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Physics Practical Class 12 Full Wave Rectifier With Graphics

This document summarizes Suraj Suman's physics project on a full wave rectifier circuit completed in 2022-23 for his class 12 exams. It includes a certificate of completion signed by his subject teacher and external examiner. The project details the theory behind rectifiers, the required materials, the circuit diagram, working procedure, conclusion and bibliography.

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Suraj Official
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
2K views

Physics Practical Class 12 Full Wave Rectifier With Graphics

This document summarizes Suraj Suman's physics project on a full wave rectifier circuit completed in 2022-23 for his class 12 exams. It includes a certificate of completion signed by his subject teacher and external examiner. The project details the theory behind rectifiers, the required materials, the circuit diagram, working procedure, conclusion and bibliography.

Uploaded by

Suraj Official
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Physics Project

On
FULL
WAVE
RECTIFIER
2022-23
Name - Suraj Suman
Class - 12 A
Roll No -
Dav Public School,
Transport Nagar, patna 26
CERTIFICATE
OF
COMPLETION
This is to certify that Suraj suman
(Roll_No:…..……) student of Class XII A
Dav Public school transport nagar
has completed the project titled.
“Full Wave Rectiier” during the
academic year 2022-23 towards
partial fulillment of credit for the
Physics Project evaluation of AISSCE
2023, and submitted working model
and satisfactory report, as compiled
in the following pages, under my
supervision.

Signatures

Subject TEACHER External Examiner


INDEX

Certificate
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Introduction
Theory
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Circuit diagram and
procedure
Working

Conclusion

BIBLOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to
express my sincere thanks to My Physics
Teacher Mr. Shailendra pandey in
providing a helping hand in this project.
Their valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through this project
titled "RECTIFIER", are responsible for
attaining its present form. This project
also bears an imprint of many other
people. I would Give special thanks to
everyone who has ofered a helping hand
when required .
Introduction
A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The process is known as
rectification. Rectification produces a type
of DC that encompasses active voltages and
currents, which are then adjusted into a
type of constant voltage DC, although this
varies depending on the current's end-use.
The current is allowed to flow
uninterrupted in one direction, and no
current is allowed to flow in the opposite
direction. Physically, rectifiers take a
number of forms, including vaccum tube
diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and
selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor
diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and
other silicon-based semiconductor
switches. Rectifier circuits may be single-
phase or multi-phase. Most low power
rectifiers for domestic equipment are
single-phase, but three-phase rectification
is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of
energy as DC.
THEORY
In half wave rectification, either the positive or
negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other
half is blocked. Because only one half of the input
waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if
used for power transfer.

A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half-


wave, but allows unidirectional current through the
load during the entire sinusoidal cycle (as opposed to
only half the cycle in the half- wave). A full-wave
rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to
one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its
output. Let us see our half wave rectifier example and
deduce the circuit. So, we have seen that this rectifier
circuit consists of two sources which have a phase
difference along with two diodes. When V1 is positive, V2
is negative. Hence the top diode will be a short and the
bottom diode will be an open. On the other hand, when
Vs1 is negative, Vs2 is positive. Hence the bottom diode
will be on and the top diode will be an open circuit.

A full-wave rectifier can be constructed using Center-


Tapped transformer - which give us two shifted
sinusoids so that exactly one of the waveforms is
positive at one time and two diodes. As compared to the
half wave rectifier we use two diodes instead of one,
one of the two diodes remains in conduction in both of
the half cycles. At any point in time, only one of the
diodes is forward biased. This allows for continuous
conduction through load.
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
Connecting Wires

A Plug

Single lead wire - 2m


Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3 cm


length

Circuit board

A Transformer (12 V)

A Resistor

p-n junction diode (4 nos)


A LED

Insulation Tape, Blades,


Soldering Wax, Soldering
Iron, Soldering Lead & Sand
Paper
circuit
diagram
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Procedure
Take the transformer and attach it to one end of
the circuit board. Attach the plug with the wire
of desired length and connect it to the
transformer AC. Now, take four diodes and
connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the
anode of diode D1 to the anode of D2.
Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3
connect the cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and
connect the anode of D4 to cathode of D1. The
output of transformers should be connected to
A and C. Now, take two capacitor and connect its
-ve terminal to negative and +ve terminal to
+ve. And connect both the capacitors to B and D.
Connect a resistor and a LED to the capacitor.
Attach wire from the capacitors and connect it
to the output device.
Working
When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down the
240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of delivering
700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the secondary is the
RMS value. The four diodes labelled Di to D4 are arranged in
"series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during
each half cycle. The four diodes labelled Di to D4 are arranged
in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current
during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the
supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and
D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load
as shown below.
During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes
D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2
switch "OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The
current flowing through the load is the same
direction as before.

In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the


above process are repeated. In both the half cycles it
is clear that current flows through the resistor in only
one direction. Even though the voltage across load is
unidirectional it will still contains a few AC
components. This is filtered and made smooth using
a capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC current. A
resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from
supply and resistance is adjusted for the required
output. As this is a simple circuit, two capacitors and
one resistor are being used. The output Direct
Current and voltage light up the LED and other
source connected with it.
Conclusion
Rectifiers are found in all power supplies
that operate from an ac voltage source. Also
the rectifier is used as a power supply unit.
The rectifier converts the ac input voltage
to a pulsating de voltage. The filter
eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified
voltage and produces a relatively smooth de
voltage. The regulator is a circuit that
maintains a constant voltage for variations
in the input line voltage or in the load.

The bridge rectifier circuit (middle), and the output


wave form it creates (blue/right).
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia
Chat GPT (OPEN AI)
Google

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