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Small Signal Analysis of Amplifiers (BJT & Fet) : Narayana Engineering College:: Nellore

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NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE:: NELLORE

Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu,


An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution, Recognized by UGC U/S 2(f) & 12(B) and „A‟ grade by Govt. of AP.
Muthukur Road, Nellore-524004
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course: B.TECH II Year II SEM ACY: (2020-2021)
SUB: ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS & DESIGN Th Tu C
3 1 3
Branch/Section: ECE/A&B Faculty: S.Girish Gandhi

UNIT-I

SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFIERS (BJT & FET)


1. Define h parameters?

One of a set of four transistor equivalent-circuit parameters that conveniently specify


transistor performance for small voltages and currents in a particular circuit. Also known as
hybrid parameter.

2. Give the hie and heo equations of BJT?

h11 = hie - The input impedance of the transistor (corresponding to the emitter resistance
re).Unit ohms Ώ.

h22 = hoe - The output impedance of transistor. This term is usually specified as admittance and
has to be inverted to convert it to impedance. Units’ siemans S.

2. Define amplifier
A device which accepts an input signal and produces an output signal proportional to the
input is called an amplifier.

3. List out the some features of a differential amplifier?


High differential voltage gain. Low common mode gain.
High CMRR.
Two input terminals. High input impedance.
Large bandwidth.
Low offset voltages and currents.
Low output impedance.
5. Explain the ideal characteristics of voltage amplifier?
Infinite Open Loop Gain, Infinite Input Impedance, Zero Output Impedance,
Infinite Bandwidth, Zero Output Offset, and Zero Noise Contribution.

6. Explain about CS Amplifier?


The CS amplifier is a small signal amplifier. For good bias stability, the source
resistor voltage drop should be as large as possible. Where the supply voltage is small, Vs
may be reduced to a minimum to allow for the minimum level of Vds.R2 is usually selected
as 1M Ώ or less as for BJT capacitor coupled circuit coupling and bypass capacitors should
be selected to have the smallest possible capacitance values. The largest capacitor in the
circuit sets the circuit low 3dB frequency (capacitor C2). Generally to have high input
impedance FET is used. As in BJT circuit RL is usually much larger than Z o and Zi is often
much larger than

7. What is stability factor?


Stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current with respect to the rate of
change of reverse saturation current.

8. What is biasing?
To use the transistor in any application it is necessary to provide sufficient voltage and
current to operate the transistor. This is called biasing.

9. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?


• The q point must be taken at the Centre of the active region of the output characteristics
.• Stabilize the collector current against the temperature variations.
• Make the q point independent of the transistor parameters.
• When the transistor is replaced, it must be of same type.

10. List out the different types of biasing.


Voltage divider bias, Base bias, Emitter feed back bias, Collector feedback bias, Emitter
bias.

11. What do you meant by thermal runway?


Due to the self heating at the collector junction, the collector current rises. This causes
damage to the device. This phenomenon is called thermal runway.

12 . Why is the BJT called a current controlled device?


The output characteristics of the BJT depend on the input current. So the BJT is called a
current controlled device.
13. Why do we choose q point at the center of the load line?
The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region in
order that the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or the
cut off region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively.
14.Define the stability factors S’ and S’’ ?

The Stability factor S’ is defined as the rate of change of Ic with VBE

keeping ICO and constant.

The Stability factor S’’ is defined as the rate of change of Ic with

keeping VBE and ICO constant.

15. Write the CE amplifier Current gain, Voltage gain, Input Impedance, Output Impedance in terms
of h-parameters.

Current gainAi = -hfe Voltage gainAv = ( - hfeRL)/hie Input Impedance Zi = hie

Output Impedance Zo = ( hfe+Rs)/(hoeRs + h)

16. Which amplifier is called as voltage follower? Why?

The common collector transistor amplifier configuration is called as voltage follower. Since it has
unity voltage gain and because of its very high input impedance. It doesn’t draw any input current
from the

signal. So, the input signal is coupled to the output circuit without making any distortion.

17.What are the salient features of hybrid parameters?

The salient features of hybrid parameters are, a. h parameters are real numbers,

b. They are easy to measure.

c. They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and design d. Easily convertible from one
configuration to other

e. Readily supplied by manufactures.

18.What are the limitations of h parameters?

The h parameters has the following limitations,

a. The accurate calculation of h parameters is difficult.

b. A transistor behaves as a two port network for small signals only, hence h parameters can be used
to analyze only the small signal amplifiers.

19.What is meant by unity gain frequency?


The frequency at which the gain approaches unity is known as unity gain frequency.

20. Give the condition for analyzing the simplified Hybrid model of the transistor amplifier?

The following condition should be satisfied for analyzing the simplified hybrid model of transistor
amplifier.

hoe.RL<0.1

UNIT –II
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

1. Define the frequency response of Amplifier.


The frequency response of an amplifier can be defined as the variation of output of quantity
with respect to input signal frequency. In otherwise it can be defined as a graph drawn
between the input frequency and the gain of an amplifier.

2. Define lower & upper cut off frequencies of an amplifier.


Lower cut-off frequency
The frequency (on lower side) at which the voltage gain of the amplifier is exactly
70.0% of the maximum gain is known as lower cut off frequency.
Upper cut-off frequency
The frequency (on higher side) at which the voltage gain of the amplifier is exactly
70.0% of the maximum gain is known as upper cut off frequency.
3. Define bandwidth
The range of frequencies over which the gain remains constant
Bandwidth = Upper cut-off frequency - Lower cut-off frequency
BW = fH - fL
4. State the reason for fall in gain at low frequencies.
The coupling capacitance has very high reactance at low frequency. Therefore it will allow
only a small part of signal from one stage to next stage and in addition to that the bypass
capacitor cannot bypass or shunt the emitter resistor effectively. As a result of these factors,
the voltage gain rolls of at low frequency.

5. State the reason for fall in gain at higher frequencies


At high frequency the reactance of inter electrode capacitor is very low. Therefore it behaves
like a short circuit. As a result of this the loading effect of the next stage increase which reduces
the voltage gain. Hence the voltage gain rolls off at high frequencies

6. Why the electrolytic capacitor is not used for coupling?


Electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor. So it cannot be used for coupling and also in
electrolytic capacitor, the dielectric is not an insulating material but it conducting material
which will change the capacitance effect.

7. Write a note on effects of coupling capacitor.


a. The coupling capacitor Co transmits AC Signal. But blocks Dc. This prevents DC
interferences between various stages and the shifting of operating point.
b. It prevents the loading effect between adjacent stages.

8. What is dominant network?


In high frequency analysis of an amplifier, the network having lower critical frequency is
called dominant network.
9. Give the relation between fT and fβ .
fT = hfe * fβ

10. Why an NPN transistor has a better high frequency response than the PNP transistor?
An NPN transistor has a better frequency response than the PNP transistor because the
mobility of electron is more and capacitive effect is less.

11. For an amplifier, midband gain is 100 and lower cut off frequency is 1kHz. Find the gain of
an amplifier at the frequency of 20Hz.
A = (Amid)/( (1+(f1/f2)2))
A = (100)/( (1+(1000/20)2)) = 2

12. What is the significance of gain bandwidth product?


It is very helpful in the preliminary design of a multistage wideband amplifier.
This can be used to setup a tentative circuit, which is often used for this purpose.

13. Why is the gain bandwidth product a constant?


It is defined as the magnitudes of the product of the mid band gain which is a constant and
the bandwidth, which is also a constant. Hence the product of two constants should also
be a constant.

14. Write the relation between the bandwidth and rise time of an amplifier
BW=fH = 0.35/tr

15. Define fT and fβ .


Unity gain frequency (fT) or frequency parameter.
It is defined as the frequency at which the common emitter shirt circuit current gain
has dropped to unity and is denoted by the symbol (fT)
Beta cut-off frequency ( fβ)
It is defined as the high frequency at which -of a CE transistor drops to 0.707 or
3dB from its lower frequencies

16. What is the need for having a high value of fT?


Bandwidth of the amplifier is directly proportional to f T. hence tp have larger bandwidth,
the value of fT should be high.

17. What is a cascade amplifier?


The cascade configuration is an amplifier composed of n number of stages. This offers large
gain and lesser bandwidth.

18. What are the advantages of representation of gain in decibels?


a. In multistage amplifier, it permits to add individual gains of the stages to calculate
overall gain.
b. It allows us to denote, both very small as well as very large quantities of linear scale
by considerably small figures.
19. What is the coupling methods used for coupling in multistage amplifiers?
The coupling methods used are,
a. RC coupling
b. Transformer coupling
c. Direct coupling
20. Draw the hybrid- model of a transistor in the CE configuration (high frequency model)
UNIT-III
MULTI STAGE & DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
1. What are the advantages of Darlington Circuit?
i Very high current gain
ii Very high input impedance
iii Convenient and easy circuit configuration to use
iv Darlington pairs are widely available in a single package or they can be made from
two separate transistors
2. Define miller’s theorem
Miller’s theorem states hat the effect of resistance Z on input circuit is a ratio of input
voltage to the current I which flows from input to output.
Miller’s theorem states that the effect of resistance Z on Output circuit is a ratio of output
voltage to the current I which flows from output to input.

3. What are the coupling schemes used in multistage amplifiers?


The commonly used coupling schemes are,
a) Resistance Capacitance (RC) coupling
b) Transformer coupling
c) Direct coupling
4. Why hybrid parameters are called so? Define them. [OR] Define the various h-parameters?
The dimensions of the hybrid parameters are not alike, that is they are hybrid in nature, so
They are called hybrid parameters.

h11= Input impedance with output port short circuited.


h12= Reverse voltage transfer ratio with input port open circuited.
h21= Forward current gain with output port short circuited.
h22= Output admittance with input port open circuited.
5. Define Miller effect input capacitance
For any inverting amplifier, the input capacitance will be increased by a miller effect
capacitance, sensitive to the gain of the amplifier and the inter electrode capacitance
connected between the input and output terminals of the active device.

C = Inter electrode capacitance between input and output.


6. What is meant by bootstrapping?
In Darlington transistor pair circuits, the input impedance is reduced because of the biasing
resistors in the circuit. To overcome this, decrease in the input resistance due to the biasing
network, a small capacitor and resistance R3 are added in the circuit. This improves the
input impedance of the Darlington pair circuit. C is added at the input side and R3 is
connected between output and input circuits.

7. Why emitter bypass capacitor Ce is used in CE amplifier circuit.


An emitter bypass capacitor Ce is connected in parallel with the emitter resistance R E to
provide a low reactance path to the amplified ac signal. If it is not inserted, the amplified
ac signal passing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it.
This will reduce the output voltage, reducing the gain of the amplifier
8. What are the salient features of hybrid parameters?
The salient features of hybrid parameters are,
a) h-Parameters are real numbers in audio frequency range.
b) They are easy to measure.
c) They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and design.
d) Easily convertible from one configuration to other.
e) Readily supplied by manufacturers.
9. What are the limitations of h-parameter?
a) The accurate calculation of h parameter is difficult.
b) A transistor behaves as a two port network for small signals only,
hence ‘h’ parameter can be used to analyze, only the small signal amplifier.
10. What is an emitter follower?
In the common collector circuit emitter terminal follows the signal voltage applied to the
base. Hence the common collector circuit is also known as an emitter follower.

11. What is the function of Input capacitor C1 in CE amplifier circuit?


This capacitor couples the signal to the base of the transistor. It blocks any dc
component present in the signal and passes only ac signal for amplification.

12. What is the need for output coupling capacitor C2?


The coupling capacitor C2 couples the output of the amplifier to the load or to the next stage
of the amplifier. It blocks dc and passes only ac part of the amplified signal.
13. What is cascade amplifier?
The cascade configuration is an amplifier stage composed of a direct coupled common
emitter/ common base combination. This offers the possibility of a very large bandwidth.
14. What are the high frequency effects?
At high frequencies the internal capacitances, commonly known as junction capacitances
reducing the circuit gain.
15. Write the overall lower cut-off frequency of multistage amplifier.
1
| A 0 L| = fL 2 n
√ [1+( )
f
]
fL= Lower 3 dB frequency of identical cascaded stages.
n = Number of stages.
f= Higher 3db frequency of single stage.
16. Write the overall higher cut-off frequency of multistage amplifier.
1
| A 0 H| = f 2n
√ [1+
( )
fH
]

fH= Higher 3 dB frequency of identical cascaded stages.


n = Number of stages.
f= Higher 3db frequency of single stage.
17. What is significance of gain bandwidth product?
It is very helpful in the preliminary design of a multistage wide band amplifier. This can be
used to setup a tentative circuit which is often used for this purpose.
18. Write a note on effects of coupling capacitor.
a) The coupling capacitor C0 transmits AC signal. But blocks DC. This prevents DC
interference between various stages and the shifting of operating point.
b) It prevents the loading effect between adjacent stages.
Coupling capacitors are used to couple different stages so as to prevent DC from the
o/p of one stage to go into the i/p of the next stage. For instance in coupling two BJT (bipolar
junction transistors) it is required to use coupling capacitor to allow only ac signal from the
o/p of first stage to go to i/p of next BJT as incoming dc can disturb the biasing of the other
BJT.
Bypass capacitors are used to bypass the ac signal to ground. A capacitor is connected
b/w the gnd and the wire. For ac signal capacitor will behave as short and will bypass it.
However dc will not be bypassed as capacitor will behave as open for DC.
19. Write an expression for the bandwidth of multistage amplifier.
The bandwidth of multistage amplifier is

20. What are the advantages of representation of gain in decibels?


a) In multistage amplifier, it permits to add individual gains of the stages to calculate
overall gain.
b) It allows us to denote, both very small as well as very large quantities of linear scale by
considerably small figures.

UNIT 4
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

1. Define Feedback connection in amplifiers.


A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined
with the input signal is known as feedback.

2. Define positive feedback


If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, this type of feedback is said to be positive
or regenerative feedback.

3. Define negative feedback


If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal, this type of feedback is known as
negative or degenerative feedback.

4. Define sensitivity
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to
the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.

5. List the types of feedback


i. Voltage-series feedback
ii. Voltage-shunt feedback
iii. Current-series feedback
iv. Current-shunt feedback

6. Write the expression for input and output resistance of voltage series feedback amplifier
Vs V Ro
Rif = = Ri(1+aß) Rof = =
Ii I (1+a ß )
7. Give an example for voltage-series feedback.
The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage
series feedback.

8. Give the properties of negative feedback.


Reduces the gain, stability increases, bandwidth increases, Distortion and noise reduces.

9. What is Oscillator circuit?


An electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave
or a square wave is called an oscillator.

10. What are the types of oscillators?


* RC-Oscillator
i. RC phase shift oscillator
ii Wein bridge oscillator
* LC-Oscillators
i. Hartley Oscillator
ii. Colpitts Oscillator
iii. Crystal Oscillator
iv. Clap Oscillator

11. What are the conditions for oscillations?


Loop gain should be greater than or equals to 1and loop phase shift should be 0 or 360 o

12. Define Piezoelectric effect.


Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress.

13. List feedback topologies.


i. Voltage series feedback
ii. Voltage shunt feedback
iii. Current series feedback
iv. Current shunt feedback

14. Draw the circuit diagram for Hartley Oscillator

15. Write the expression for frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator

16. Write the expression for frequency of oscillations of Colpits oscillator

17. What is the minimum value of hfe required for self sustained oscillations?
The minimum value of hfe required for self sustained oscillations is 44.5
18. Let f=10khz and R=1kohm, find the value of c required in wein bridge oscillator
f= 1/2πRC
c= 1/2πRf
c= 0.015µf

19. Let L= 1mh, C1=1µf, C2=10µf find the frequency of oscillations for Colpitts oscillator

f= 5.3Khz

20. Let A=100, β=0.01 and Ri=1k find Rif in case of voltage shunt

Rif= Ri/(1+Aβ)
Rif=500Ω

UNIT V
POWER AMPLIFIERS

1. List out the classification of large signal amplifiers


i. Class A amplifier
ii. Class B amplifier
iii. Class AB amplifier
iv. Class C amplifier
v. Class D amplifier
vi. Class E amplifier
vii. Class F amplifier

2. How do you bias the class A operation?


In class A mode, the output current flows throughout the entire period of input cycle and
the Q point is chosen at the midpoint of AC load line and biased.

3. Which amplifier gives minimum distortion?


Class S amplifier gives minimum distortion.

4. Give the applications of class C power amplifier.


The applications of class C power amplifier are,
a. Used in radio and TV transmitters.
b. Used to amplify the high frequency signals.
c. Tuned amplifiers

5. List the draw backs of class C amplifier.


The drawbacks of class C amplifier are,
a. Distortion is high.
b. Figure of merit is low.

6. Define the following modes of operation


(a) Class AB (b) Class C.
a. Class AB
In this mode of operation, the output current flows for more
than one half cycle but less than full cycle.
b. Class C
In this mode, the level current flows for less than one half cycled
i.e., ¼ th of the input cycle.

7. Define Class B mode of operation and its advantages and disadvantages.


Class B mode of operation
The Biasing signal and input signal flow through the circuit for half cycle i.e., 180o.
Advantages
a. Efficiency is increased from 25% to 78.5%
b. Due to push pull configuration all even harmonics are reduced.
So harmonic distortions are reduced.
c. Due to centre-tapped transformer at input and output, the core
Saturation loss is reduced.
Disadvantages
a. Transistor is biased above the cut off region
b. Due to the centre-tapped transformer at both input and output,
the circuit becomes complex

8. What is Class D amplifier?


In order to increase the conversion efficiency, it would be desirable to make the device to
operate as a switch. So that its voltage drop remains almost at minimum value over the half
cycle of output current flow. Such a system is called class D amplifier.

9. Why RC coupling is popular?


RC coupling is popular because it is simple, less expensive, less distortion and it provides
Uniform bandwidth.

10. List the advantages of transformer coupled amplifier.


The advantages of transformer coupled amplifier are,
a. it is more efficient because the low DC resistance of the primary is connected
to the collector circuit.
b. It provides excellence impedance matching, thus voltage and power gains are improved.

UNIT V:
TUNED AMPLIFIERS
1. What is a tuned amplifier?
The amplifier with a circuit that is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow band
of frequencies Are called tuned amplifiers.

2. What are the different coil losses?


Hysteresis loss
Copper loss
Eddy current loss

3. What is Q factor?
It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.

4. What is dissipation factor?


It is referred as the total loss within a component
i.e1/Q

5. What is the classification of tuned amplifiers?


Single tuned
Double tuned
Stagger tuned

6. What is a single tuned amplifier?


An n amplifier circuit that uses a single parallel tuned circuit as a load is called
single tuned amplifier.

7. What are the advantages of tuned amplifiers?


They amplify defined frequencies.
Signal to noise ratio at output is good
They are suited for radio transmitters and receivers

8. What are the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers?


The circuit is bulky and costly
The design is complex.
They are not suited to amplify audio frequencies.

9. What are double tuned amplifiers?


The amplifiers having two parallel resonant circuit in its load are called double
tuned amplifiers.

10. What is a stagger tuned amplifier?


It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are
taken and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal
to the bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called stagger
tuned amplifier.

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