Designation: D7070 − 16

Standard Test Methods for

Creep of Rock Core Under Constant Stress and
Temperature1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded

1.1 These test methods cover the creep behavior of intact as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-
weak and hard rock core in fixed states of stress at ambient cal conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for
(room) or elevated temperatures. For creep behavior at lower information only and are not considered standard.
temperatures refer to Test Method D5520. The methods specify 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures necessary to safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
determine the strain as a function of time under sustained load responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
at constant temperature and when applicable, constant humid- priate safety and health practices and to determine the
ity. applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
1.1.1 Hard rocks are considered those with a maximum precautionary statements, see Section 7.
axial strain at failure of less than 2 %. Weak rocks include such
materials as salt, potash, shale, and weathered rock, which 2. Referenced Documents
often exhibit very large strain at failure. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
1.2 This standard consists of three methods that cover the D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
creep capacity of core specimens. Fluids
1.2.1 Method A—Creep of Hard Rock Core Specimens in D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
Uniaxial Compression at Ambient or Elevated Temperature. Rock for Site Exploration
1.2.2 Method B—Creep of Weak Rock Core Specimens in D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
Uniaxial Compression at Ambient or Elevated Temperature. (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.2.3 Method C—Creep of Rock Core Specimens in Triaxial D2845 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse
Compression at Ambient or Elevated Temperature. Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Used in Engineering Design and Construction
Practice D6026. D4543 Practices for Preparing Rock Core as Cylindrical Test
1.4 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ Specimens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensional
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the and Shape Tolerances
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the D5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- Samples
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for D5520 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Creep
obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations Properties of Frozen Soil Samples by Uniaxial Compres-
for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase sion
or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test Data
methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
for engineering design. E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
Lot or Process
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 and is the
2
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7070 - 08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7070-16. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D7070 − 16
3. Terminology factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these
factors.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this 6. Apparatus
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
6.1 Loading Device—The loading device shall be of suffi-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: cient capacity to meet the requirements of the testing program
3.2.1 hard rock—rock core exhibiting less than 2 % strain at and capable of applying the test load at a rate conforming to the
failure when tested in uniaxial compression. requirements specified in 9.5. The device shall be capable of
3.2.2 weak rock—rock core exhibiting 2 % or greater strain maintaining the specified test load to within 62 %. The force
at failure when tested in uniaxial compression. measurement device or load cell shall be calibrated in accor-
3.2.3 true stress—a constant stress applied to a specimen as dance with the procedures outlined in Practice E4 and follow-
a result of a varying vertical load based upon changes in the ing the schedule provided in Practice D3740.
specimen diameter. NOTE 2—By definition, creep is the time-dependent deformation under
constant stress. The loading device is specified to maintain constant axial
4. Summary of Test Method load and therefore, constant engineering stress. The true stress, however,
decreases as the specimen deforms and the cross-sectional area increases.
4.1 A section of rock core is cut to length, and the ends are Because of the associated experimental ease, constant load testing is
machined flat or are capped in a manner to produce a recommended. However, the procedure permits constant true-stress
cylindrical test specimen. testing, provided that the applied load is increased with specimen
deformation so that true stress is constant within 62 %.
4.2 For Methods A and B, (Uniaxial Compression Method)
6.2 Triaxial Apparatus—The triaxial apparatus shall consist
the specimen is positioned onto a loading frame. A specified
of a chamber in which the test specimen is subjected to a
axial load is applied rapidly to the specimen and sustained
constant lateral hydraulic pressure and the required axial load.
throughout the test duration. The specimen may be subjected to
The triaxial apparatus shall have a working pressure that
an elevated temperature and/or constant humidity environment
exceeds the specified confining stress. The triaxial apparatus
if so desired. The axial deformation is monitored as a function
shall have safety valves where applicable, suitable entry ports
of elapsed time. The lateral deformation may also be monitored
for filling the chamber, hoses, pressure gauges, and shutoff
as a function of elapsed time if so desired.
valves as required. Fig. 1 shows a typical test apparatus and
4.3 For Method C (Triaxial Compression Method), the associated equipment.
specimen is placed into a triaxial chamber and then positioned
6.3 Triaxial Flexible Membrane—The membrane encases
onto a loading frame. The specimen is subjected to a constant
the rock specimen and extends over the platens to prevent
confining pressure. A specified axial load is rapidly applied to
infiltration of the confining fluid. A sleeve of natural or
the specimen and maintained throughout the test duration. If
synthetic rubber or plastic is satisfactory for ambient (room)
desired, the specimen, while positioned in the triaxial cell, can
temperature tests. Metal or high-temperature rubber jackets
be subjected to elevated temperature. The axial deformation is
such as viton are normally required for elevated temperature
monitored as a function of elapsed time. The lateral deforma-
tests. The membrane shall be inert relative to the confining
tion may also be monitored as a function of elapsed time if so
fluid and shall cover small pores in the sample without
desired.
rupturing when the confining pressure is applied. Plastic or
silicone rubber coatings may be applied directly to the sample,
5. Significance and Use provided these materials do not penetrate or strengthen the
5.1 There are many underground structures that are con- specimen. Care must be exercised to form an effective seal
structed for permanent or long-term use. Often, these structures where the platen and specimen meet. Membranes formed by
are subjected to a relatively constant load. Creep tests provide coatings shall be subject to the same performance requirements
quantitative parameters for stability analysis of these struc- as elastic sleeve membranes.
tures. 6.4 Triaxial Pressure-Maintaining Device—A hydraulic
5.2 The deformation and strength properties of rock cores pump, pressure intensifier, or other system of sufficient capac-
measured in the laboratory usually do not accurately reflect ity to maintain constant the desired lateral pressure. The
large-scale in situ properties, because the latter are strongly pressurization system shall be capable of maintaining the
influenced by joints, faults, inhomogeneities, weakness planes, confining pressure constant to within 61 % throughout the test
and other factors. Therefore, laboratory test results of intact duration. The confining pressure shall be measured with a
specimens shall be utilized with proper judgment in engineer- hydraulic pressure gauge or electronic transducer and readout
ing applications. having an accuracy of at least 61 % of the confining pressure
and a resolution of at least 0.5 % of the confining pressure.
NOTE 1—The statements on precision and bias contained in this test
method; the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence 6.5 Confining-Pressure Fluids—For ambient (room) tem-
of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and perature tests, hydraulic fluids compatible with the pressure-
facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are
generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of maintaining device shall be used. For elevated temperature
this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does tests the fluid shall remain stable at the temperature and
not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many pressure levels designated for the test.

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 D7070 − 16

FIG. 1 Typical Triaxial Test Apparatus

6.6 Elevated-Temperature Device—The elevated tempera- 6.6.3 The enclosure shall be equipped with humidity control
ture device may be an enclosure that fits in or over the loading for testing specimens in which the moisture content is to be
apparatus, for Method A and B tests. For Method C (triaxial) kept constant. A controlled humidity enclosure shall be used
tests an internal system that fits in the triaxial apparatus, an when testing weak rock such as shale or weathered rock that
external system encompassing the triaxial cell or an enclosure may be susceptible to cracking or degrading due to moisture
that completely encompasses the entire test apparatus may be loss. In place of a humidity enclosure, the test load apparatus
used. The enclosure, used for Methods A and B, may be may be housed in a humidity controlled room.
equipped with humidity control for testing specimens in which
the moisture content is to be controlled. 6.7 Temperature Measuring Device—Thermocouples or
6.6.1 For high temperatures, a system of heaters, insulation, platinum resistance thermometers (RTDs) having an accuracy
and temperature measuring devices are normally required to of 61°C (62°F) with a resolution of 0.1°C (0.2°F).
maintain the specified temperature. Temperature shall be mea-
6.8 Platens—Two steel platens are used to transmit the axial
sured at three locations, with one sensor positioned near the
load to the ends of the specimen. They shall have a hardness of
top, one at midheight, and one near the bottom of the specimen.
The average specimen temperature shall be maintained to 58 HRC or greater. One of the platens shall be spherically
within 61°C (62°F) of the required test temperature and be seated and the other a plain rigid platen. The bearing faces shall
based solely on the midheight sensor readings. The maximum not depart from a plane by more than 0.015 mm (0.0006 in.)
temperature difference between the midheight sensor and either when the platens are new and shall be maintained within a
end sensor shall not exceed 63°C (65°F). permissible variation of 0.025 mm (0.0010 in.). The diameter
6.6.2 An alternative to measuring the temperature at three of the spherical seat shall be at least as large as that of the test
locations along the specimen during the test is to determine the specimen but shall not exceed twice the diameter of the test
temperature distribution in a substitute specimen that has specimen. The center of the sphere in the spherical seat shall
temperature sensors located in ports at three positions similar coincide with that of the bearing face of the specimen. The
to the configuration of the actual test specimen and having the spherical seat shall be properly lubricated to ensure free
same temperature requirements as outlined in 6.6.1. movement. The movable portion of the platen shall be held

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 D7070 − 16
closely in the spherical seat, but the design shall be such that 7. Hazards
the bearing face can be rotated and tilted through small angles
7.1 Danger exists near loading and triaxial testing equip-
in any direction.
ment because of the high pressures and loads developed within
6.8.1 Hard Rock Specimens—The platen diameter shall be
the system. Elevated temperatures increase the risks of electri-
at least as great as the specimen but shall not exceed the
cal shorts and fire. Test systems shall be designed and
specimen diameter by more than 1.50 mm (0.060 in.). This
constructed with adequate safety factors, assembled with
platen diameter shall be retained for a length of at least
properly rated fittings, and provided with protective shields to
one-half the specimen diameter.
protect people from system failure.
6.8.2 Weak Rock Specimens—The platen diameter shall be
at least as great as the specimen but shall not exceed the 7.2 The use of a gas as the confining pressure component
specimen diameter by more than 10 % of the specimen introduces potential for extreme violence and shall not be used.
diameter. Because weak rocks can deform significantly in
7.3 A fluid shall be used as the component to confine the
creep tests, it is important to reduce friction in the platen-
specimen interfaces to facilitate relative slip between the specimen under pressure. The flash point of the confining fluid
specimen ends and the platens. Effective friction-reducing shall be higher than the target operating temperature during the
precautions include polishing the platen surfaces to a mirror test.
finish and attaching a thin, 0.15 mm (0.0060 in.) thick Teflon
sheet to the platen surfaces. 8. Samples and Specimens

6.9 Strain/Deformation Measuring Devices—The strain/ 8.1 Samples may be either drilled cores obtained directly
deformation measuring system shall measure the strain with a from the in situ rock or obtained from block samples cored in
resolution of at least 25 × 10–6 strain and an accuracy 62 % of the field or in the laboratory.
the value of readings above 250 × 10–6 strain and accuracy and 8.1.1 The core orientation to vertical shall be determined for
resolution within 5 × 10 –6 for readings lower than 250 × 10–6 the test.
strain, including errors introduced by excitation and readout
8.2 The moisture condition at the time of testing may have
equipment. The system shall be free from noncharacterizable
a significant effect upon the deformation of the rock. Test
long-term instability (drift) that results in an apparent strain
specimens shall meet all requirements determined in 8.2.1.
rate of 10–8/s.
Therefore, the field moisture condition of the samples shall be
NOTE 3—Pressure and temperature used during the test may influence maintained during and after sampling. This may require special
the output of strain and deformation sensors located within the triaxial collection and handling techniques such as those outlined in
environment. Caution shall be exercised to verify the readings represent Practices D2113 and D5079.
accurate values.
8.2.1 If it is desired that the specimens be tested at other
6.9.1 Axial Strain Determination—The axial deformations than “as sampled” water contents, including zero it shall be
or strains may be determined from data obtained by electrical noted in the test report. If the moisture content of the specimen
resistance strain gauges, compressometers, linear variable is to be determined, follow the procedures outlined in Test
differential transformers (LVDTs), or other suitable means. The Method D2216.
design of the measuring device shall be such that the average
of at least two axial strain measurements can be determined. 8.3 The location of each test specimen shall be selected
Measuring positions shall be equally spaced around the cir- from the cores to represent a valid average of the type of rock
cumference of the specimen close to midheight. The gauge and lithology under consideration. This can be achieved by
length over which the axial strains are determined shall be at visual observations of mineral constituents, grain sizes and
least 10 grain diameters in magnitude. shape, partings and defects such as pores and fissures, or by
6.9.2 Lateral Strain Determination—The lateral deforma- other methods such as ultrasonic velocity measurements.
tions or strains may be measured by any of the methods 8.4 The number of specimens required to obtain a specific
mentioned in 6.9.1. Either circumferential or diametric defor- level of statistically valid results may be determined using
mations (or strains) may be measured. A single transducer that Practice E122. However, it may not be economically possible
wraps around the specimen can be used to measure the change to achieve specific confidence levels and professional judgment
in circumference. A minimum of two diametric deformation may also be necessary.
sensors shall be used if diametric deformations are measured.
These sensors shall be equally spaced around the circumfer- 8.5 Specimen Preparation—Prepare test specimens from the
ence of the specimen close to midheight. The average defor- drilled core samples in accordance with Practice D4543 and
mation (or strain) from the diametric sensors shall be recorded. 8.2, 8.2.1, and 8.3. The specimen shall have a height to
The average lateral strain may also be determined from diameter ratio of between 2.5 and 3.0 to 1.
dilatometric measurements of volumetric strain after account- 8.5.1 Weak rock specimens may be difficult or impossible to
ing for the axial strain component. obtain proper end preparation. If this condition exists, the
6.9.3 The use of strain gauge adhesives requiring cure specimens may be capped using a plaster, neat cement or other
temperatures above 65°C (149°F) shall not be used unless it is suitable material that is capable of providing a plane surface.
verified that microfractures do not develop in the adhesive at The compressive strength of the capping material must be
the cure temperature. higher than the specified axial stress.

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 D7070 − 16
9. Procedure 9.5 Apply the axial load continuously and without shock to
9.1 Check the ability of the spherical seat to rotate freely in the required test load within a 20-s interval for hard rock and
its socket prior to each test. 60 s for weak rock. The faster the test load is reached, the more
accurate the test. The applied load shall be 62 % of the target
9.2 Methods A and B (Uniaxial Setup)—Place the lower value. Thereafter, the test load shall be held constant for the
platen on the base or actuator rod of the loading device. remainder of the test for constant load testing or adjusted with
9.2.1 Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and lower specimen deformation for constant true stress testing.
platens and of the test specimen, and position the test specimen
on the lower platen. 9.6 Record the strain/deformation immediately after the
required test load has been applied. Thereafter record the strain
9.2.2 Position the upper platen on the specimen and align
or deformation at suitable time intervals. During the transient
properly.
straining, readings shall be taken every few minutes to several
9.2.3 If desired for the testing program, install the elevated-
hours until the deformation rate slows and becomes relatively
temperature device.
constant. Readings shall be taken at least twice daily until the
9.2.4 Position the axial and lateral deformation measuring
test is terminated. If the test extends into the tertiary creep
transducers for the apparatus.
period, frequency of reading shall be increased appropriately.
9.2.5 If constant water content of the specimen is important,
a means of controlling the humidity surrounding the specimen 9.7 Record the load, pressure and specimen temperature
shall be positioned. continuously or each time the strain or deformation is read.
9.2.6 A small axial load, of approximately 100 N (22.5 lb), 9.8 After completion of Method C tests, visually observe
may be applied to the specimen by means of the loading device the specimen membrane to verify that no confining fluid has
in order to properly seat the bearing parts of the apparatus. penetrated the specimen and carefully check for fissures or
9.3 Method C (Triaxial Setup)—Follow the steps outlined in punctures at the completion of each triaxial test. If these
9.1 through 9.2.2. conditions exist, there may have been inaccurate confining
9.3.1 Place the membrane over the specimen and platens stress application and a duplicate test may need to be per-
sealing the specimen from the confining fluid. Place the formed.
specimen into the test chamber, and facilitate a proper seal with 10. Calculation
the base.
9.3.2 Position the triaxial cell onto the loader and attach the 10.1 The axial strain, ε a, and lateral strain, εl, may be
restraining mechanisms so the cell is anchored to the loader. obtained directly from strain-indicating equipment, or may be
calculated from deformation readings, depending on the type
9.3.3 Connect the confining pressure lines.
of apparatus or instrumentation employed.
9.3.4 If required, install an elevated-temperature device.
10.1.1 Calculate the axial strain, ε a, as follows:
9.3.5 Position the axial deformation measuring transducers
for the apparatus and the lateral deformation transducers if ∆L
εa 5 (1)
desired. L
9.3.6 Introduce the confining fluid into the chamber and where:
increase the confining pressure uniformly to the specified level. L = original undeformed axial gauge length, and
The axial load must be applied simultaneously maintaining an ∆L = change in measured axial length (negative for a de-
axial stress application that differs from the confining stress by crease in length).
no more than 5 %. NOTE 5—Tensile stresses and strains are used as being positive. A
9.4 Methods A, B, and C—If testing at an elevated consistent application of a compression-positive sign convention may be
employed if desired. The sign convention adopted needs to be stated
temperature, raise the temperature at a rate not exceeding explicitly in the report. The formulas given are for engineering stresses
2°C/min until the required temperature is reached (Note 4). and strains. True stresses and strains may be used, if desired.
The test specimen shall be considered to have reached pressure NOTE 6—If the deformation recorded during the test includes deforma-
and thermal equilibrium when all deformation transducer tion of the apparatus, suitable calibration for apparatus deformation must
outputs are stable for at least three readings taken at equal be made. This may be accomplished by inserting into the apparatus a steel
cylinder having known elastic properties and observing differences in
intervals over a period of no less than 30 min (3 min for tests deformation between the assembly and steel cylinder throughout the
performed at room temperature). loading range. The apparatus deformation is then subtracted from the total
9.4.1 Where independent data demonstrates that the 30 deformation at each increment of load to arrive at specimen deformation
minute criterion is not adequate depending on specimen size from which the axial strain of the specimen is computed. The accuracy of
this correction should be verified by measuring the elastic deformation of
and composition, then the operator may increase the time to
a cylinder of material having known elastic properties (other than steel)
equilibrium. Stability is defined as a constant reading showing and comparing the measured and computed deformations.
only the effects of normal instrument and heater unit fluctua-
10.1.2 Calculate the lateral strain, εl, as follows:
tions. Record the initial deformation readings as zero for the
test. ∆D
ε l5 (2)
D
NOTE 4—It has been observed that for some rock types microcracking
will occur for heating rates above 1°C/min (2°F/min). The operator is where:
cautioned to select a heating rate such that microcracking is not signifi-
cant.
D = original undeformed diameter, and

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 D7070 − 16

∆D = change in diameter (positive for increase in diameter). 11.2.3 Name of person who performed the test.
NOTE 7—Many circumferential transducers measure change in chord 11.2.4 Boring number, sample number or run number,
length and not change in arc length (circumference). The geometrically depth.
nonlinear relationship between change in chord length and change in
diameter must be used to obtain accurate values of lateral strain. 11.2.5 Lithologic description of the rock, formation name,
NOTE 8—If volumetric strain is measured, then lateral strain maybe and load direction with respect to lithology.
calculated using the relationship εv = εa + 2εl. 11.2.6 Moisture condition of the specimen before test.
10.2 Calculate the total axial stress on the test specimen 11.2.7 Moisture content before and after the test on weak
from the compressive load and the initial computed cross- rock specimens.
sectional area as follows: 11.2.8 The orientation of the core to vertical.
P 11.2.9 Specimen diameter and height and conformance with
σ5 (3)
A dimensional requirements.
where: 11.2.10 Confining stress at which the test was performed
(Method C only).
σ = stress,
P = load, and 11.2.11 Temperature at which the test was performed.
A = area. 11.2.12 Axial stress at which the test was performed.
NOTE 9—If the specimen diameter is not the same as the piston Indicate whether engineering or true stress was held constant.
diameter through the triaxial apparatus, a correction must be applied to the 11.2.13 Plot(s) of the axial strain-versus-time and lateral
measured load to account for the confining pressure acting on the strain-versus-time, if measured (Fig. 2).
difference in area between the specimen and the loading piston where it
passes through the seals into the triaxial apparatus. 11.2.14 Tabulation of selected strain and time data.
10.3 Plot the strain-versus-time curves for the axial and 11.2.15 A description of the physical appearance of the
lateral directions (Fig. 2). The strain measure in the plot shall specimen after testing, including visible end effects such as
be the total strain as deformation zero was established at the cracking, spalling, or shearing at the platen-specimen inter-
hydrostatic stress state (9.4). The total strain measure includes faces.
the elastic and inelastic strain induced during axial load 11.2.16 If the actual equipment or procedure has varied
application (9.5) and the inelastic strain that accumulates with from the requirements contained in this test method, each
time. For plots of creep strain versus time, the time and strain variation shall be outlined.
origin for the test shall be moved to the data point that 11.2.17 Photos of the specimen before and after testing
represents the end of the axial load application. The plot must (optional).
clearly designate the strain measure being used.
12. Precision and Bias
11. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
12.1 Precision—Due to the nature of the rock materials
11.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re- tested by this test method, it is either not feasible or too costly
corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below, is at this time to produce multiple specimens that have uniform
covered in 1.3. mechanical properties. Any variation observed in the data is
11.2 Record as a minimum the following information (data): just as likely to result from specimen variation as from operator
11.2.1 Source of sample including project name, project or laboratory testing variation. Subcommittee D18.12 wel-
number, and location. comes proposals that would allow for development of a valid
11.2.2 Date of the test report. precision statement.

FIG. 2 Typical Strain-Versus-Time Curves

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 D7070 − 16
12.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined since there is no
standard creep deformation that can be used to compare with
values determined using this test method.
13. Keywords
13.1 compression testing; creep; deformation; loading tests;
rock; triaxial compression

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D7070 – 08) that may impact the use of this standard. (November 1, 2016)

(1) Revised Section 1 to more clearly define the three methods. (6) Clarified the wording in Section 6, Apparatus.
(2) Added 1.4 to address how data are collected and significant (7) Combined Sections 8 and 9.
digits. (8) Changed old Note 3 to mandatory information and renum-
(3) Section 2, Reference Documents, added references to bered notes.
D2845 and D5520. (9) Revised old Section 12 (Report section) renamed to Section
(4) Section 3, Terminology, added terms unique to the stan- 11 and expanded required information.
dard. (10) Corrected grammar and clarified wording throughout the
(5) Revised Section 4 outlining the differences between the test standard.
methods.

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