Instructional Designs
Instructional Designs
Instructional Designs
importance, formats.
INTRODUCTION:
Planning is essential not only in teaching, but in spheres of human activities. Lesson planning is an important activity
of daily teaching. These are the brief outlines of the main point of the lesson. It is a clear and precise statement of the
aims, purposes of the lesson, the various devices, selecting and arranging the subject matter and techniques to be
employed by the teacher.
Careful planning of lesson is essential for experienced as well as beginner teachers. Experienced teachers use loosely
structured lesson plans, whereas beginners use highly structured lesson plans.
MEANING:
Lesson plan is a plan prepared by a teacher to teach a lesson in an organized manner.
DEFINITION:
Daily lesson planning involves defining the objectives, selecting and arranging the subject matter and determining the
method of procedure.
– Bining and Bining
A lesson plan is a teaching outline of the important points of lesson arranged in which they are to be presented. It may
include objectives, points to be made, questions to be asked, references to materials, assignments, etc.
– Carter V. Good
A. HERBERTIAN APPROACH:
J.F. Herbart, a German philosopher advocated lesson planning using following five steps:
1. Preparation: Preparing means the preparation of the learner’s mind to receive new knowledge. Preparation
of the learner involves two steps:
Previous knowledge testing: Through testing previous knowledge, the teachers become familiar with
what the pupils already know relevant to the topic.
Announcement of the aim: An aim will automatically emerge if the lesson has been effectively
introduced. The aim should be clear, concise and free from unknown words.
2. Presentation: It involves a good deal of intellectual activity on the part of the students. A teacher is to put
himself into the students’ shoes to present things to them. Selected subject matter should be presented according to
the needs, interests, abilities and developmental level of the students.
3. comparison and abstraction: Association is linking new ideas with the old ones and with one another into a system.
The selected examples or facts are presented before the students and they are asked to carefully observe and compare
them with another set of facts are presented before the students and they are asked to carefully observe and compare
them with another set of facts to arrive at some conclusions.
4. generalization: Comparison and association helps students find a certain conclusion that enables them to frame
general laws, principles or formulas. The teacher’s function is to enable the students to draw out the
generalization from relevant data.
5. Application: Knowledge that is not used will soon fade away from consciousness. Knowledge is power but it is
only when the mind can apply it to practical situation.
IV. Appendix of lesson plan: This includes summary, conclusion, giving the assignment to students and
recommending further reading, writing the bibliography and references.