output supply voltage. Provided to monitor 5V output supply voltage.

7. 8.

[54]

P SU I
OFF PW R I /P L /H O /P FA IL -48V -48V R E T ON

P SU II
OFF PW R I /P L /H O /P FA IL -48V -48V R E T ON

+ 36V -36V 36V R E T + 12V -12V + 5V GND

+ 50V -50V 50V R E T + 12V -12V + 5V GND

Fig.3.12 Front view of Power Supply Unitt

[55]

3.8HF Hybrid Subrack

The HF Hybrid subrack shown in Fig. consists of HF Filter module, HF Hybrid unit and LCD with Keypad. The HF Filter module consists of two identical modules each having a PCB and an air core inductor. Depending on the frequency band employed, two kinds of HF Filter modules can be implemented. For high frequency band from 100-508Khz, HF Filter(H) shall be used. For low frequency band from 32-100Khz, HF Filter(L) shall be used. These filters are field tuneable. The LCD and keypads provide an easy interface to the user for maintenance and testing purposes. Mechanical details It conforms to DIN/19 Standard. The details of the subrack are given below. i) Subrack 3U: Frame Height Width Depth = = = 132.5mm 483mm 260mm

[56]

Key Features Made of aluminium extrusions. Side panels made of aluminium sheet. CONSTITUENT Frame Mounting Bracket Guide Rail COLOUR White Alodined. Siemenss Grey Powder Coated Semi Gloss Made of glass filled nylon(GFN)/Noril FR Grade / Aluminium.

Constituents / Sub-units

HF Hybrid Unit Front view of HF Hybrid Unit is shown in Fig.. The details of the alarms provided on the HF Hybrid Unit are given below. S.No Designation 1. Line Component LED Description Output connected to line indication. Green LED normally ON. OFF status indicates output of system is not connected to LINE.

[57]

2.

LOAD

LED

Output connected to dummy load indication. Red LED normally OFF. ON status indicates output of system is connected to dummy load. Used to monitor HF Tx level and frequency across the dummy load. Switches the system to Line or Dummy load. Accepts HF signal from HF filter. Used to monitor HF signal from HF hybrid to the Channel Modem unit.

3.

MON

Test pt.

4. 5. 6.

LINE/LOAD HF TX HF RCV

Switch BNC conn. BNC conn.

HF Filter

[58]

HF Filter is a bandpass filter of 4 KHz bandwidth, the frequency selection for which can be done as required. Two different modules are provided- one for lower frequency band (32-100 KHz) and one for higher frequency band (100-508 KHz). HF IN port receives the output of Power Amplifier and gives out filtered signal at HF OUT, which is fed to HF hybrid.

HF HY B

LOAD LINE MON LOAD HF RCV LINE

HF TX

Fig.3.13Front view of HF Hybrid subrack

[59]

H F H Y B

L O A D L IN E M O N LO A D H F R C V L IN E

H F T X

Fig.3.14 Front view of HF Hybrid Unit

Alarm and Termination panel

[60]

Alarm and Termination panel The dimensions of the termination panel are Height Width 177.0mm 483.0mm

The front view of the Alarm and Termination Panel is shown in Fig. The termination panel consists of Krone connector blocks, power & alarm LEDs, MCB and HF break plugs. All the VF, data and control signals accessible to the user are provided on the Krone connector blocks.

Fi g.3.15 Alarm and Termination Panel

[61]

Monitoring and Test Unit (MTU) The operation of the PL-9500 is configurable and monitorable from a LCD display and keypad provided on the front panel of the MTU. Through this the user interacts with PL-9500 for the following functions. a) b) To display the status of the various alarms of the system. To display as well as change the status of various loopbacks

on the system.

The LCD is a 16x2 character display based on English language or easy abbreviations are used in order to make it user friendly.
1. 2. 3. 4. ENTER key[ ] This is used for the execution of the command being cuurently displayed on the screen of the MTU. This is used to scroll up to the previous menu. This is used to scroll down to the next menu or next item of the same menu. These are used to exit a particular mode of operation once a prompt appears. These are used to scroll through all the 16 characters of the line.

UP arrow key[ ] DOWN arrow key[ ] LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys

3.9 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME :

[62]

In addition to the VF Termination Panel inside the rack, a separate MDF with a maximum capacity of 100 pairs (MDF-01) or 200 pairs (MDF-02) is being provided for the applicable sites. MDF is equipped suitably with multiple of 10 pairs termination blocks for site-specific wiring requirements. The MDF has the provision for IPM(Integrated Protection Module) on the required signals. The line side terminations as well as the equipment side terminations are on Krone type IDC connectors, facilitating easy connection/disconnection as the case may be. MDF is Wall-mountable type with lockable front door and a hinged Termination Panel. * MDF is not part of the PLCC Equipment supplied as per the provisions in the Purchase Order

[63]

Chapter 4

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
4.1GENERAL DESCRIPTION: System Block Diagram showing various modules is shown in Fig. 4.1. The VF transmit section includes input circuits for different signals to be transmitted. This includes speech, 64ynthesiz and pilot signal generation circuit for 64ynthesiz and AGC purposes. On receive side the VF section has compatible output circuits for separating out different signals from the combined receive VF band. VF interface provides various speech interfaces of 2-Wire line, 4-Wire Express circuit, 2-Wire/4-Wire E&M PABX Junction circuits, Direct Subscriber (Telephone) Exchange Line and Service Telephone. The output of the VF Interface unit is fed to the Channel modem unit, which comprises of VF, IF & HF sections for both transmit and receive sides. The IF carrier of 4.896 MHz is generated in the terminal by a phase locked loop crystal oscillator which converts VF transmit signal to a fixed intermediate frequency band of 4KHz. Lower side band is filtered out using a sharp cut off crystal band pass filter while the upper side band is fed to the second modulator for translation to the required HF band. The carrier of this modulator is the output of VCO 64ynthesized oscillator, which can be programmed as per the output HF in the range of 32 KHz to 508 KHz with the help of 10-position DIP switches.

[64]

The receiver section takes the input from the programmable HF Rx Filter and in this section, a VCO generates the required carrier using PLL principle. After demodulation the resulting lower band is filtered out using a crystal band pass filter while the upper band is demodulated to VF using 4.896 MHz as the fixed carrier. Pilot frequency is used for both AGC and supervision of the line. AGC is built in the system to regulate the VF output for variations in the HF level. The HF line section on transmit side has a Power Amplifier to provide high power of transmission at terminal output followed by HF hybrid for interfacing to 2-Wire High- Voltage line side. This section also includes programmable filters on the transmit side to suppress the harmonics to very low levels and to allow parallel connection of other PLCC terminals on the same power line. The basic function block diagram of PLCC terminal is shown in Fig.The detailed block diagram of the PLCC terminal with various signal names and interconnecting signals is shown in Fig.

[65]

Fig. 4.1 System Block Diagram

4.2SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:

[66]

The system functional diagram in Fig.shows the basic blocks of PUNCOM PLCC system. The termination panel houses the user interface that includes VFT data, service telephone user controls etc. All the speech signals are fed to the VF interface unit. This includes service telephone. The unit converts all the speech into 4 wire for further processing which is fed to the channel modem unit along with M lead signal. This voice band signal is converted to a 4Khz band in 32-508KHz. Channel Modem Unit has the functional blocks for filtering and modulation. VF is converted to HF in two stages of modulation. This signal after conversion is fed to the Power Amplifier, filtered and passed to HF Hybrid for transmission. For Receive operation, HF signal is available at tag block from where it is fed to channel modem through HF hybrid unit and HF Rx filter. This signal is demodulated in two steps and passed to the VF interface unit. Alarms from individual cards are extended to the supervisory unit to be displayed on the LCD. These alarms indicate the presence/absence of various cards; muting condition; S/N alarm etc. Loop back signals for local and remote loopback are generated in the supervisory unit. VFT data is converted to serial form by RTU Modem and fed to the data interface unit, it can sum up the data from three different sources and then feed it to the Channel Modem unit. The details of various signals are provided in the descriptions of the individual units give in section.

[67]

Allocation of Power to Speech and Data Channels The scheme for allocating the weights to VF and data channels is based on the noise bandwidth of each channel. A 50B channel has a noise bandwidth of about 80Hz. Compared with a 300-2400Hz-speech channel, the noise power level on a 50B channel may be chosen 5 times lower.

Adjustment of Speech and Data Signal Levels The absolute levels at the input of respective channel modem should be according to the values. To adjust the data levels, adjust the attenuator pads for respective data channel in the data interface unit to match the levels provided in the table above. The strap settings for the attenuator pads is provided in the Service Manual. For speech, -16dBm level in channel modem is achieved with 12dB pad setting in the VF interface unit.

[68]

4.3SUB-UNIT DESCRIPTION
The PLCC terminal PL-9500 consists of three subracks: i) ii) iii) Main sub-rack HF Hybrid sub-rack Alarm and Termination panel

Main Subrack It consists of the following units for a single channel system: VF Interface unit Channel Modem unit Power Amplifier unit Supervisory unit Power Supply unit Main Motherboard Data Interface unit (Superimposed Data Multiplexer/De-

Multiplexer) In order to equip the system for twin channel operation, one unit each of VF Interface, data interface and Channel Modem is added in the main subrack in the slots provided for the purpose.

[69]

VF Interface Unit: General:VF Interface unit provides interface between carrier communication equipment and 2-Wire/4-Wire E&M PABX junctions, 2-Wire HOT LINE, 4-Wire EXPRESS circuits, REMOTE SUBSCRIBER TELEPHONE, DIRECT EXCHANGE LINE (DEL), Electronic four wire group selector (EFGS), etc. In addition, it provides a Service Telephone interface for Engineering Order-wire meant for maintenance purposes, the hybrid control for permanent 4-Wire Express/4-Wire, tandem call working and compander control. A buzzer has been built-in to indicate Service call reception and to provide 48V for a remote 4Wire telephone set buzzer. The unit has been provided with break/monitoring plugs and LED indicators on front panel. There is also the provision for Loop tests for maintenance and repair purposes.

Options/features with Functional details 2W / 2W hotline As shown in Fig. 2W/2W hotline inputs are subjected to 4 Wire conversion through VF hybrid. 2W Tx path is normally through but can be changed over to 4W through a relay, which is normally deenergised. The attenuator in line can be selected to provide required levels for 2W and 4W tone. For 2W hotline, on lifting the handset, the loop is closed. It is detected and ground potential is extended to M-lead. This makes the path through for 2W-subscriber side. Calling party is fed a ring back tone when E-Lead is ground. Lifting handset on called party side initiates M-Lead and trips the ringer. E and M leads from
[70]

PABX junction cause the signalling information to and reach the other end exchange. 4W E & M Mode 4W E and M mode operates with 4W trunk circuit of EPABX, in this 2W hybrid circuit is disabled and 4W speech IN and OUT are respectively routed to VF Tx and VF RCV of Channel Modem Unit through attenuators AT1 and AT2. Engineering O/W For Engineering O/W service call, attendant inserts the jack plug of handset to the corresponding socket. JACK TEL LED glows to indicate that Jack telephone is inserted. A 1Khz oscillator is provided to produce a tone, whenever call switch is pressed, which is transmitted through the 4W transmit path to the remote terminal. The tone is detected by the detector circuit, which operates the buzzer. Ring back tone is fed back to the calling side by the RBT generator. Inserting the jack telephone at the called end makes the call through. 4W Express Mode For 4W express mode, 4W express telephone set operation is similar to the functioning of the Engineering O/W except that the operation is performed through 4W telephone set. FXO / FXS Circuit (Remote subscriber exchange end) FXO circuit is implemented for Direct-to-Exchange Line (DEL) operation. This circuit can be directly terminated to 2W exchange line and provides the function of Ring detect and battery feed. FXS circuit is implemented for interface to the subscriber telephone. It provides the features of Loop detect and ring feed.

[71]

VF EQUALIZER: VF Equalizer is provided in VF Rx path to compensate the amplitude distortion in VF band added by the line. During loop test equalizer should be set out of the circuit through header settings given in Service Manual

Control Signals (extended on termination panel) Hybrid Control This is used to select or remove the Hybrid on the Speech port. A ground on this signal sets the interface in 4W mode and an open in 2W mode. This signal should only be used for E & M or 4W Express mode and should be left open for Hotline and Remote Subscriber modes. Tandem Control During transit control, ground is extended by the EPABX on Tandem Control input which sets the interface for 4W operation. Additionally, it removes the compander so that only one pair of companders is active in the link.

[72]

Channel Modem Unit General:-Channel Modem translates VF to HF in the range of 32508KHz. It houses its own carrier generators, Pilot, Signalling circuit, Compander and AGC circuitry. This unit consists of two parts one is main unit and other is the DSP based piggy back unit called Transit Band Pass Filter and Pilot generator (TPG Board).

Functional blocks for filtering, modulation and translation of voice frequency signals into Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (AMSSB-SC) base band signals are provided in this card as its integral unit.

As shown in Fig.Channel modem employs two stages of modulation for conversion of VF signals to HF signal of 4 KHz bandwidth in 32 to 508KHz. The VF signal of 4 KHz bandwidth is first converted into a fixed intermediate frequency band of 4 KHz using IF carrier of 4.896 MHz , obtained from a PLL Crystal Oscillator. For second modulation stage a digital frequency synthesiser is employed for generation of programmable carrier frequencies to translate the VF band to HF band and vise-versa. Because of 2-Wire working on HF side, transmit and receive carriers are kept different. Carrier frequencies are synchronised with a highly stable TCXO in the supervisory unit for better frequency stability of the system.

[73]

The voice upper cut-off frequency can be selected from the switched capacitor low pass filter in both transmit and receive sections. Four different cut-off frequencies 2KHz / 2.2KHz / 2.4KHz / 3.4KHz can be selected through DIP Switches. The programmability is achieved by changing the clock frequency fed to the switched capacitor filter. The clock frequency is 200 times the upper cut-off frequency of the required LPF. Programmable pilot tone keyed by M Lead operation, generated in the TPG board is used for link supervision, signalling and AGC, same pilot can be used as the Guard signal for the teleprotection equipment. The pilot frequency is programmable by DIP switches. The available pilot frequencies are 2160/2220/2580/3360/3600/3660/3780 Hz 30 Hz. During the signalling pilot frequency is shifted to pilot frequency + 30 Hz.

The terminal can provide various data channels for different baud rates by selecting the programmable VF filters provided in Channel Modem Unit. Optionally terminal can be configured to give exclusive speech and data channels (1200baud). Baud rates are selectable in the range 50-1200bps. The table below shows the number of data channels supported for different baud rates.

[74]

Functional details The channel modem functional blocks can be divided into following parts.

Transmit Side VF signals are passed through a circuit consisting of gain control, level adjustment and VF level limiting. To attenuate the low frequency signals and equalise the transit frequency response near 300Hz, a high pass filter is provided. Compressor is used to improve the signal to noise ratio for speech communication. Output of the compressor is fed to the summer through Switched Capacitor LPF, which attenuates VF signals above 2/2.2/2.4/3.4KHz. The summer mixes the superimposed data, compressed speech and pilot signalling, and the output of this is fed to the limiter and then to the first transmit balanced modulator, hence converting it to IF of 4896 KHz. A crystal filter of 4896-4900 KHz pass band is used to pass the upper side band. Output of this band pass filter is fed to the second transmit modulator. The output of the second transmit Carrier Generator (oscillator) is programmable in the range of 4392 KHz 5100 KHz, thereby the HF (second oscillator IF) frequency can be programmed in the range of 32-508 KHz. The upper side bands are undesired and are attenuated using a single pole low pass filter before applying the HF signal to the HF amplifier. Output of this HF amplifier is open collector and drives an external 75ohm combining resistor in the shelf connector board.

[75]

Receive Side Receive band limited HF spectrum containing a maximum of 2 channels from HF Hybrid card appears directly at Channel Modem and is applied to the receive HF amplifier. This circuit provides gain for the incoming signals and drives the first receive demodulator. Crystal bandpass filter rejects all other frequencies except the desired band of 4896 4900 KHz. Output of the crystal bandpass filter goes to the IF amplifier which has built-in AGC circuitry. Gain of the AGC amplifier is controlled by VAGC available from TPG board. The output of AGC amplifier is fed to second demodulator which gives VF output in 0 4 KHz range after demodulation of the input signal with carrier frequency of 4896 KHz. Undesired upper side band is removed. Amplified VF signal is fed to the switched capacitor low pass filter through expander circuit. A low pass filter is used to prevent superimposed data and pilot from appearing at the VF receive side. SID receive signal is fed to the TPG board for taking out pilot and superimposed data signal. The SID receive signal after filtration through the programmable Transit Band Pass Filter appears as TBF Out from TPG board and is fed to the Data Interface for further communication to the RTU Data Modem.

[76]

Carrier Frequency Generation Carrier generators serve as local oscillators for modulation. First carrier generator is a PLL circuit generating 4896 KHz, used for the first Transmit modulator and second receive demodulator. Second programmable carrier generator is comprised of a programmable digital synthesizer controlled by micro controller, used for the second Transmit modulator and first receive demodulator.

Signaling Section On the transmit side the pilot frequency of the channel is keyed by the M Lead operation and on the receive side the signaling information is retrieved by the TPG board and converted into a logic to operate the relay connected to the E Lead

Switch Capacitor Low Pass Filter Channel Modem uses the Switched Capacitor Filter Technique for programmability of AF filters. Any of the four cutoff frequencies 2.0/ 2.2/ 2.4/ 3.4 KHz can be selected by selecting the DIP Switches. Micro controller reads the switch setting and generates a filter clock. It is 200 times the required cut off frequency and it derives the switch capacitor filter chip to create the required low pass filter.

[77]

Transit Band Pass Filter & Pilot Generator

This board is a piggy mount unit in the channel modem unit. This generate the programmable pilot frequency and create signaling information by FSK on receiving the pulses from the M Lead. On receiver side it receives the SID-Rcv signal from the channel modem and retrieves the pilot, which is used for the Automatic Gain Control and link supervision. It also retrieves the signaling information and converts it into a logic to operate the relay connected to the E Lead. For superimposed data it has programmable transit band pass filter whose upper and lower cutoff frequencies are switch selectable in steps of 60Hz. The out put of the TBF is fed to the data interface unit via motherboard.

Control signals (extended on Termination Panel) PC-Control In/Out This port is provided for Tele-protection signal. Normally a loop is provided between these two signals. When the loop is removed, speech, data, pilot and signalling channels are cut and full power is allocated to PC IN (trip signal) sent by external Protection Coupler Equipment.

PC IN The trip signal (in the form of tones) is provided by the External Protection Coupler Equipment on this input port. These signals are
[78]

sent on HF line at full power when ever a trip command is received at the Protection Coupler.

PC OUT The full speech band demodulated by the Channel Modem Unit is fed to this port for sending to the External Protection Coupler Equipment. Power Amplifier Unit General:-A detailed drawing showing the functional operation of the Power Amplifier Unit Interface Unit is provided as Fig. Power amplifier is used to amplify RF output from modem before it is transmitted to the line. The amplifier PAMP4 and PAMP8 are designed to deliver an output of 20W/40W and 80W PEP respectively. Amplifier can be divided in three stages. Pre Amplifier stage; Power Amplifier stage and the Control section.

Functional Description Pre Amplifier stage This stage is used to drive the power amplifier stage. It has a selectable gain. This section is further divided into two IC based stages that operate on +12V. The output of this stage is coupled to the Power Amplifier stage through a coupling transformer that besides providing a gain of 3dB offers DC isolation between the pre-amplifier stage and the power amplifier stage.
[79]

Power Amplifier stage

This stage is used to raise the levels of speech and other signals to the required values for transmission over the line. Power amplifier operates over a frequency range of 32-508KHz. This section is further divided into two stages viz., differential amplifier stage and the push pull power stage. The output of the push pull power stage is coupled to the output transformer with the input impedance of 5.6 and output impedance of 75. This stage operates on +36V(for PAMP4) and +50V(for PAMP8). Control stage This stage consists of the following sections: Delay Circuitry: It connects the output of the push pull power stage to the output transformer after a delay of approximately 2sec once the system is switched on. This enables the Power Amplifier to stabilize before it is connected to the inductive load.

[80]

Power Level Detector section: The output of the Power Amplifier is rectified and fed to the supervisory unit which is further digitally processed and displayed on the LCD.

Overload Alarm section: In the event of line impedance mismatch or mishandling in the field, the output of the power amplifier may increase drastically resulting in the overload condition. To counter this, the gain of the pre-amplifier section is reduced by 3dB and an alarm is extended to the front panel of the Power Amplifier. This condition may be reset using Reset switch provided on the front panel.

Data Interface Unit General:-A detailed drawing showing the functional operation of the Data Interface Unit is provided as Fig.3.11. The unit comprises of Superimposed Data Multiplexer & De-Multiplexer and Transit Band-Pass filter. The unit is provided with loop back facility for remote end testing on generation of remote loop back command from the supervisory unit. Data interface card interfaces with the modem on 4W interface. The card can provide upto three multiplexed and three demultiplexed VF channels for data communication.

[81]

Functional details Transformers in the data path provide for isolation and impedance matching. The data is combined by the combiner and transferred to channel modem unit as SID-TX (Trans superimposed data). Superimposed receive data (SID-RCV) from channel modem is decombined to give data at three output ports of the Data Interface Unit. In case more data channels are to be equipped, they can be implemented with the help of a separate Combiner/Decombiner Unit which can provide 5 data ports when put on any of the existing data channels. The inputs and outputs of this unit are transformer-coupled. This unit occupies 1U space and may be equipped in any of the 1U slots. Further these units may be cascaded to increase the number of data channels available. On transmit side, individual channel levels can be adjusted.

[82]

Supervisory Unit

General:-A detailed drawing showing the functional operation of the Supervisory Unit is provided as Fig. The supervisory unit is provided to control and monitor local and remote PLCC terminals. It monitors all the alarms generated in the system and displays the status of the alarms on the LCD.

The local loop and the remote loop test commands can be generated from the supervisory unit. Supervisory also displays the minor and major alarms in case of system fault.

A highly stable TCXO is also provided in this card to synchronise various oscillators in the system. Two test tone generators of 800 Hz and 153 KHz are provided for testing purposes.

Functional details

Input ports Input ports are provided to monitor the system status and alarms One input port is reserved for the system ID and one for configuring the system.

[83]

Output ports Output ports are provided for issuing the loopback commands for any of the two channels or for indicating various alarm conditions. ADC section ADC section converts the various analog signals e.g. AGC level, output power level and power supply voltages in the digital form to be displayed on the LCD.

DTMF Transceiver section This section issues the command for remote loop and also detects the remote loopback command at the remote end.

RS 485/RS 422 Port The serial port can be configured either by software or hardware for RS422 or RS485 operation. In case of RS422 operation, the system can be configured as master or slave. This port can be used to patch the supervisory data from two or more PLCC Terminals at a place. This port interfaces with the microcontroller through an external DUART.

RS 232 Port This is provided to monitor the status of the equipment at Local or Remote ends. This port may also be used to download the new version of the software.
[84]

Test tones

153 KHz tone A test tone of 153KHz is extended on front plate of the Supervisory Unit and this may be fed to the Power Amplifier Unit through patch cord to carry out the functional checks of Power Amplifier Unit. Channel modem is jacked out whenever this test tone is fed to the power amplifier unit. This is a square wave and provides an output rich in harmonics. Injection of this test tone should result in glowing of O/P Mon LED on Power Amplifier front panel.

800 Hz tone for 2W/4W A test tone of 800Hz (sinusoidal) is extended on the front panel of the Supervisory Unit on RTG socket. This is transformer coupled and may be fed to VF Port in loopback mode or otherwise through RTG cable. The results may accordingly be noted on the 4W/2W ports (in loopback mode) or HF port. When operated in 2W mode, the setting in the VF interface unit should correspond to 2W.

Power Supply Unit A detailed drawing showing the functional operation of the Power Supply Unit is provided as Fig.3.13. Power Supply Unit is a SMPS card, which converts 48VDC input (-40VDC to 60VDC range) to
[85]

+ 36V(+50V) for power amplifier and + 12V & 5V for operation of other cards of PLCC. Power Supply unit works in flyback conversion mode. It has two pulse width modulator (current mode) chips IC3842. One chip is used for +36V & -36V(+50V and 50V) and the other chip for +12V, -12V & 5V.

Input circuitry consisting of EMI/RFI filter offers common mode rejection and provides attenuation at frequencies above 40KHz. Output of filter drives power switching transformer. Switching pulses of controlled duty cycle drive the power MOSFET i.e. energy is forwarded through the primary winding by switching at frequency of 40KHz. Control circuit consists of PWM chip 3842. It varies the duty cycle i.e. switching of the power MOSFET according to the output voltage +36V. If the output voltage tries to increase, PWM chip senses the voltage through optocoupler and decreases the duty cycle thereby decreasing the voltage and viceversa (i.e. If output voltage tries to decrease). Transformer stores energy during on period and pumps energy in the secondary during off period. Secondary voltages are rectified by diode/capacitor combination and then filtered through on an additional L-C filter combination. The same circuit applies for + 12 & +5V. The feedback is sensed through -12V output and +12V is regulated with the help of low drop out regulator & +5V is regulated with the help of fixed regulator.
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-48V after filtering through EMI/RFI filter is given for ringer circuit. Main Motherboard All the interconnections of signals on various cards are achieved by means of PCB mounted on the shelf back. All the connections to the Termination Panel from the motherboard are made by means of 2 x 7 connectorised cables. Interconnections between various subracks are through BNC and Molex connectorised cables. Standard Euro connectors are used for firm insertion of cards. To avoid insertion of card in wrong slot, interlocking is provided on the motherboard as well as on critical cards. This is achieved by varying the positions of the connectors on these cards and on the corresponding slots on the motherboard.

HF Hybrid Subrack This subrack consists of the following units: i) ii) iii) iv) HF Filter module HF Hybrid unit LCD with Keypad HF Hybrid motherboard

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CONCLUSION
The power line was never intended for communications purposes. PLC device has limited use because of strong interference, varying attenuation and impedance problems. The PLCC system designer is limited in the bandwidth available for communications not only by physical properties of the power line, but also by regulatory standards imposed by governing bodies. But the applicability and the benefits of this technology are so significant that, armed with many modern communications techniques, and with careful thought, these challenges can be definitely overcome.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.puncom.com http://www.wifinotes.com

http://www.electronicsforu.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com
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 http://www.sciencefair.com http://www.technologiestoday.com http://www.google.com

Manual of Power Line Carrier Communication.

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