Problem 11-4 Instructors Note: This Problem Is Similar To Example 11-2. Head Loss Through Two

clean the filter excessively.
Excessively clean media takes longer to ripen and

more water is wasted. Use of a filter aid polymer in the backwash water can also
minimize the duration of ripening.
PROBLEM 11-4
Instructors Note: This problem is similar to Example 11-2. Head loss through two
layers of media are additive. No pilot or site-specific information is given, so midpoint
values are selected from Table 11-3. The solution is solved completely for problem C
and the solution to the remaining problems are listed at the end of the solution.
Problem Statement - A filter is designed with the following specifications. The

anthracite and sand have density of 1,700 and 2,650 kg/m3, respectively, and the
design temperature is 10ºC. For a given sample (A, B, C, D, or E, to be selected
by instructor), calculate the clean bed head loss.
Item A B C D E
Bed type mono- mono- dual- dual- dual-
media media media media media
Filtration rate (m/h) 8 15 15 10 10
Anthracite specifications:
Effective size (mm) 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.6
Depth (m) 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2
Sand specifications:
Effective size (mm) 0.55 0.5 0.55 0.55
Depth (m) 0.75 0.3 0.4 0.7
Solution
1. Use Eq. 11-13 to calculate the head loss through the anthracite. Select the
permeability coefficients and porosity from Table 11-3, and
the density and dynamic viscosity of water from Appendix C, Table C-1.
κV = 228, κI = 4.4, and ε = 0.50. From Appendix C-1 at 10 °C, ρW = 999.7
kg/m3 and µ = 1.307 x 10-3 kg/m·s.
2. Calculate the first term in Eq. 11-13.
Homework Solution Manual Page 6 of 48

MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 11 - Granular Filtration
(1 − ε)2 µLv
hL,1 = κ V
ε3 ρW gd2
( 228 ) (1 − 0.50 )2 (1.307 × 10-3 kg/ms ) (1.5 m )(15 m/h )

=
( 0.50 ) (999.7 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 ) (1.0 mm ) (10-3 m/mm ) ( 3600 s/h )
3 2 2
= 0.380 m
3. Calculate the second term in Eq. 11-13.
(1 − ε) Lv 2
hL,2 = κI
ε3 gd
( 4.4 ) (1 − 0.50 )(1.5 m )(15 m/h )2

= 0.047 m
( 0.50 ) (9.81 m/s2 ) (1.0 mm ) (10−3 m/mm ) (3600 s/h)
3 2
4. Add the two terms together.

hL,anth = hL,1 + hL,2 = 0.380 m + 0.047 m = 0.427 m.
5. Repeat the calculations for sand, using κV = 112, κI = 2.2, and ε = 0.42 from
Table 11-3, yields:
(112 ) (1 − 0.42 )2 (1.307 × 10-3 kg/ms ) ( 0.3 m )(15 m/h )
hL,1 =
( 0.42 ) (999.7 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 ) (0.5 mm ) (10-3 m/mm ) ( 3600 s/h )
3 2 2
= 0.339 m
( 2.2 ) (1 − 0.42 )( 0.3 m )(15 m/h )2
hL,2 =
( 0.42 ) (9.81 m/s2 ) ( 0.5 mm ) (10−3 m/mm ) ( 3600 s/h )
3 2
= 0.018 m
hL,sand = 0.339 m + 0.018 m = 0.357 m
6. The total clean bed head loss through the filter is the sum of the head loss
through the two medias.
hL = 0.427 m + 0.357 m = 0.78 m
7. The solution to the remaining problems is shown below (all values in meters
of head loss):
Problem Anthracite Anthracite Sand, Sand, Total
term 1 term 2 term 1 term 2 head loss
A 0.374 0.012 0.38

B 0.456 0.056 0.51
C 0.380 0.047 0.339 0.018 0.78
D 0.164 0.016 0.249 0.01 0.44
E 0.079 0.010 0.436 0.017 0.54
PROBLEM 11-5
Problem Statement - For the media specification given in Problem 7-2 (C, D, or E, to
be selected by instructor), determine if the two media layers are matched to each
other.
Solution
1. For the given sand size, calculate the matched anthracite size using Eq. 11-
25. For problem C:
0.625 0.625
 ρ2 − ρ W   2650 − 1000 kg/m3 
=d1 d=
2  0.5 mm  = 3 
0.85 mm
 ρ1 − ρ W   1700 − 1000 kg/m 
For problems D and E:

0.625 0.625
 ρ2 − ρ W   2650 − 1000 kg/m3 
=d1 d=
2  0.55 mm  = 3 
0.94 mm
 ρ1 − ρW   1700 − 1000 kg/m 
2. The matched anthracite size would be 0.85 mm for 0.50 mm sand and 0.94
mm for 0.55 mm sand. In each problem, the specified anthracite is
considerably larger than the matched size and the media would not be
considered matched.
PROBLEM 11-6
Problem Statement - A filter contains 0.55-mm sand that has a density of 2650 kg/m3.
Calculate the effective size of 1550 kg/m3 anthracite that would be matched to this
sand.
Solution
Matched media can be calculated using Eq. 11-25.

Problem 11-4 Instructors Note: This Problem Is Similar To Example 11-2. Head Loss Through Two

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clean the filter excessively.

Excessively clean media takes longer to ripen and

Problem Statement - A filter is designed with the following specifications. The

Homework Solution Manual Page 6 of 48

( 228 ) (1 − 0.50 )2 (1.307 × 10-3 kg/ms ) (1.5 m )(15 m/h )

( 4.4 ) (1 − 0.50 )(1.5 m )(15 m/h )2

4. Add the two terms together.

Homework Solution Manual Page 7 of 48

For problems D and E:

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