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    Class 5 and 6 - Cells

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    UrbiAnahita
    Cells are the fundamental units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes and organelles while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles that allow specialization of functions. Biologists use microscopes and techniques like cell fractionation to study cellular structures and functions at different scales, from whole cells down to organelles and molecules.

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    Class 5 and 6 - Cells

    Uploaded by

    UrbiAnahita
    48 views25 pages
    Cells are the fundamental units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes and organelles while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles that allow specialization of functions. Biologists use microscopes and techniques like cell fractionation to study cellular structures and functions at different scales, from whole cells down to organelles and molecules.

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    Class 5 and 6- Cells

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    Cells are the fundamental units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes and organelles while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles that allow specialization of functions. Biologists use microscopes and techniques like cell fractionation to study cellular structures and functions at different scales, from whole cells down to organelles and molecules.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    48 views25 pages

    Class 5 and 6 - Cells

    Uploaded by

    UrbiAnahita
    Cells are the fundamental units of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes and organelles while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and other membrane-bound organelles that allow specialization of functions. Biologists use microscopes and techniques like cell fractionation to study cellular structures and functions at different scales, from whole cells down to organelles and molecules.

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    of 25

    Cells

    Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life

    • All organisms are made of cells


    • The cell is the simplest collection of matter
    that can live
    • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
    • All cells are related by their descent from earlier
    cells
    To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the
    tools of biochemistry
    • The discovery and early study of cells progressed with the
    invention of microscopes in 1590 and their improvement in
    the 17th century.
    • Microscopes vary in magnification and resolving power, or
    resolution.
    – Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image to its real size.
    – Resolution is a measure of image clarity. It is the minimum
    distance two points can be separated and still be
    distinguished as two separate points.
    – Resolution is limited by the shortest wavelength of the
    radiation used for imaging.
    10 m
    Human height
    1m
    Length of some
    nerve and

    Unaided eye
    muscle cells
    0.1 m
    Chicken egg

    1 cm

    Frog egg
    1 mm

    Light microscope
    100 µm
    Most plant and
    animal cells
    10 µm
    Nucleus
    Most bacteria

    Electron microscope
    Mitochondrion
    1 µm

    Smallest bacteria
    100 nm
    Viruses

    Ribosomes
    10 nm
    Proteins
    Lipids
    1 nm
    Small molecules

    0.1 nm Atoms
    Light Microscopy
    • In a light microscope (LM), visible light passes
    through a specimen and then through glass
    lenses, which magnify the image
    • Techniques developed in the 20th century have
    enhanced contrast, staining or labeling cell
    components so they stand out.
    Electron Microscopy
    • Two basic types of electron microscopes (EMs)
    are used to study subcellular structures
    • Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a
    beam of electrons onto the surface of a
    specimen, providing images that look 3-D
    • Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
    focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
    • TEMs are used mainly to study the internal
    structure of cells
    TECHNIQUE RESULTS
    1 µm
    (a) Scanning electron Cilia
    microscopy (SEM)

    (b) Transmission electron Longitudinal Cross section


    microscopy (TEM) section of of cilium
    cilium 1 µm
    Cell Fractionation
    • Cell fractionation takes cells apart and
    separates the major organelles from one
    another
    • Ultracentrifuges fractionate cells into their
    component parts
    • Cell fractionation enables scientists to
    determine the functions of organelles
    • Biochemistry and cytology help correlate cell
    function with structure
    Technique: Cells are homogenized in
    a blender to break them up. The
    resulting mixture (homogenate) is
    centrifuged. The supernatant (the liquid
    above the pellet) is poured into another
    tube and centrifuged at a higher speed
    for a longer period. This process is
    repeated several times. This “differential
    centrifugation” results in a series of
    pellets, each containing different cell
    components.
    Results In early experiments,
    researchers used microscopy to identify
    the organelles in each pellet and
    biochemical methods to determine their
    metabolic functions. These identifications
    established a baseline for this method,
    enabling today’s researchers to know
    which cell fraction they should collect in
    order to isolate and study particular
    organelles.
    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
    Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
    that compartmentalize their functions

    • The basic structural and functional unit of every


    organism is one of two types of cells:
    prokaryotic or eukaryotic
    • Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and
    Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells
    • Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of
    eukaryotic cells
    Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
    Cells

    • Basic features of all cells:


    – Plasma membrane
    – Semifluid substance called cytosol
    – Chromosomes (carry genes)
    – Ribosomes (make proteins)
    • Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having
    – No nucleus
    – DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
    – No membrane-bound organelles
    – Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
    Fimbriae

    Nucleoid

    Ribosomes

    Plasma membrane

    Bacterial Cell wall


    chromosome
    Capsule
    0.5 µm
    (a) A typical Flagella (b) A thin section
    rod-shaped through the
    bacterium bacterium
    Bacillus
    coagulans (TEM)
    • Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having
    – DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous
    nuclear envelope
    – Membrane-bound organelles
    – Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma
    membrane and nucleus
    • Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than
    prokaryotic cells
    Eukaryotic Cell Structure
    • Includes Protist, fungi, plant, and animal cells
    • Larger than prokaryotic cells.
    • Diameter ranges from 10 to 100 µm (versus 0.2 to 2.0 µm)
    • Nucleus: Protects and houses DNA.
    • Membrane-bound Organelles: Internal structures with specific
    functions.
    • Compartmentalization of Function: Organelles allow special
    locations for different chemical reactions and functions.
    ‒ Separate and store compounds
    ‒ Store energy
    ‒ Work surfaces
    ‒ Maintain concentration gradients
    Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

    • Nucleus
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
    • Golgi Apparatus
    • Lysosomes
    • Vacuoles
    • Chloroplasts
    • Mitochondria
    Animal Cell (cutaway view of generalized cell)
    Plant Cell (cutaway view of generalized cell)
    Examples of Eukaryotic cells
    Examples of Eukaryotic cells
    Differences and similarities between Prokaryotic
    cell and Eukaryotic cell
    Differences and similarities between
    Plant cell and Animal cell

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