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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that AARUSHI JAWA, a student of class XII-B (ROLL NO. )

has successfully completed the project titled “FULL WAVE RECTIFIER” under the

guidance of Mr. ANJUL DUBEY (Subject Teacher) During the academic year 2019-20 in

partial fulfilment of physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, Mumbai.

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with

success. Then I would like to thank my physics teacher Mr. Anjul Dubey and our lab

attendant Mr. Amarjeet, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this

project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the

major contributor towards the completion of the project. Then I would like to thank my

parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has

been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Signature of physics teacher

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CONTENTS
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THEORY

A Full wave rectifier is a circuit arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of
input alternating current (AC) and converts them to direct current (DC). Half wave rectifiers

make use of only one-half cycle of the input alternating current. Whereas, a full wave

rectifier is much more efficient (double+) than a half wave rectifier. This process of

converting both half cycles of the input supply (alternating current) to direct current (DC) is

termed full wave rectification.

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Full Wave Rectifier

Theory Working &

Operation

The working & operation of

a full wave bridge rectifier is

pretty simple. The circuit

diagrams and waveforms we

have given below will help

you understand the operation

of a bridge rectifier

perfectly. In the circuit

diagram, 4 diodes are

arranged in the form of a

bridge. The transformer

secondary is connected to

two diametrically opposite

points of the bridge at points

A & C. The load resistance

RL is connected to bridge

through points B and D.

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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier – Circuit Diagram with Input and Output Wave Forms

During the first half cycle

During the first half cycle of the input voltage, the upper end of the transformer secondary

winding is positive with respect to the lower end. Thus, during the first half cycle diodes D1

and D3 are forward biased and current flows through arm AB, enters the load resistance RL,

and returns back flowing through arm DC. During this half of each input cycle, the diodes D2

and D4 are reverse biased and current is not allowed to flow in arms AD and BC. The flow of

current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure above. We have developed another diagram

below to help you understand the current flow quickly. See the diagram below – the green

arrows indicate the beginning of current flow from the source (transformer secondary) to the

load resistance. The red arrows indicate the return path of current from load resistance to the

source, thus completing the circuit.

During the second half cycle

During the second half cycle of the input voltage, the lower end of the transformer secondary

winding is positive with respect to the upper end. Thus diodes D2 and D4 become forward

biased and current flows through arm CB, enters the load resistance RL, and returns back to

the source flowing through arm DA. The flow of current has been shown by dotted arrows in

the figure. Thus the direction of flow of current through the load resistance RL remains the

same during both half cycles of the input supply voltage. See the diagram below – the green

arrows indicate the beginning of current flow from the source (transformer secondary) to the

load resistance. The red arrows indicate the return path of current from load resistance to the

source, thus completing the circuit.

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AIM

To construct a Full Wave Bridge rectifier and show that the (AC)

alternating current is rectified into a direct current (DC)

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Connecting Wires

A plug

Single Lead Wire- 2m

Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3cm length

Circuit Board

A Transformer (12V)

A Resistor

P-N Junction Diodes (4nos)

A LED

Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering Wax, Soldering Lead, Soldering Iron & Sand Paper
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TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical

circuit to one or more circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces

a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across any

other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the

(possibly many) coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law

of induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to

changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

RESISTER

resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust

signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,

among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as

heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for

generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
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or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a

volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or

chemical activity.

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current

flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing

energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the

photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the

semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-

emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

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DIODES

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one

direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and

high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a

vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in

only one direction, from cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used

type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to

two electrical terminals.

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic

component with two terminals.

The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any

two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add

capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator.

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PROCEDURE

Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit board. Attach the plug with the

wire of desired length and connect it to the transformer AC In. now, take four diodes and

connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode D1 to the anode of D2. Connect

the cathode of D2 to anode of D3.

Connect the cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4 to cathode of D1.

The output of transformers should be connected to A and C. Now, take two capacitor and

connect its –ve terminal to –ve and +ve terminal to +ve. And connect both the capacitors to B

and D. Connect a resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from the capacitors A B D

C and connect it to the output device.

WORKING

When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down the 240V main supply to 12V. It

has a capability of delivering 700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the secondary is the

RMS value. The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two

diodes conducting current during each half cycle. The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are

arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.

During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes

D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below. The

Positive Half-cycle During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct

in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased. The current

flowing through the load is the same direction as before. The Negative Half-cycle In

subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above process are repeated. In both the half
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cycles it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction. Even though the

voltage across load is unidirectional it will still contains a few AC components. This is

filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC current. A resistor is

then used to adjust the output voltage. Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from

supply and resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple circuit, two

capacitors and one resistor are being used. The output Direct Current and voltage light up the

LED and other source connected with it.

DURING POSITVE HALF-CYCLE

DURING NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE

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OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION

On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge circuit 12V current is DETECTED.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAB MANNUAL CLASS XII PHYSICS

NCERT TEXT BOOK CLASS 12

www.slideshare.net

www.google.com

www.scribd.com

www.wikipedia.com