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ROLE OF QUALITY EDUCATION IN

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
PAKISTAN
Dr.Abdul Ghafoor Awan

Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DET ERMINANT S OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT IN PAKISTAN

Dr.Abdul Ghafoor Awan

T HE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALT H SECT OR AND POVERT Y IN PAKISTAN

Dr.Abdul Ghafoor Awan

Asma Malik Research paper

Dr.Abdul Ghafoor Awan
Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities 293
Vol 6 (2) April-June, 2020, pp.293-319.
ISSN 2520-7113 (Print), ISSN 2520-7121 (Online)
www.gjmsweb.com. Email:editor@gjmsweb.com
Impact Factor value = 4.739 (SJIF).
DOI: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-6229

ROLE OF QUALITY EDUCATION IN SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN

Prof.Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Awan1, Syeda Fatima Hussain2

ABSTRACT- The objective of this research paper is to study the role of quality
education in Sustainable Development of Pakistan. For this purpose, we used
time series secondary data for 28 years from 1990-2018, which was collected
from World Development Indicators, IMF, world Bank, Asian Development
Bank, United Nation Development Program, and Pakistan Economic survey.
HDI was taken as a dependent variable while Education spending as
percentage of GDP, student teacher ratio, secondary school enrollment and
population growth were taken as independent variables. For data analysis, we
applied ARDL and ECM Models, ADF and Bound Tests and Correlation
analysis. Our results show that there is strong long run relationship between
quality education and sustainable development.
Key words: Sustainable development, student teacher ratio, population
growth rate, education spending as percentage of GDP.
Type of study: Original Research paper
Paper received: 11.01.2020
Paper accepted: 22.02.2010
Online Published: 01.04.2020
______________________________________________________________
1. Dean, Faculty of Management and Social Science, Institute of southern
Punjab, Multan.Pakistan.ghafoor70@yahoo.com. Cell # +0923136015051.
2. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, Institute of Southern
Punjab. alifatimaali9@gmail.com.
294 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

1: INTRODUCTION:
1.1. Background of Study:
Sustainable development is a long run phenomenon and it can be
attained through sustainable development policies. Improving quality of
education is one the policy initiative through which a country can attain
sustainable development, because quality education produces quality human
capital which produces inventions and innovations. At the moment, the
developing countries mostly focus on enhancing literacy rate so they focus on
increasing enrollment rate of students at primary and secondary level rather
than improving students-teachers’ ratio, learning and teaching tools and
improving curriculum to make it in accordance with market demand. Now the
developing countries must shift their focus from literacy rate to quality of
education and make heavy investment in education sector to develop human
resources. Quality Education brings structural social change (Scimecca, 1980).
It proved that there is important relationship between school and community
which helps to solve the social an economic problem.
In reality, this is actually the methodology of the Education for All activity
and a focal component of the Millennium Development Goals.
1.2. Goals of Education
There are following five goal of education.
1.Nursery school: Nurseries and kindergartens come first in educational
levels.
2. Primary Level: Primary level is the base of focus to prepare young ones
for their future life phases.
3. Inter Level: Intermediate level is a general cultural level.
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 295
_______________________________________________________

4. Secondary Level: Secondary level works on age and growth traits of the
students.
5. Higher Education Level: Higher education level is practical specialty
level. It cares for people who are talented, and further develops their talent.
1.3. Components of quality Education:
The followings are the main components of quality education: -
1. Students-teacher ratio.
2. Qualified faculty.
3. Technology based education.
4. Quality of examinations.
5. Latest curriculum.
6. Allocation of funds for education by public and private sector.
The students-teacher ratio is the main yard stick of quality education.
If this ratio is high the quality of education will be poor as teacher could not
pay due attention on the class if number of students will be high. So the
standard students-teacher ratio assumed to be less than 20:1. It means that
students should not more than 20 in a class of one teacher. Highly qualified
faculty plays vital role in building quality education. If the teachers know all
latest tools of quality education, he will be in a better position to impart
knowledge to the students. Similarly, technology is assumed to be a main tool
of learning and communication today. The use of technology such as audio-
video and other methods to enhance learning skill of students. Most of
educational institutions do not change their curriculum for decades and deliver
old knowledge to their students. In this way, they make the students
uncompetitive. When these students go to the domestic or international job
markets they could not compete with their counterparts.
296 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

Examination shows the performance of students. If the examination

system is efficient it will draw a line between a genius and average students.
If this system is poor and non-fool proof and allow use of unfair means in the
examinations or test system it will create a lot of students having poor
knowledge, poor skill and poor performer in practical life. We cannot expect
them to be innovative, inventive or efficient. So good examination system,
good teachers and good curriculum and use of technology are the tools which
can enhance quality of education.
1.4. Main Research Problem:
The main problem of this research paper is to analyze the role of
quality education in sustainable development with special reference to
Pakistan. First we have to study the status of quality education in Pakistan and
second we will study its impact on sustainable development.
1.5 Objective of Research:
The objectives of the study are given in the following: -
► To study the characteristics of quality Education.
► To study the relationship between the quality education and sustainable
development.
► To study the impact of quality education on economic growth.
► To suggest ways to improve quality of education in Pakistan.
1.6 Research Questions:
The research questions of our study are as follows: -
● What are the characteristics of quality education?
● What is impact of quality education on economic growth?
● What is the role of quality education in economic development?
● What is relationship between quality of education and sustainable
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 297
_______________________________________________________

development?
1.7: Scope of Study:
The scope of this study is very important in a sense that education plays
a key role in human capital development that plays a vital role in economic
development. So our results will be beneficial for policy makers,
academicians, researchers and administrative heads of educational institutions
in framing policies and developing strategies to improve quality of education
in Pakistan.
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Importance of Literature Review
Generally, countries have put greater efforts in increasing education
level and children enrollment rate that have improved literacy rate
enormously. Quality education is deemed to be the basic of sustainable
development and thus one of the goals of sustainable development. For policy
implementation, education is a multiplier that facilitates self – confidence,
increases economic growth by increasing skillfulness and betters the lives of
people by extending the employment opportunities. The Sustainable
Development set target by 2030 to ensure the access of every boy and girl to
have initial and secondary level of education and ensure access to technical
education as well.
2.2 Review of relevant studies
Lindahl et al, (2001) reported as economic growth model as GDP
growth rate through the econometric model and defined as graphical and
Theoretical framework, the literature emphasizes the role of education on
income at micro as well as macro level.
298 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

Nasir and Nazli (2000) stated that the education affects income and
indicated that Pakistan more earning with associated higher education. The
impact of education, literacy, quality of school, training and numeracy skills
on income level was examined. It was explored that for each extra year of
schooling, the income was increased by 7 percent.
Kates and M (2005) discussed that the concept of sustainable
development was enshrined on the staff controlled of environmental
magazine. It should be easy to completed the sentence. They concluded with
the environment. In the last half of the twentieth century four key themes
emerged from the collective concern aspirations of the world peoples, peace
freedom development was defined in practice.
Gibb, Natalie (2015) discussed the role of quality education for
sustainable development due to change in climate. He concludes that
worldwide climate changed makes it clear that ESD (Education for sustainable
Development) must include a strong climate action a part element school play
a vital role for learning or seeking knowledge about climate and its impact.
Lauries et al (2016) analyzed (ESD) Education Sustainable
Development quality education on major theme repeated across 18 studies.
They used different aspects which became the part of contribution of education
for development which should prevail as education of quality primary level
education secondary level education and formal form of education.
Rieckmann (2016) focused on the learning skill to develop the quality
of education at global level of learning. He stated that skill is basic thing for
learning. He strongly suggested that all learners get knowledge and skill
needed to prop up sustainable development including, among others through
education for sustainable development as the life style, human rights, sex
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 299
_______________________________________________________

correspondence, expansion of culture of harmony and peacefulness contribute

to sustainable development.
Cornell et al, (2017) mentioned 17 Sustainable Development goals.
They describe a national model for Tanzania so analyze impact of substantial
investment. More importantly, the progress on these the quality of education
and worldwide impact the sustainability development model can be used to
support similar analyses addressed the 17 sustain development policy makers.
3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 What is Research Methodology?
Research methodology is regarded as a science to conduct research.
Basically, it is the procedure that researchers follow to carry out their work
including description, explanation and estimation. In this study the basic
purpose is to examine the role of quality of education in sustainable
development in Pakistan.
3.2 Nature of the Study
Quantitative data will be used to describe the effect of selected
variables. The time series data will be used in this study for analysis. So our
study is quantitative in nature.
3.3 Type of Data
In this research the secondary data will be used in this study. The data
will be collected from Economic survey of Pakistan, World Development
Indicator, IMF, Asian Development Bank, United Nation development
program and State Bank of Pakistan. The nature of data will be time series and
the period of data will be from 1990 to 2018.
300 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

3.4. Sources of data

The selected variables and sources of data are shown in Table.1
Table 1: Source of data
Variables Source
HDI % of annual growth United Nation Development
Program (UNDP)
Student Teacher Ratio percentage World development indicator
Education spending percentage World development indicator
Secondary school enrollment percentage Asian World Bank indicator
Population Growth World development indicator

3.5 Sample of the Study

The sample contains twenty-eight years (n=28) time series data for the
period of 1990-2018.No researcher has so far conducted research on this
period.
3.5 Selected Variables
There are some following the variable applying for econometric
model.
There are following selected variable of this study.
1. Pakistan Education Expenditure … ……………. Independent variable
2. Student Teacher Ratio ……………………….... Independent variable
3. Secondary school Enrollment………………….…Independent variable
4. Population growth rate Annual. ………………… Independent variable
5. Human Development Index (HDI). …………… Dependent variable
3.6. Definition of variables.
3.6.1 Education Spending as percentage of GDP
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 301
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Education plays an important role in the economic development of

country. It is the main bridge of the development of an economy. It is also
show in table below, a raise in the education sector productivity it will be an
increase in overall economic development of the country. Education
expenditures spending per student are very important for the productivity
because higher the investment in the education sector higher will be the return
in the form of productivity. It is the one of a major sector of the government
that play very important role in the economic growth of the country. It provides
a skilled and efficient labor force that enables the country more productive
give data of Pakistan Education expenditure as percentage of GDP.
Figure 1: Education expenditure % of GDP

Education Expenditure 1990-2018 as% of GDP

4

0
199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018
Series1

Source: World development indicator

3.6.2 Students- Teacher Ratio
Student teacher ratio is an important driver of productivity as the
development of education, economically a basic element for the sustainability
in role of quality education. The role of quality education in sustainability have
a direct impact on economic growth and development. The average value
student teacher ratio in 2018 ratio is 48.3. The ratio of student teacher
302 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
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calculated as the total student in class enrolled. The obtained value of the
student teacher dividing by the number of student at a given level of education
by the number of the Teacher in similar types of schools. Pakistan average
value during the period of 2000 was 39.68 students per teacher with a
minimum of 33 students per teacher. And the maximum ratio of 47.63 student
per student in 2016.
Figure 2: Students-teacher Ratio

Student Teacher Ratio

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: World development indicator

3.6.3 Secondary School Enrollment
The secondary school enrollment values for different levels of
education for secondary level have been varying. Gross enrollment ratio is the
ratio of total enrollment, over the total population. This ratio may be of any
age group of students for which it is required. At initial stage, preprimary
education is considered as organized instruction. Its main purpose is to
introduce children to the environment of school and also to provide a link
between home and school. The value for School enrollment, secondary (%
gross) in Pakistan was 42.78 as of 2018. As the figure below shows, that in
1990 the enrollment rate was 21.98 % which was increased to 40.78 % in
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 303
_______________________________________________________

2018.It was more than doubled during 28 years-period. Here is no data on

higher education.
Figure 3: Enrolment of students at Secondary level

Secondary School Enrollment

60

40

20

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: Asian World Bank indicator

3.6.4 Population Growth Rate
Population growth as the independent variable of economic
development related to HDI. It is directly related to the economic development
of the country. Population growth rate means increase in population growth
rate per annum and the government will have to allocate budget for
development to meet the needs of growing population. The data in Figure 4
shows that population growth rate in Pakistan was around 2.9 percent per
annum in 1990 which was substantially reduced to around 1.9 percent in
2018.Thus, one percent population growth rate was decreased during 28-year
period.
.
304 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

Figure 4: Population growth rate per annum,1990-2018.

Population Growth Rate Annual 1990-2018

4

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: World development indicator

3.6.5 Human Development Index
Human Development measures long term growth. It depends on three basic
dimension of human development: 1. life expectancy, 2. schooling year which
is average number of schooling year and the third one is gross national income
(GNI) per capita income. Pakistan HDI value for 2018 was 0.560 which is in
medium ranking of human development at internationally level. Between 1990
and 2018 Pakistan’s HDI value increased from 0.404 to 0. 560, which show in
Figure 5.
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 305
_______________________________________________________

Figure 5: Human Development indicators,1990-2020

Human Development Indicator

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Source: United Nation Development Program (UNDP)

3.6 Econometric Model
Our econometric model is given below;
HDI = βo+β1(str)+β2(ssr)+β3(edus)+β4(pga)+µ
HDI = Human Development Index % of annual growth
str = student teacher ratio
edus= education spending as percentage of GDP
ssr=secondary school enrollment
pga= population growth annual
µ = stochastic term
βo = intercept
β1, β2, β3, β4 = partial slope or parameters.
There is the following variable are given below in the diagram.
3.7 Analytical Techniques
ARDL (autoregressive distributed lags) techniques will be applied to find out
relationship between variables in the short run and long run. Furthermore, the
unit root test will be applied to check the stationarity of variables and
correlation analysis will also be used to measure strength of relationship
306 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

among variables. The ARDL bound test of Pearson and Shin (1999) and
Pearson et al. (2001) will also be used to determine long run relationship. That
show the variable integrated in different order.
4: DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Descriptive statistics
The results of descriptive statistics are shown in Table 2
Table 2: Descriptive statistics
HDI EDUS STR PGA SSR

Mean 0.4837 2.45 39.5035 2.26 30.67

Median 0.4860 2.54 39.70 2.11 27.30

Maximum 0.5620 3.02 47.50 2.91 46.11

Minimum 0.404 1.84 33.00 78.91 21.98

Std.Dev 0.0526 0.32 4.055 0.26 7.118

Skewness 0.0240 -0.47 0.372 0.91 0.76
Kurtosis 1.56 2.26 0.529 2.61 2.430

Jarque-Bera 2.498 1.67 0.907 4.07 3.073

Probability 0.286 0.43 0.635 0.13 0.21

Sum 14.028 68.73 1106.10 63.32 858.79

Sum Sq.Dev 0.0774 2.88 443.98 1.95 1368.31

Observations 29 29 29 29 29

The Table 2 indicates Descriptive value of different variable. There is

significant relation with Mean Median. The results show that there are 29
observations of each variable. The mean value of different variables like as
HDI 0.4837, EDUS value 2.45, student teacher ratio value of mean 39.50 PGA
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 307
_______________________________________________________

value 2.26 and SSR (secondary school enrollment) value 27.30. As consider
the median of HDI is 0.4860, EDUS 2.54, STR (student teacher ratio) 39.70,
PGR 2.11and the SSR (secondary school enrollment) 27.30. The median value
is greater than the Mean value. According the table 4.1 the value of these
different variable in maximum range like as HDI 0.56, education spending per
student 3.02, STR (student teacher ratio) 47.50 and the last one SSR
(secondary school enrollment) range 27.30 which show the descriptive value
among the different value.
4.2 Correlation Analysis
A numerical measure of the correlation matrix is the strength of the
linear relationship between any two and more variables. The results of
correlation analysis are given in Table 2 .
Table 2 Correlation Analysis results
HDI EDUS PGA STR SSR
HDI 1 -0.279701 0.8823 0.5978 0.8644
EDUS -0.07970 1 0.2855 0.27872 -0.24792
PGA 0.8823 0.28558 1 -0.2123 -0.58485
STR 0.59787 0.2782 -0.5848 1 0.8322
SSR 0.2479 -0.5848 0.5848 0.8322 1

The Table .2 shows the relationship between variable is symmetric in nature

and it is a proportion of direct connection or straight wards as it were. The
correlation between some variables are positive while with some are negative.
4.3 Unit Root Test
To check the stationary of the variables we applied the ADF test. The ADF
results a reliable at first difference or level one if the level of stationarity held
on level two then we could not apply the ARDL model. In the table 3 the
308 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

results indicate that there is no co-integration exists because the variables are
not at the same level of integration. It indicates that the variables are stationer
as different level. The unit root value of HDI is integrated at level where the
coefficient value 0.46 with 0.024 probability value. It also integrated at level
and level two but we have taken the first one where it integrated. The
Pakistan’s education expenditure is stationer at level is -2.98 and the
probability is 0.05. It also integrated at two. The value of student teacher ratio
is integrated at first difference with the coefficient value -1.342 and the
probability is 0. 0052.And the * value show the probability value.
Table 3: Results of Unit Root Test
Trend Trend & Trend Trend & Trend Trend & Result
Intercept Intercept Intercept
HDI -0.603 0.460 0.0028 0.632 -1.374 -1.3864 I(0)
0.2* 0.024* 0.0035 0.0036* 0.0000 0.0000*
* *
EDU -2.98 -2.85 -3.92 -3.89 -7.35 -7.19 I(0)
S 0.05* 0.019* 0.006* 0.02* 0.0000 0.0000*
*
STR -0.093 -0.094 -1.342 -3.98 -1.623 -1.624 I(1)
0.85* 0.23* 0.0052 0.02* 0.0000 0.0000*
* *
SSR 0.34 -0.739 -0.718 -0.993 -1.633 -1.6338 I(1)
0.98* 0.959* 0.0824 0.0018* 0.0000 0.0000*
* *
PGA -3.673 -2.004 -1.512 -1.412 -4.65 -4.486 I(0)
0.012 0.56* 0.51* 0.83* 0.0001 0.0082*
* *

As all variables are integrated at different order in the above table, we can
employee Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) Model.
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 309
_______________________________________________________

4.4 ARDL Model-Long Run Relationship

Selected Model (2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1), (HDI) is dependent variable.
Table 4: Result of ARDL
Variables coefficient Std.Error t-Statistic Prob

C 0.5939 0.0180 32.95 0.000

EDUS 0.0217 0.0042 5.1489 0.0001
STR 0.00746 0.00185 4..026 0.0009
SSR -0.00108 0.0012 -0.855 0.0404
PGA -0.1330 0.0124 -10.7239 0.0000

From the table 4, we concluded that the value of regression coefficient of

education spending per student is 0.0217, which means one-unit increase in
education expenditures as % of GDP will cause to increase HDI by 0.0217%.
Similarly, the coefficient value of STR (student teacher ratio) is 0.0074, which
means there exist a positive and significant relationship between of STR and
HDI, while the coefficient value of SSR (secondary school enrollment) is -
0.010 which means one-unit increase in secondary school enrollment rate will
enhance HDI by 0.0010. The coefficient value of PGA (population growth
annual) is -0.133, which indicates that if one-unit increase in population
growth rate per annum it will have negative effect by -0.133 in HDI. In other
words, HDI will decrease due to increase in population. In our analysis the
estimated coefficient of secondary school enrollment is negative-0.00108.
The basic reason of this variable negative effect on HDI is that students-
teacher ratio is lower so that increase in enrollment will likely to negative
impact on quality of learning.
310 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

4.5 Bound test

Table 5. Results of Bound Test
Test Statistic value Signif. I(0) I(1)

10% 2.2 3.09

F-Statistic
K 11.33 5% 2.56 3.49

2.5% 2.88 3.87

1% 3.29 4.37

In the table 4. we can see the critical values of the upper I (1) and lower bound
I (0). The results show that the value of F –Statistic is 11.33 and it is greater
than the upper bound. The long run relationship between variables exists.
4..6. Error correction Model: Short Run Relationship
Table 6: Results of ECM

Variables Coefficient Std.Error t-Statistic Prob

Δ HDI 0.855 0.061 11.437 0.001
ΔHDL(1) 0.9956 0.0677 14.6858 0.0000
Δ PGA -0.012 0.007 -1.66 0.121
Δ PGA(1) -0.0101 0.008 -1.21 0.041
Δ EDUS -0.0101 0.084 -1.20 0.0013
Δ EDUS(-1) 0.0053 0.0077 1.666 0.040
Δ STR 0.0069 0.0031 2.22 0.0001
Δ STR(-1) 0.0013 0.046 0.57 0.0001
ΔSSR -0.0242 0.004 -0.494 0.0012
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 311
_______________________________________________________

ΔSSR(-1) 0.090 0.043 3.62 0.0035

Coint Eq(-1)* -0.479 0.014 -7.81 0.0000
R² 0.90 D.W 2
Adj.R² 0.82 Prob (F-Statistic) 0.0000
S.E. of regression 0.60 F-statistic 6.99

In table 4.6 the short run results are calculated from Error Correction
Model (ECM) equation. According to the results, the value of ®² is 0.90 and
the value of Adj-®² is 0.82 it means that there is 82% variation in HDI
(dependent variable) with respect one unit change in independent variables.
The value of ECM showed the adjustment of speed. The value of D.W is 2.00
that indicate there is no autocorrelation. The value of R2 shows the model is
goodness of fit to the data and stable in the short run.
4.7 Stability Test:
The Cumulative Sum Recursive Residual (CUSUM) Model is applied to
examine the stability of the model. It is criteria which tells us about our model
is stable or not. If our graph lies between two bounds, then we can say our
model is stable.
312 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
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Figure 6: CUSUM Test

The cumulative sum recursive residuals (CUSUM) model shows the

consistency in the coefficient over the time period. The graphical
representation shows the stability of the model in the study period 1990-2018.
5. FINDINGS AND RESULTS
The overall effect of explanatory variables is statistically significant.
The value of R-Square (®²) is 0.90 that means there is 90 percent variation in
the dependent variable due to independent variables of the model. It means
that the model is goodness of fit to the data. One variable, student enrolment
at secondary school level has negative relationship with HDI which, perhaps,
highlights the fact that in Pakistan students-teacher ratio is very poor and in
case of increase in number of enrollment of students it will become worse. So
there is needs to improve students-teacher ratio. However, investment in
education has positive impact of HDI because it improves level of education
of the student and dissemination of education in the country. Population
growth rate also has negative effect on HDI because increase in population
growth rate per annum will have negative effect on HDI and will reduce it.
 Role of Quality Education in sustainable development of Pakistan 313
_______________________________________________________

6. CONCLUSIONS.
From the above results we can conclude that government should
enhance educational expenditures as percentage of GDP in order to improve
literacy rate, learning facilities, quality of faculty and overall quality of
education. The government should control population growth rate because it
has negative effects on HDI. Students- teacher ratio may be improved through
recruiting the teachers having higher qualification and teaching experience.
Government should gradually shift its focus from improving only literacy rate
to improve quality of education, which is the demand of hours for sustainable
development.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to obtain sustainable development, it is imperative to improve
quality of education through improving students-teachers’ ratio, increasing
educational expenditures as percentage of GDP and controlling population
growth rate to improve Human Development indicators. The government must
focus on social indicators to bring improvement in the lives of the people
rather than focusing on increasing per capita income and GDP growth rate.
314 Abdul Ghafoor Awan, Syeda Fatima Hussain
____________________________________________________________

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CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST

This research work was carried between collaboration of two authors.

Author 1: Prof. Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Awan is his first Ph. D in Economics
from Islamia University of Bahawalpur-Pakistan and second Ph. D is in
Business Administration from University of Sunderland, U.K. He contributed
in this research paper by way of guiding author first about title selection, data
collection and statistical analysis. He edited and gave final shape to the
manuscript. In order to know about his fields of research please look at his
Web of Science Researcher ID M-9196 2015 or his Profile at Google
scholar.
Author 2: Syeda Fatima Hussain is an M.Phil scholar at Department of
Economics, Institute of Southern Punjab. She designed the study, collected
and analyzed data. She also wrote first draft of the manuscript under the
supervision of author 1. She can be reached at alifatimaali9@gmail.com.
Both authors read the manuscript carefully and declared no conflict of
interest with any person or institution.