Overview of Traffic Engineering

Subject: Transportation
Engineering
Credit Point: 3
Pre Requisite:
Knowledge on IRC codes, Loading pattern base
on IRC, Traffic features etc.
Course Objectives:
1. Introduction of IRC loading
2. Introduction of Traffic Engineering.
3. Utility of study of traffic management.
4. Basic concept of Railway track, railway
governing body and engineering fundamentals.
INTRODUCTION TO
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
BY
Dr. Debasish Das

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
 Traffic Characteristics
Road user characteristics
Vehicular characteristics
 Traffic studies
Name of various studies & Uses
Accident studies
◼ objectives, causes, diagrams, preventive measures
 Traffic regulations & Control Devices
Signs, signals, markings, islands, intersections
Parking facilities
Vision
Hearing
Strength
Physical
Reaction to
situations
PIEV theory
Road user Attentiveness

characteristics
Psychological Fear/Anger
Attitude
Road side
features
Environmental
Atmospheric
conditions
PIEV Theory
 Perception Time : Time required to perceive an
object
 Intellection Time: Time required for the driver to
understand the situation
 Emotion Time : Time elapsed during emotional
sensations. Eg. Fear,anger,shocking etc
 Volition Time : Time taken by the driver for the
final action. Eg. Braking
Total Reaction Time >> 0.5 sec to 3 or 4 sec

Say it as 2.5 sec on an average
Vehicle Dimensions
Maximum Turning
Static Angle
Characteristics Weight of loaded
vehicles
Vehicular
Characteristics
Power of vehicles
Speed of vehicles
Dynamic Braking
Characteristics characteristics
Acceleration &
Decceleration
Vehicle Dimensions
Length & Width of vehicle

Width of traffic lane
Shoulders, Parking facilities
Capacity of roads
Design of vertical & horizontal alignment
Extra width of pavement
Safe overtaking distance
Height of vehicle
Clearance to be provided under structures such
as bridges, underpasses, electric lines etc
Maximum Dimension Of Road Vehicles
Dimensions of Details Maximum dimensions

vehicles ( Excluding front & rear
Bumpers), m
Width All Vehicles 2.50
Single deck vehicle for normal 3.80
Height application
Double deck vehicle 4.75
Single unit truck with two or 11.00
more axles ( type 2,3)
Single unit bus with two or 12.00
more axles (type 2,3)
Length
Semi trailer tractor combination 16.00
( Type 2-S1,2-S2,3-S1,3-S2)
Tractor & Trailer combination ( 18.00
Type 2-2,Type 3-2,2-3,3-3)
Weight of loaded vehicle
 Affects – design of pavement thickness & Gradient
 IRC recommends maximum permissible gross weight

& axle weights
Power of vehicle
 Governs the limiting values of gradient on roads
 Consider : total resistance to traction, rolling

resistance, air & grade resistance
 From total hauling capacity >>> speed & acceleration
of vehicles are determined
Speed of vehicles
Affects design of sight distance
Superelevation
Length of transition curves
Design gradients
Capacity of traffic lane
Design of Control measures
Braking Characteristics & Efficiency

Deceleration and braking characteristics Braking
Safety of operation, sight distance, spacing system
Braking efficiency to be 100 %
TRAFFIC STUDIES
 Traffic volume
 Spot speed
 Speed & Delay
 Origin & Destination
 Parking
 Accident
Traffic Volume Studies
 Measure to quantify traffic flow
 No. of vehicles passing across a given
traverse line of the road during unit time
 Expressed as no. of vehicles/hour or per day
 Classified traffic volume : Volume of each
vehicle class separately
 Level of measurements of traffic volume
◼ Hourly flow ( Veh/hour)
◼ Annual Average Daily Traffic ( AADT) (Veh/day)
◼ Average Annual Flow ( Veh/year)
Methods for traffic counts
( Traffic Volume )
Manual Method
No. of observers needed
Equipments needed
◼ Watch, Pencil, Eraser, Sharpner, Data Sheets, Clip Board
Field summary sheets
Automatic Method ( Devices)
Sensors
◼ Pneumatic Tubes, Electric Contact, Coaxial Cables
◼ Photoelectric devices, Radar, Infrared/ Ultrasonic devices
◼ Magnetic devices
Recording Mechanism
Video/Photographic Method
Traffic volume count ( Manual)
Traffic volume count ( Automatic)
Traffic Speed Studies
 Change in speed of vehicles
 Change in Level Of Service (LOS) of the roads
Spot Speed Studies:

Instantaneous speed of a vehicle at specific
location
Method of measuring :
◼ time taken to cover a known distance
◼ Long – base Method
◼ Short – base Method
◼ Radar Speed meter
◼ Photographic Method
 Data presented as cumulative speed

distribution diagram
Speed & Delay Studies
 Running speed, fluctuations in speeds,
 Overall travel speed
 Location, duration & frequency of delays
 Measuring Methods:
◼ Floating car
◼ License plate / vehicle registration number
◼ Interview technique
◼ Elevated observations
◼ Photographic
O – D Studies
 Basic data for determining “ Desired Lines”
 Establish preferential routes for different trips
 Methods of conducting :
◼ Road – side interview
◼ License plate
◼ Return – post card
◼ Tag on car
◼ Home – interview method
◼ Work spot interview method
 Presentation of data
◼ Showing no. of trips between different zones
◼ Desire lines are plotted connecting Origin & Destination
ACCIDENT STUDIES
 Objectives
To Study the causes of accidents and to suggest
corrective treatments at potential locations
To evaluate existing design, regulations and
control measures
To carryout before and after studies after
implementing changes
To make computations of financial loss due to
accidents
To provide economic justifications for the
improvement measures suggested by engineers
Causes of accidents
 Drivers
➢ Excess speed, Rash driving, Violation of rules,Failure to
understand the situation,fatigue,alcohol
 Pedestrians
➢ Violating regulations,carelessness
 Passengers
➢ While alighting from or getting into vehicles
 Vehicle defects
➢ Failure of brakes, Steering,Lighting Systems,Tyre defects
 Road conditions
➢ Slippery/Skidding surface, pot holes, Ruts, Obstructions
to sight
 Road design
➢ Defective geometric design, Inadequate sight
distance & width
 Traffic Conditions
➢ Vehicles moving ahead, Presence of disable
vehicles
 Weather
➢ Like mist, Fog, Snow, Dust, Heavy Rain
 Animals
➢ Stray animals on the road
Collision Diagram
 Drawn not to scale
 Depict the details of the accident location
 shows appropriate path of the vehicles and
pedestrians involved in accident
 Shows other objects with which the vehicles
have collided
 Most useful for Before and After studies
Condition Diagram
 Drawn to Scale
 Shows all important physical features of the
road and adjoining area
 Important details to be shown are
◼ Width of roadway shoulders,medians,curves,kerb
lines, Roadway conditions, Obstructions if any
 Both Collision & Condition diagrams can be
combined together
Accident Reduction Measures
• Road Designs • Speed Control • Instructions in

Engineering Measures
Educational Measures
Enforcement Measures
• Preventive • Traffic Control Schools
Maintenance of Devices • Poster
Vehicles • Training and exhibition
• Before and After Supervision • Publishing
Studies • Medical Check Highway
• Road Lighting • Observance of Safety Code
law and • Organizing
regulations Traffic Safety
Awareness
Programs
Thank you

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Subject: Transportation

Dr. Debasish Das

Road user Attentiveness

Total Reaction Time >> 0.5 sec to 3 or 4 sec

Length & Width of vehicle

Dimensions of Details Maximum dimensions

 IRC recommends maximum permissible gross weight

 Consider : total resistance to traction, rolling

Braking Characteristics & Efficiency

Spot Speed Studies:

 Data presented as cumulative speed

 Overall travel speed

 Location, duration & frequency of delays

• Road Designs • Speed Control • Instructions in

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