EQseries

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
LECTURE SERIES
JP Bersamina
July 2020
ii
jbersamina
Contents
1 Earthquake Related Videos 1

1.1 Basic Earthquake Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Earthquake Effects on Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Softstorey failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Torsion failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Weak Column Strong beam failure . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Retrofitting Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Codes and Regulatory Provisions 9

2.1 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Drift and Soft Storey Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Response Spectra in NSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Equivalent Static Force Method 17

3.1 Importance of Earthquake loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Seismic Mass computation and Design base shear . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Base Shear Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Vertical Distribution of Earthquake Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Torsional Distribution in Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6 Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity in STAAD . . . . . . . 34
3.7 Frame Analysis by Factor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.8 Shear and Moment Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 STAAD Implementation of Static Force Method 41
5 Seismic Detailing of Girder 43

5.1 Code Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2 RCDC Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6 Seismic Detailing of Column 47

6.1 Code Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
iv CONTENTS
7 Joint Design in RC Frame 49

7.1 Code Provisions and Excel Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8 Introduction to Structural Dynamics 51
9 Dynamic Equilibrium Equation 67

9.1 classical method of solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.2 duhamels integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
10 Undamped Free Vibration 75

10.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
11 Damped Free Vibration 83

11.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
12 Damping 87
13 Types of Damping 89
14 Logarithmic Decrement 93
14.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
15 Undamped Forced Vibration 99

15.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
16 Damped Forced Vibration 105
17 Solution of Damped Forced Vibrations 107

17.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
18 Numerical Methods 111

18.1 Central Difference method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
18.2 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
19 Response Spectrum 125

19.1 ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
20 Design response spectra 133
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CONTENTS v
21 Multi Degree of Freedom System 135

21.1 Dynamic Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
21.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
21.3 Modal Orthogonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
22 Time History Analysis 147
23 Response Spectrum Analysis 153

23.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
24 Generation of Elastic Design Response Spectra 161

24.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
25 Sample Calculation Response Spectrum Analysis 167
26 STAAD Implementation of Dynamic Analysis 179
27 STAAD Implementation of Time History Analysis 181
28 References 183
vi CONTENTS
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Chapter 1
Earthquake Related Videos
1.1 Basic Earthquake Definition
Figure 1.1
2 CHAPTER 1. EARTHQUAKE RELATED VIDEOS
Figure 1.2
1.2 Earthquake Effects on Building
Figure 1.3
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1.2. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON BUILDING 3
1.2.1 Softstorey failure
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7
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Figure 1.8
1.2.2 Torsion failure
Figure 1.9
This building collapsed due to torsion.

Figure 1.10
1.2.3 Weak Column Strong beam failure
This is a famous building collapsed in Baguio during 1990 earthquake.
Figure 1.11
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Figure 1.12
1.2.4 Retrofitting Structure

In order to retrofit structures, cross bracings are installed in the old building
to increase its lateral stiffness for possible earthquake event. Observe this
kind of bracing in FEATI which you can just look at while riding in LRT.
Figure 1.13
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Chapter 2
Basic Dynamics Solved

Problems
Figure 2.1
10 CHAPTER 2. BASIC DYNAMICS SOLVED PROBLEMS
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
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11
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
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13
Figure 2.6
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Chapter 3
Codes and Regulatory

Provisions
3.1 Requirements of Dynamic Analysis
Figure 3.1
16 CHAPTER 3. CODES AND REGULATORY PROVISIONS
3.2 Drift and Soft Storey Check
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
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3.2. DRIFT AND SOFT STOREY CHECK 17
Figure 3.4
18 CHAPTER 3. CODES AND REGULATORY PROVISIONS
3.3 Response Spectra in NSCP
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
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Chapter 4
Equivalent Static Force Method
4.1 Importance of Earthquake loading
Seismic load will most likely govern in a four storey RC building than wind
loading. Because the mass of structure becomes heavier as the storey in-
creases and from principle of Newtons Law of Motion, Earthquake force is
proportional to Mass and acceleration. These are some of the required pa-
rameters:
NSCP patterned our seismic code in UBC 1997.Again, seismic parameters
are as established in Design Criteria Chapter ??.
1. Site location
2. Soil type
3. Ductility Coefficient of the structure
4. Near source factor
5. Importance factor of structure
6. Period of structure
20 CHAPTER 4. EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE METHOD
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Recall this images below pertaining to damage of structures during earth-

quake.
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4.1. IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE LOADING 21
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
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4.1. IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE LOADING 23
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
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4.2. SEISMIC MASS COMPUTATION AND DESIGN BASE SHEAR 25
4.2 Seismic Mass computation and Design base

shear
You need to compute the weight of structure per floor first before getting
total weight of whole structure.
Ex 1-Seismic Mass
Figure 4.9
Ex 1-Design Base Shear
Figure 4.10
Ex 1- Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
Figure 4.11
We use the Equivalent Static or Lateral Force Method to obtain the Base
shear to be applied in our structure. Before doing dynamic analysis, the
code requires us to obtain first the base shear using this method and scale
the force depending on the type of structure. For irregular structure, scaling
dynamic base shear up to 100 percent of the static base shear is needed.
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Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
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Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Importance factor is in the numerator of our basic earthquake base shear

formula. Hence, a 1.50 factor is like increasing the original base shear by
50 percent. Schools as per dpwh are now considered essential facilities thus
you can just imagine the increase in size of columns and girder because of
that. Nuclear facilities is one example of essential facilities. Below shows im-
plementation of formulas using spreadsheet. Say we have project in Manila,
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COE Building located approximately 10km away from nearest fault line.
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
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Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21
As below, static lateral force is required for structures less than five stories
and for beyond five stories you will use Dynamic Analysis.
Figure 4.22
4.3 Base Shear Formulas
Figure 4.23
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4.4. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES 35
4.4 Vertical Distribution of Earthquake Forces
Figure 4.24
4.5 Torsional Distribution in Structure
No matter how regular the structural framing is of structure, code requires us

to assume a minimum torsional forces because mass distribution is normally
not equal in the floor diaphragm. Thus, we need to compute the required
torsional force assuming a minimum eccentrity provided by code. Eccentric-
ity will occur also if the center of rigidity of structure does not coincide with
center of mass of structure as shown below.
Figure 4.25
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4.6. CENTER OF MASS AND CENTER OF RIGIDITY IN STAAD 37
4.6 Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity in

STAAD
Figure 4.26
4.7 Frame Analysis by Factor Method
Figure 4.27
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4.7. FRAME ANALYSIS BY FACTOR METHOD 39
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29
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4.8. SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM 41
4.8 Shear and Moment Diagram
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
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Chapter 5
STAAD Implementation of
Static Force Method
Below shows sample implementation of Static Force Method in STAAD
Figure 5.1
Output file sample

CHAPTER 5. STAAD IMPLEMENTATION OF STATIC FORCE
44
METHOD
Figure 5.2
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Chapter 6
Seismic Detailing of Girder
6.1 Code Provisions
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
46 CHAPTER 6. SEISMIC DETAILING OF GIRDER
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
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6.2. RCDC IMPLEMENTATION 47
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
6.2 RCDC Implementation

48 CHAPTER 6. SEISMIC DETAILING OF GIRDER
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Chapter 7
Seismic Detailing of Column
7.1 Code Provisions
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
50 CHAPTER 7. SEISMIC DETAILING OF COLUMN
Figure 7.3
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Chapter 8
Joint Design in RC Frame
8.1 Code Provisions and Excel Check
Figure 8.1
52 CHAPTER 8. JOINT DESIGN IN RC FRAME
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
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Chapter 9
Introduction to Structural
Dynamics
[H]
Figure 9.1
54 CHAPTER 9. INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
[H]
Figure 9.2
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55
[H]
Figure 9.3
[H]
Figure 9.4
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57
[H]
Figure 9.5
[H]
Figure 9.6
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59
[H]
Figure 9.7
[H]
Figure 9.8
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61
[H]
Figure 9.9
[H]
Figure 9.10
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63
[H]
Figure 9.11
[H]
Figure 9.12
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65
[H]
Figure 9.13
[H]
Figure 9.14
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67
[H]
Figure 9.15
[H]
Figure 9.16
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Chapter 10
Dynamic Equilibrium Equation
[H]
Figure 10.1
70 CHAPTER 10. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
[H]
Figure 10.2
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71
[H]
Figure 10.3
10.1 classical method of solution
[H]
Figure 10.4
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10.1. CLASSICAL METHOD OF SOLUTION 73
[H]
Figure 10.5
10.2 duhamels integral
[H]
Figure 10.6
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10.2. DUHAMELS INTEGRAL 75
[H]
Figure 10.7
[H]
Figure 10.8
[H]
Figure 10.9
[H]
Figure 10.10
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Chapter 11
Undamped Free Vibration
[H]
Figure 11.1
78 CHAPTER 11. UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION
[H]
Figure 11.2
[H]
Figure 11.3
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79
[H]
Figure 11.4
For undamped free vibration: mÜ + kU = 0

Let, U = est is a solution
U̇ = sest
Ü = s2 est
ms2 est + kest = 0
(ms2 + k) est = 0
est 6= 0 as it is solution Hence,
(ms2 + k) = 0
Letus
q assign s:
s = −k
m q
s1,2
= ±i −k
c
ωn m m
k
m
s1,2 = ±iωn
Thus s can have 2 values.
[H]
Figure 11.5
[H]
Figure 11.6
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81
[H]
Figure 11.7
[H]
Figure 11.8
[H]
Figure 11.9
[H]
Figure 11.10
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11.1. EX 83
11.1 ex
[H]
Figure 11.11
[H]
Figure 11.12
[H]
Figure 11.13
[H]
Figure 11.14
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Chapter 12
Damped Free Vibration
[H]
Figure 12.1
86 CHAPTER 12. DAMPED FREE VIBRATION
[H]
Figure 12.2
[H]
Figure 12.3
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87
[H]
Figure 12.4
[H]
Figure 12.5
88 CHAPTER 12. DAMPED FREE VIBRATION
[H]
Figure 12.6
12.1 ex
[H]
Figure 12.7
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Chapter 13
Damping
[H]
Figure 13.1
90 CHAPTER 13. DAMPING
[H]
Figure 13.2
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Chapter 14
Types of Damping
[H]
Figure 14.1
92 CHAPTER 14. TYPES OF DAMPING
[H]
Figure 14.2
[H]
Figure 14.3
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93
[H]
Figure 14.4
[H]
Figure 14.5
94 CHAPTER 14. TYPES OF DAMPING
[H]
Figure 14.6
[H]
Figure 14.7
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Chapter 15
Logarithmic Decrement
[H]
Figure 15.1
96 CHAPTER 15. LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT
[H]
Figure 15.2
[H]
Figure 15.3
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15.1. EX 97
15.1 ex
[H]
Figure 15.4
[H]
Figure 15.5
[H]
Figure 15.6
[H]
Figure 15.7
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15.1. EX 99
[H]
Figure 15.8
[H]
Figure 15.9
[H]
Figure 15.10
[H]
Figure 15.11
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Chapter 16
Undamped Forced Vibration
[H]
Figure 16.1
102 CHAPTER 16. UNDAMPED FORCED VIBRATION
[H]
Figure 16.2
[H]
Figure 16.3
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103
[H]
Figure 16.4
[H]
Figure 16.5
[H]
Figure 16.6
16.1 ex
[H]
Figure 16.7
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16.1. EX 105
[H]
Figure 16.8
[H]
Figure 16.9
[H]
Figure 16.10
[H]
Figure 16.11
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Chapter 17
Damped Forced Vibration
[H]
Figure 17.1
108 CHAPTER 17. DAMPED FORCED VIBRATION
[H]
Figure 17.2
[H]
Figure 17.3
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Chapter 18
Solution of Damped Forced

Vibrations
[H]
Figure 18.1
110 CHAPTER 18. SOLUTION OF DAMPED FORCED VIBRATIONS
[H]
Figure 18.2
[H]
Figure 18.3
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18.1. EX 111
[H]
Figure 18.4
18.1 ex
[H]
Figure 18.5
112 CHAPTER 18. SOLUTION OF DAMPED FORCED VIBRATIONS
[H]
Figure 18.6
[H]
Figure 18.7
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Chapter 19
Numerical Methods
[H]
Figure 19.1
114 CHAPTER 19. NUMERICAL METHODS
[H]
Figure 19.2
[H]
Figure 19.3
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115
[H]
Figure 19.4
[H]
Figure 19.5
[H]
Figure 19.6
[H]
Figure 19.7
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117
[H]
Figure 19.8
[H]
Figure 19.9
19.1 Central Difference method
[H]
Figure 19.10
[H]
Figure 19.11
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19.1. CENTRAL DIFFERENCE METHOD 119
[H]
Figure 19.12
[H]
Figure 19.13
[H]
Figure 19.14
[H]
Figure 19.15
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19.1. CENTRAL DIFFERENCE METHOD 121
[H]
Figure 19.16
[H]
Figure 19.17
19.2 ex
[H]
Figure 19.18
[H]
Figure 19.19
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19.2. EX 123
[H]
Figure 19.20
[H]
Figure 19.21
[H]
Figure 19.22
[H]
Figure 19.23
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19.2. EX 125
[H]
Figure 19.24
[H]
Figure 19.25
[H]
Figure 19.26
[H]
Figure 19.27
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Chapter 20
Response Spectrum
[H]
Figure 20.1
128 CHAPTER 20. RESPONSE SPECTRUM
[H]
Figure 20.2
[H]
Figure 20.3
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129
[H]
Figure 20.4
[H]
Figure 20.5
[H]
Figure 20.6
[H]
Figure 20.7
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20.1. EX 131
20.1 ex
[H]
Figure 20.8
[H]
Figure 20.9
[H]
Figure 20.10
[H]
Figure 20.11
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20.1. EX 133
[H]
Figure 20.12
[H]
Figure 20.13
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Chapter 21
Design response spectra
[H]
Figure 21.1
136 CHAPTER 21. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA
[H]
Figure 21.2
[H]
Figure 21.3
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Chapter 22
Multi Degree of Freedom

System
[H]
Figure 22.1
138 CHAPTER 22. MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEM
[H]
Figure 22.2
[H]
Figure 22.3
[H]
Figure 22.4
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22.1. DYNAMIC EQUATION OF MOTION 139
22.1 Dynamic Equation of Motion
[H]
Figure 22.5
[H]
Figure 22.6
[H]
Figure 22.7
[H]
Figure 22.8
[H]
Figure 22.9
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22.2. EXAMPLE 141
[H]
Figure 22.10
22.2 Example
[H]
Figure 22.11
[H]
Figure 22.12
[H]
Figure 22.13
[H]
Figure 22.14
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22.2. EXAMPLE 143
[H]
Figure 22.15
[H]
Figure 22.16
[H]
Figure 22.17
[H]
Figure 22.18
[H]
Figure 22.19
[H]
Figure 22.20
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22.3. MODAL ORTHOGONALITY 145
22.3 Modal Orthogonality
[H]
Figure 22.21
[H]
Figure 22.22
[H]
Figure 22.23
[H]
Figure 22.24
[H]
Figure 22.25
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22.3. MODAL ORTHOGONALITY 147
[H]
Figure 22.26
[H]
Figure 22.27
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Chapter 23
Time History Analysis
[H]
Figure 23.1
[H]
Figure 23.2
150 CHAPTER 23. TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 23.3
[H]
Figure 23.4
[H]
Figure 23.5
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151
[H]
Figure 23.6
[H]
Figure 23.7
[H]
Figure 23.8
[H]
Figure 23.9
[H]
Figure 23.10
[H]
Figure 23.11
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153
[H]
Figure 23.12
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Chapter 24
Response Spectrum Analysis
[H]
Figure 24.1
[H]
Figure 24.2
156 CHAPTER 24. RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 24.3
[H]
Figure 24.4
[H]
Figure 24.5
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157
[H]
Figure 24.6
[H]
Figure 24.7
[H]
Figure 24.8
[H]
Figure 24.9
[H]
Figure 24.10
[H]
Figure 24.11
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24.1. EXAMPLE 159
[H]
Figure 24.12
24.1 Example
[H]
Figure 24.13
[H]
Figure 24.14
[H]
Figure 24.15
[H]
Figure 24.16
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24.1. EXAMPLE 161
[H]
Figure 24.17
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Chapter 25
Generation of Elastic Design

Response Spectra
[H]
Figure 25.1
CHAPTER 25. GENERATION OF ELASTIC DESIGN RESPONSE
164
SPECTRA
[H]
Figure 25.2
[H]
Figure 25.3
[H]
Figure 25.4
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165
[H]
Figure 25.5
[H]
Figure 25.6
[H]
Figure 25.7
166
SPECTRA
25.1 Example
[H]
Figure 25.8
[H]
Figure 25.9
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25.1. EXAMPLE 167
[H]
Figure 25.10
[H]
Figure 25.11
[H]
Figure 25.12
168
SPECTRA
[H]
Figure 25.13
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Chapter 26
Sample Calculation Response

Spectrum Analysis
[H]
Figure 26.1
CHAPTER 26. SAMPLE CALCULATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM
170
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.2
[H]
Figure 26.3
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171
[H]
Figure 26.4
[H]
Figure 26.5
172
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.6
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173
[H]
Figure 26.7
174
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.8
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175
[H]
Figure 26.9
176
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.10
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177
[H]
Figure 26.11
178
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.12
[H]
Figure 26.13
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179
[H]
Figure 26.14
180
ANALYSIS
[H]
Figure 26.15
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Chapter 27
Dynamic Analysis
182
CHAPTER 27. STAAD IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
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Chapter 28
Time History Analysis
CHAPTER 28. STAAD IMPLEMENTATION OF TIME HISTORY
184
ANALYSIS
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Chapter 29
References
1. Dr Oreta Youtube Channel

2. NSCP 2015
3. Google Images
4. NPTEL YT Channel
186 CHAPTER 29. REFERENCES
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

1 Earthquake Related Videos 1

2 Codes and Regulatory Provisions 9

3 Equivalent Static Force Method 17

4 STAAD Implementation of Static Force Method 41

5 Seismic Detailing of Girder 43

6 Seismic Detailing of Column 47

6.2 RCDC Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7 Joint Design in RC Frame 49

8 Introduction to Structural Dynamics 51

9 Dynamic Equilibrium Equation 67

10 Undamped Free Vibration 75

11 Damped Free Vibration 83

15 Undamped Forced Vibration 99

16 Damped Forced Vibration 105

17 Solution of Damped Forced Vibrations 107

18 Numerical Methods 111

19 Response Spectrum 125

20 Design response spectra 133

21 Multi Degree of Freedom System 135

22 Time History Analysis 147

23 Response Spectrum Analysis 153

24 Generation of Elastic Design Response Spectra 161

25 Sample Calculation Response Spectrum Analysis 167

26 STAAD Implementation of Dynamic Analysis 179

27 STAAD Implementation of Time History Analysis 181

Earthquake Related Videos

1.1 Basic Earthquake Definition

1.2 Earthquake Effects on Building

1.2.1 Softstorey failure

1.2.2 Torsion failure

This building collapsed due to torsion.

1.2.3 Weak Column Strong beam failure

This is a famous building collapsed in Baguio during 1990 earthquake.

1.2.4 Retrofitting Structure

Basic Dynamics Solved

Codes and Regulatory

3.1 Requirements of Dynamic Analysis

3.2 Drift and Soft Storey Check

3.3 Response Spectra in NSCP

Equivalent Static Force Method

4.1 Importance of Earthquake loading

Recall this images below pertaining to damage of structures during earth-

4.2 Seismic Mass computation and Design base

Ex 1-Design Base Shear

Ex 1- Vertical Distribution of Base Shear

Importance factor is in the numerator of our basic earthquake base shear

4.3 Base Shear Formulas

4.4 Vertical Distribution of Earthquake Forces

4.5 Torsional Distribution in Structure

No matter how regular the structural framing is of structure, code requires us

4.6 Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity in

4.7 Frame Analysis by Factor Method

4.8 Shear and Moment Diagram

Below shows sample implementation of Static Force Method in STAAD

Output file sample

Seismic Detailing of Girder

6.1 Code Provisions

6.2 RCDC Implementation

Seismic Detailing of Column