CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Energy crisis and its solutions have been in the fore front agenda of any responsible government in the

whole world. The supply of basic amenities of which electricity is part, has become a major challenge to

most government especially that of the developing countries. These challenges were attributed to the

unstable global oil prices, natural

disaster, industrial strike embark upon by workers, vandalizing of equipment etc. In Nigeria,

this has caused increase in the demand for many amenities, among those for which there has been high

demand in electricity. In order to solve the high demand for electricity in the country, a hydro power

station was started in 1964 and was completed in 1968. The total cost was estimated at $209 million and

many substations. The aim of this was to supply electricity to every house hold in the country at affordable

rate.

However, the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers is the electricity generation. Others

include electric power transmission and electricity distribution. The importance of dependable electricity

generation was revealed when it became apparent that electricity was useful for providing heat, light and

power for human needs Coker, J. O and Ogunji, B. A (2013). Electricity has been generated for the

purpose of powering human technologies for at least 120 years from various sources of energy Markvart.

T. (2001).

The first power plants were run on wood, while today, we rely mainly on petroleum, natural gas, coal,

hydroelectric and nuclear power and a small amount of hydrogen, solar energy, tidal harness, wind

generators and geothermal sources. The inconsistency of power supply in Nigeria has led to research in
the quest of finding solutions in the power sector resulting in unstable electricity supply and frequent

blackouts has long been seen by ordinary Nigerians as evidence of the ineffectiveness of their

governments. However, the situation has not improved much since the privatization of much of the power

sector in recent years, even with continued government subsidies for users. Power generation and its

utilization has been a serious problem in Nigeria despite the fact that Nigeria is endowed with massive

reserves of hydro energy, petroleum reserves and one of the largest gas reserves (Sambo, 2008). In

Nigeria, there’s inconsistence supply of electricity by the power supplying company to the consumers.

Hence the use of additional electric power source such as electric power generators and most recently the

use of semiconductor power devices such as the bipolar transistor, thyristors and particularly MOSFET to

generate electric power in conjunction with a DC battery are needed (Omitola et al., 2014).

Due to the erratic power supply in the country, which is becoming unbearable each day with its effect on

the laboratory business and energy, power inverter can be an alternative power source in the laboratory

because of the need for constant power supply (Coker and Ogungi 2013). Despite the government

interventions over the years in the power sector, the power generation and distribution across the country

is abysmally low and is very far from being enough. This is a problem that has provoked so many

alternative power solutions to cater for the increasing power needs. The popular solution is the generation

set. There are sets of different sizes and ratings; they also used fuel like petrol or diesel. However, the

generating set has disadvantages like noise pollution, air pollution (it has led to death of many people in

Nigeria), and an expensive alternative powered solution. That is why an alternative, the power inverter is

advocated for homes since the load is small compared to industrial setups. It must be noted however that a

generation set is still advisable for an industrial setup despite its disadvantages. The power inverter solves

most of the disadvantage of the generating set regarding cost of fuel, noise pollution and air pollution. An

inverter is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected equipment or load
 by supplying power from a separate source, like battery, when utility power is not available. The power

inverter is an able alternative power supply source for homes, laboratories, healthcare center etc. with bad

electricity supply from electricity utility companies

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The conventional energy sources are being depleted and causing severe negative impacts to the

ecosystem thus exploiting the future needs. Renewable energy plays a vital role in sustaining these

conventional sources. The renewable energy is abundantly available in the nature but without proper

control and incorporation these resources cannot be used for power generation.

The popular solution to the irregular power supply in Nigeria is the fossil fuel generating sets. However,

the generating set has disadvantages like noise pollution, air pollution (it has led to death of many people

in Nigeria), and an expensive alternative powered solution. That is why an alternative source like power

inverter is advocated for alternative solution. In the market and application of power inverters, there are

many choices. These range from the very expensive to the least expensive with varying degrees of quality,

efficiency and power output capabilities. High quality combined with high efficiency exists though is

often at a high monetary cost. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of pure sine wave

inverter and modified square wave inverter.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to provide a platform for carrying out comparison between pure sine wave

inverter and modify sine wave inverter. The objectives of this project are as follow:

 To provide platforms for the standard basic tests and analysis on power inverters.

 To conduct a feasible analysis between a pure sine wave inverter and modify sine wave inverter
  To provide a standard list of tests required for determination of the basic operating characteristics of

inverters.

 To provide information on inverter system for students who wish to major in the field of inverter

power system installation.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The current study will help consumers to make good decision, which maybe center around the following:

1. Choosing of an inverter based on performance expectation

2. Installation of the inverter

3. Load analysis

4. Maintenance of an inverter

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is typically based on the specific objectives which are;

 checking the problem of the unstable power supply in the laboratory

 purchasing inverters and batteries

 studying the major different between pure-sine wave inverter and modified sine-wave inverter

 installing the inverters

 finally evaluating the performances of the pure sine wave inverter and modified square wave inverter.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Within the course of this project, certain constraints were encountered. Some of these constraints encountered

marginalized the area under study while others prevented the complete carrying out of certain tests/test

procedures. Some of these problems include:

 Poor state of equipment; some analogue measuring equipment like the high range ammeter available

was improperly damped, making it almost impossible to read instantaneous values of current.

 There was a shortage in the availability of high range measuring equipment at the school laboratory.

These tests carried out to lower values. Certain tests had to be attenuated or completely stopped when

the values obtained exceeded the deflection of analogue meters, or the range of digital meters.

 Unavailability of certain measuring equipment like the THD analyzer used in the measurement of

harmonic distortion.

 The duration for the study, when compared to the volume of work required for completely carrying out

the project was limited.

 We also had inadequate financing as at the instant it was required.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

The quest to convert dc Power to ac Power has been since the late 19th century and from then

to the mid-20th century, DC-to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters

or motor generator sets (M-G sets). In the early 20th century, Vacuum tubes and gas filled

tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. (Owen, 1996) The origin of

electromagnetic converters explains the source the term inverters. Early AC-to-DC converters

use an induction or synchronous AC motor directly connected to a generator (dynamo) so that

the generators commutators reversed its connection at exactly the right moment to produce

DC. A later development is the synchronous converters in which the motor and generator

windings are combined into one armature with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the

other, with only one field frame. The result is a dc in and ac out. With an M-G set, the dc can considered to be

separately generated from the ac with synchronous converter. In a certain sense, it can consider to be

“mechanically rectified AC”. Given the right auxiliary equipment, an M-G set or rotary converter can be run

backward; converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter can be called an INVERTED CONVERTER. In modern

inverter circuits, the DC power is connected to a transformer primary through the center tap of the primary

winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow following two alternate paths

through one
end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of flow of current in the

primary winding of the transformer produces an alternating current in the secondary winding.

The electromechanical version of switching devices includes; two stationary contacts and spring supported

moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and an

electromagnet pull the movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is

interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This

electromagnetic inverter switch called vibrator or buzzer was used in vacuum automobile radios.

2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT

A lot of research work has been carried out over the years in the quest to achieve a noiseless,

cheap, and portable converting dc power to ac power. A circuit was designed by Lane-Fox in

1970, which consisted of two power transistors which

were connected in switching mode and controlled by an oscillator from a 9v dc source

(battery) to a 120v ac output through a transformer secondary. (Andrew, 1998) The problems

with this circuit are:

 Very low load current (in the order of milliamps).

 Poor power efficiency

In 1986, Jacob designed and constructed a DC-to-AC converter that yielded an output

2.2 MICROCONTROLLER BASED FREQUENCY METER POWER INVERTER

In recent years, with the microcontroller incorporated into an appliance, it becomes possible
to use it to measure the output frequency of the inverter. A model is developed to study the propagation of

these frequencies through the input and output leads of the inverter. It had

been explained that the voltage source PWM inverters generate high frequency common mode voltage, which

induces high shaft voltage, leads to bearing current, and results in premature

failure of the bearing (Hongfei, 2004).

Electricity was first generated in Nigeria in 1866 when two generating sets were installed to serve the Colony

of Lagos. In 1951, the government of Nigeria, through an Act of Parliament, established the Electricity

Commission of Nigeria (ECN) to regulate and operate the power supply systems in Nigeria (Iwoamadiand

Dike, 2012). Subsequently, the Niger Dam Authority (NDA) was established for the development of the Kanji

Hydroelectric Dam. On first of April 1972, the operation of Electricity cooperation of Nigeria and Niger Dam

Authority were merged in a new organization known as National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), sole and

exclusively responsible for power generation and distribution of electricity in Nigeria. NEPA has since

operated as a government-controlled monopoly responsible for power generation, transmission and

distribution (Mohammed, Babagana, Mustapha, 2015; Obuka, Utazi, OnyechiandAgbo, 2014; Aliyu, Sani,

Muhammed and Yakaka, 2013).

Until the enactment of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA), the Nigerian power sector (with the

exception of a few generation plants owned by the international oil companies) operated by NEPA, was a

vertically integrated, wholly owned, government monopoly.  The EPSRA provided the legal framework that

enabled the participation of privately owned enterprises in the Nigerian power sector. In 2005, after the

enactment of the EPSRA, NEPA was unbundled into 18 companies consisting of six (6) generation

companies, eleven (11) distribution companies and one (1) transmission company. Two other generation

assets owned by NEPA, Olorunsogo and Omotosho power plants, were privatized separately.   
In 2013, the majority shares (and in a few cases, all of the shares) in the six generation companies were sold to

private entities. Also, the majority shares in the distribution companies were successfully sold to private

entities.  However, the government retained ownership of the Transmission Company of Nigeria.

While the NEPA unbundling and privatization efforts were ongoing, the government of Nigeria in 2004

initiated the National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) to be implemented by the Niger Delta Power Holding

Company Limited (NDPHC). The NIPP is described as a fast-track government funded initiative aimed at

stabilizing electricity supply in Nigeria. It has generation, transmission and distribution components. The

NIPP projects were funded from the Excess Crude Oil Account, which, statutorily, belongs to the Federal,

States and Local governments of Nigeria. It is the plan that, eventually, the assets under the NIPP would be

privatized.

The generation component of the NIPP started with seven medium-sized power plants that are located in gas

producing states.  The number of power generation assets under the NIPP scheme has now increased to ten.

Other generating plants are also being considered under the NIPP project. These would be hydro power plants

that would be located in other parts of Nigeria. The transmission component of the NIPP consists mainly of

transmission substations and lines required for power evacuation, grid expansion and grid enhancement. In

this regard, NDPHC has completed 1,336.9KM of 330KV transmission line and 405.5KM 130KV

transmission line, together with a number of substations. The distribution component of the NIPP is focused

on the evacuation of power from the transmission stations to the various load centers and the distribution of

power to the doorsteps of various consumers.

2.2 PRESENT ELECTRICITY SITUATION IN NIGERIA

is presently characterized by chronic power shortages and poor power quality supply. Nigeria as a developing

country with an increased population of over one hundred and fifty million, coupled with diversification of

economic activities, energy demand is rising but yet, electricity supply is relatively stagnant. Currently energy

demand of over 40,000MW is far less than available hovering around 2,900MW – 4,000MW (Omorogiuwa

and Okpo, 2015; Onohaebi and Omorogiuwa, 2014). It is therefore obvious that electricity demand is way

above its supply, the inefficient generation as well as inadequate transmission facilities to boost electricity

supply has also been a major cause of the increasing gap between demand and supply of electricity, hence

resulting in the overloading and stressing of the network beyond their stability and thermal limit

(Omorogiuwa and Ike, 2014; Omorogiuwa and Odiase, 2012; Odularu and Okonkwo, 2009). Currently, 15.3

million households lack access to grid electricity; and for those connected to the national grid, supply is

erratic characterised by high power losses, damping oscillations, systems instability at both the steady and

transient states in generation, transmission and distribution (Onohaebi and Omorogiuwa, 2014). Per capital

electricity consumption has been less than 150kWh per annum. Comparative figures for the other countries in

Africa are South Africa, 4,000kWh, Libya, 3347kWh, Algeria, 929kWh and Ghana with 286kWh

(Ekpenyong, Bam and Anyasi, 2013). Rural areas suffer the most electricity deprivation, unreliable power

supply and unscheduled power outages (Obi, Ulasi, Offor and Chidolue, 2013). Energy deprivation in Nigeria

goes beyond lack of access to electricity. An estimated 72% of Nigerians depend solely on wood as a source

of fuel for cooking. Contrary to the expectations of the National Energy Policy of 2003, deepening poverty

has forced a reversal in the transition to modern and efficient energy forms. Today, more Nigerians are

climbing down the energy ladder – moving from electricity, gas and kerosene to use as wood and other

traditional biomass energy forms (Eleri, Ugwu and Oniwae, 2012) The total installed capacity of the currently

generating plants is 7,914.4MW. Seven of the fourteen generation stations are over 20 years old and the
average daily power generation is far below the installed capacity. Presently, of the seventeen active power

generating stations, eight of these are owned by the Federal Government (existing) with installed capacity of

6,256MW but 2,484MW is available. The remaining nine are from both the National Integrated Power

Projects (NIPP) and the Independent Power Projects (IPP).

Energy crisis in Nigeria has been a concern for both Nigeria government and the people for the past four

decades while other countries with similar problems have long overcome the predicament, Nigeria still looms

in pitch darkness. Business have relocated from the country due to inability of the national power supply to

meet their demand while homes had to adapt to the epileptic power supply or in some cases total black out

(Okoye, 2017)

2.3 EVOLUTION OF INVERTER

From the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century DC to AC power conversion was accomplished

using rotary converters, or Motor Generator (MG) sets. In the early 20th century, vacuum tube and gas filled

tube began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyristor.

The origination of electromechanical inverters explains the source of the term inverter. Early AC to DC

converters used on conduction or synchronous AC motor direct connected to a generator (dynamo), so that the

generators commutation reversed its connection exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later

improvement is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one

armature, with slip-rings at one end and a commutation at the other end and only one field frame.

The result is either with AC-on, DC-out. With an M.G sets, the DC can be considered to be separately

generated from the AC with a synchronous converter, in a certain sense, it can be considered to be
mechanically rectified AC. Using the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M.G set or rotary converter

can “run backward”, converting DC to AC. Hence, an inverter is inverter converter. It should also be noted

that early inverter did not use transistors for switching purposes, because its voltage and current ratings were

not high enough for most inverter applications. However, in 1975, the Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) was

introduced as switches, hence initiating a transition to solid state inverter circuits. Today, however due to an

increased knowledge in technology, modern inverters are less bulky, and more efficient with the use of

various components such as ICs (Integrated Circuits).

The quest to converter dc power to ac power has been since the late 19th century and from then to the middle

20th century, dc to ac power conversion was accomplished using rotary converter or motor generator sets. In

the early 20th century, vacuum tubes began to be used as switches in inverters circuits.

In modern inverter circuits, the dc power is connected to a transformer primary through the center tap of the

primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow following two alternate

paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of flow of

current in the primary winding of the transformer produces an alternating current in the secondary winding.

The electromechanical version of switching devices includes; two stationary contacts and spring support

moving contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch

continually switched rapidly back and forth, this electromagnetic inverter switch called vibrator or buzzer was

used in vacuum automobile radios.

The latest inverter circuit have transistors, FETs, SCRs and other electronic switches incorporated in them

because of their advantages over electromagnetic switches.

2.4 CLASIFICATION OF AN INVERTER

cycle. This is Nyquist limit. There are several types of power inverter available in different categories. The

common ones are the true sine wave power inverter and the modified sine wave type. According to Abatan

O.A., Adewale A.O., Alabi A.A(2013) the true sine wave type produces utility grade power. These inverters

are very expensive and can power almost anything including laser printers fax machines, fans, television set,

computers etc.

power almost anything including laser printers fax machines, fans, television set, computers etc.

An inverter s an electrical device that is widely used to convert the DC supply to AC supply, an inverter is

used in applications such as adjust table-speed AC motor drives, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)and most

domestic appliances instrument and devices. Most of the energy renewable supply are in form of DC, as a

solution, the inverter as a converter that will convert the energy to AC form, beside that the inverter was the

solution for electrical energy problems that occur at remote areas, most remote area around the earth used the

renewable energy to solve the energy problem. Inverter is mainly designed base on three methods or types.

1. Voltage Source Inverter (VS)

2. Current Source Inverter (CSI)

3. Resonant Inverter (High Frequency Sine- Wave inverter)

2.4.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER (VSI)

terminal voltage remains almost constant irrespective of the load Current drawn. Depending on the circuit

configuration, the voltage source may be classified as half bridge and full bridge inverter. In electronic power

converters and motors, PWM is Used extensively as a means of powering Alternating Current (AC) devices

with an available Direct Current source or for advanced DCIAC conversion. The pattern through which the

duty cycle of a PWM signals varies and can be created through simple analogue components, a digital

microcontroller, or specific PWM integrated circuits (Rosdan, 2009). The following are advantages of PWM

over analog control:

i. The entre control circuit can be digital, eliminating the need for digital-to-analogue converters.

ii. Using digital control lines will reduce the susceptibility of your circuit to interference.

iii. Finally, motors may be able to operate at lower speeds it you control them with PWM. When you use

an analog current to control a motor, I will not produce significant torque at low speeds.

iv. The output voltage control can be obtained without any additional components.

v. With this method, lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with its output voltage

control

vi. As higher order harmonics can be filtered easily the higher order harmonics can be minimized

(Bhabani et al., 2009).

2.4.2 CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER (CSI)

Current Source Inverter, this type of inverter s fed by current from DC source with high internal impedance

(using current limiting chokes or inductors in series with a DC source). Therefore, supply current does not

change quickly. The load current is varied by controlling the input DC voltage of the current source inverter.
CSI is used in very high-power AC drives. The input to the inverter is a current source, which is usually

obtained by a large inductor in series with the voltage source at the input. The peak current source rating of

the switches S equal to the DC current source and is lower compared to the VSl. The disadvantages of CSI

discovered are;

i. Slower dynamic response

ii. Filters are required at the output to suppress the voltage spike.

iii. Less popular compared to VSI (Zairina, 2010)

2.4.3 RESONANT INVERTER

Resonant inverter suitable for high frequency operation has numerous applications, including as radio

frequency power amplifier, induction heating and plasma generation. The new design also realizes small

passive components, fast dynamic response, and a high degree of design flexibility. This characteristic makes

the resonant inverter advantageous in applications requiring very high frequency operation at fixed frequency

and duty ratio (Rivas et al., 2007).

2.5 RELEVANT STUDIES ON INVERTER SYSTEMS

Iyere et al. (2020) evaluated the performance of a 2.4kVA direct solar power supply system. The objectives of

the study include measuring the performance of grid-tie inverter, determine its period of operation under load
conditions, to make the use of batteries optional in solar power supply system and minimize initial cost of

installation. Various tests (variable load, fixed load and no-load) were carried out for the purpose of analysis.

A dual trace digital storage oscilloscope was used to monitor the output waveform of the inverter to observe

possible harmonic distortion on the waveform. The output waveform as observed from the oscilloscope is not

purely sinusoidal; it is rather a modified sine wave.

Abioye et al., (2018) discussed about the design and construction of 1KVA power inverter system. The circuit

consists of seven (7) embedded circuits in it; namely the oscillator circuit, which comprises the 4047

Oscillator integrated circuit (IC), it converts the DC current signal to AC signal at the same frequency. The

current modification circuit, this comprises the switching transistors and the cascaded MOSFETs, which

modifies the current to the desired input to the step up transformer which steps it up to the required voltage

and current. The battery low circuit indicates when the inverter battery is low, while the battery full circuit

indicates when the inverter battery is full. The changeover circuit changes the source from AC main to battery

automatically. The rectifying circuit charges the battery and lastly the inverter on circuit: this indicates when

the inverter is on. The inverter system also has the battery full indicator, which helps to safe – guard the life of

the battery while charging and it automatically switches of charging mode once the battery is full. The

inverter system has timer for delaying the incoming current surge to protect the inverter from the large surge

current and increase the working life of the inverter. The inverter was tested and the result obtained showed

that it was able to bear the load up to 870 VA.

Omotosho et al. (2017) designed and implemented a sine wave inverter circuit developed to run AC

appliances at a low cost with high efficiency. The design consists of two stages i.e., the DC-DC step up stage

and a DC-AC Inverter stage. The DC-DC step up converter is based on a push-pull design to step 24 VDC to

300 VDC. Pulse width modulation was used i.e., the SG3525 pulse width Modulator. The DC-AC inverter

stage comprised of four power MOSFETs in an H-bridge configuration, driven by a 40 kHz square wave
encoded/modulated by a 50 Hz sine wave that was derived from a TL084 quad op amp sine wave oscillator.

An output voltage range of about 240-260 VAC from 300 VDC input was obtained. A low pass filter was

used to filter out the high frequencies and thus isolate the harmonics so a 50 Hz fundamental frequency was

retained.

Niaz et. al. (2017) designed and constructed a 100W, 220V and 50 Hz Inverter. The system was designed

without any microcontroller and it had cost-effective design architecture. The elementary purpose of this

device was to transmute 12 V DC to 220 V AC. Snubber technologies were used to diminish the reverse

potential, transients and excessive heat of transformer winding and transistor switches. Switching pulse

generated by NE 555 timer circuit and comparator circuit was used to take signal strength input from its rear

as well as from both sides for triggering the MOSFET switches. Another switch was used to invert pulse

between two switching circuitries. A 5 volts regulator (IC: 7805) was used to supply fixed 5V for biasing the

switching and amplifying circuitry.

Ekwuribe and Uchegbu (2016) presented a solution to the problem of the epileptic nature of power generation

via hydro and thermal sources in Nigeria by designing and constructing a 2.5 kVA Photovoltaic Inverter. The

design and construction of the unit, a solar powered 2.5KVA inverter was achieved by using a 21/400 turns

wound transformer, an SG3524N PMW fixed frequency voltage regulator controller, MOSFET transistors,

five 80W/18A solar panel, three 200AH deep cycle battery, and a charge controller to monitor the output of

the battery for safety. The battery was connected to the inverter circuit to generate 220V alternating current in

its output via a step-up transformer. The inverter used the SG 3524N IC chip fixed frequency Pulse–Width-

Modulator (PMW) Voltage regulator controller. The designed oscillation period was set at 50% duty cycle or

0.02 seconds to match the frequency of loads connected to it. From their results, the inverter was able to

maintain stability for 4 hours when a refrigerator and other loads up to a 2000W were connected to it. But at
peak sunshine and the solar panel tilted 0° relative to the roof inclination, the inverter output for the same load

lasted longer hours.

In the work of Rakesh et al. (2015), a novel solution for single-phase grid-connected converters was proposed.

The PWM strategy was chosen in order to obtain the minimum number of commutations to maximize

efficiency. They utilized MATLAB-Simulink models of the three types of multilevel inverters: Cascaded

type, Diode clamped and Capacitor clamped. A relative study of the carrier frequency modulation techniques

was also presented on the basis of THD under various modulating indices.

Omitola et al. (2014) designed and constructed of a 1000W 220V Inverter at a frequency of 50Hz. This

device is constructed with locally sourced components and materials of regulated standards. The basic

principle of its operation is a simple conversion of 12V DC from a battery using integrated circuits and

semiconductors at a frequency of 50Hz, to a 220V AC across the windings of a transformer. An additional

power supply to the public power supply with the same power output is thus provided at an affordable price.

Osuwa and Peter (2014) proposed the construction of a robust 1KVA inverter. Requirements for the

implementation include locally sourced 80 Ah 12V deep cycle batteries, IC SG3524 oscillator, MOSFETs and

BJT types of transistors, diodes, transformer, relay, contactor, resistors, capacitors and other electronic

components. The construction is divided into four units consisting of oscillator unit, MOSFET assembly unit,

Transformer unit and battery charger monitor unit. Each constructed unit was independently tested for proper

functionality before the composite coupling. The assembled composite unit worked successfully well.

Oscilloscope measurements tallied with set frequency of 50 Hz, switching period of 0.02 seconds and square

wave oscillator output. The system is capable of providing power to adequate loads for up to six hours.