Framed Structures

Framing means to give shape and support to a structure by combining components in

building. Hence, a framed structure is a structure having the combination of beam,
column and slab to resist the gravity and other lateral loads. These structures are
generally used to overcome the large forces, moments developing due to the applied
loading.

https://gharpedia.com/blog/what-is-a-framed-structure

Component of Framed Structure and Their Role

Frames are generally used in building and are composed of beams and columns that
are either pinned or fixed connected, like trusses. Frames extend in two or three
dimensions. Frames can be of any materials i.e. RCC, steel, wood etc.  In case of
framed structure, the loads of floors, roofs and panel walls are supported by the beams
which ultimately transmit these loads to the columns. In framed structure, load transfer
path is from slab/floor to beam, beam to column and column to footing, i.e. to ground.

Advantages of Framed Structure 

01. Speedy construction is possible due to its simple geometry. It can be constructed

more rapidly than ordinary walled structures.
02. The strength and stability of the structures is more.
03. Multi storied structures can also be constructed.
04. A framed structure is better resistant to vibration. Framed structure can resist
vibrations effectively and hence are ideal for buildings in seismic zones and for factory
building.
05. Framed structures are very rigid and stable. Framed structures are able to resist
tremendous vertical (dead load) as well as lateral loads (wind), earthquake without
substantial deformation/deflection.
Column
A structure as a whole system is divided into number of different parts mainly
comprising of footing, column, beam and slab. Columns are basically vertical members
which span from substructure to superstructure and play a crucial role in transfer of load
from top of structure to bottom footing.
Why do we use a column in a building structure?

The idea is to transfer (Dead and alive) building loads to the ground. This can be
achieved through a couple of methods: arches, dome structures, trusses, etc. Using a
mixture of flat roofs and columns is one of these methods. As the flat roofs don't have
an active form (means that they don't transfer the loads to the ground through their form
and on their own), they need columns as vertical elements to transfer the loads.

Types of Column

The column was classified based as below mentioned.

1. Based on Shape
2. Based on load
3. Based on Slenderness ratio

Column – Based on Shape & Reinforcement

1. Square/Rectangle Column
2. Circular Column
3. Composite/Encased Column
4. T Type Column
5. Y Type Column

Square/Rectangular Column

Most of the building structure was constructed by square or rectangular column.

Significantly both are having same components and it is differ based on its architect
view. These type of column was economically good and easy to do Shuttering, placing
reinforcement & Concrete.
 https://civilplanets.com/types-of-column/ https://theconstructor.org/tips/types-columns-building-c

Circular Column
 We have to consider the following things

1. The bending resistant is higher than square/rectangular column.

2. It occupies the lesser area.
3. Square/rectangular column reinforcement minimum 4 nos of steel will be placed
in the corner but in a circular column provide more than 4 nos.
4. Mostly in building circular column provided for the aesthetic purpose.
5. Economically it is little high to compare to square or rectangular column.
The pile foundation has made by circular column because the drilling made in circular
shape & also these type of column using in bridges construction because of its good
deflection resistance.

https://civilplanets.com/types-of-column/ https://www.ulmaconstruction.com/en/circular-column-formwork-clr
Composite/ Encased Column

A vertical structural element, with a combination of Steel Section & concrete it is called
as Encased or Composite Column. The composite column mostly provided for Truss
structure to avoid the steel corroded by any type of chemical.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CF.1943-5509.0000280

Column – Based on Slenderness Ratio

The length of the column divided by its radius of gyration, it is called Slenderness ratio
of the column. The slenderness ratio is used to find out the buckling stress of the
column. Based on the slenderness ratio the column the differentiated given below.

Long Column

Slenderness ratio of the column is greater than 12 it is called Long Column. The column
may fail on both compression & buckling load.

https://civilplanets.com/types-of-column/
Short column

Slenderness ratio of the column is less than 12 it is called Short column. The short
column may fail by compression stress.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_column

https://www.facebook.com/CivilE
ngDis/posts/1816626878382499
Wood Column

We can see these types of a column in old building nowadays these types of a column
was not used for construction.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/this-office-block-is-australia-s-tallest-wooden-building-7ef06575-f841-4fbb-a03b-d6d33a29cb19/

Steel Column

When the structure was constructed using steel it is called Truss. Most of the production
factory has constructed by Truss structure.

https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Kittens-Found-Stowed-Away-Inside-Steel-Column-San-Diego-Hayward-510014881.html

Construction Process of RCC Column

1. Column layout work

2. Column reinforcement work
3. Column formwork, and
4. Pouring concrete into column
 Placing column reinforcement Splicing of main rod

http://www.civilengineeringforum.me/construction-process-rc-column https://civil4m.com/threads/is-the-lapping-of-bar-done-correctly.239/

Types of ties in column

Rectangular Ties Spiral ties

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CC. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CC.

Steel shuttering Concrete casting

https://www.slideshare.net/Khawwam/chapter-5-reinforced-concrete-columns
 Beam
A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist the lateral loads
applied to the beams axis. The structural member which resists the forces laterally or
transversely applied to the (beam) axis is called beam.
In it, the loads are acting transversely to the longitudinal axis, which produces the shear
forces and bending moment. The lateral load acting on beams are the main cause
bending of the beam. They are responsible to transfer a load from the slab to the
column. The load distribution pattern is,
Slab |> Beam |> Column |> Foundation  
That beam which is connected with the column and this connection is called direct
support while the beam connected with beam and this connection is called indirect
support.

https://www.civilclick.com/what-is-beam/

Types of Beams in Constructions

There are different types of beams which are classified based on the following
conditions

1. Based on Support Conditions

2. Based on Construction Materials
3. Based on Cross-Section Shapes
4. Based on Geometry
5. Based on Equilibrium Condition
6. Based on Method of Construction
7. Others
Based on Support Conditions
1. Simply Supported Beam
It is the one of the simplest structural elements that both ends are rest on supports
but are free to rotate. It contains pinned support at one end and roller support at the
other end. On the basis of assign load, it sustains shearing and bending.

2. Fixed Beam
It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. It is also called a built-in beam.
The fixed ends produce fixing moments other than the reactions.

3. Cantilever Beam
If a beam is fixed at one end and set to be free at the end, it is termed as cantilever
beam. The beam distribute the load back to the support where it is forced against with a
moment and shear stress. Cantilever beams allow the creation of a bay window,
balconies, and some bridges.

4. Continuous Beam
A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed along its entire length.

Based on Construction Materials

1. Reinforced Concrete Beams 

2. Steel Beams
3. Timber beams
4. Composite Beams
 Slab

A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal

surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick
and supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.

Concrete slabs can be prefabricated off-site and lowered into place or may be

poured in-situ using formwork. If reinforcement is required, slabs can be pre-stressed or
the concrete can be poured over rebar positioned within the formwork.

Different Types of concrete slabs in construction:-

Based on length and breadth of Conventional Slab is classified into two types:

1. One-Way Slab
2. Two-Way Slab

1. One Way Slab:

One way slab is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load along
one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2,
considered as One-way slab. In this type slab will bend in one direction i.e in the
direction along its shorter span. However minimum reinforcement known as distribution
steel is provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the
load uniformly and to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses.

https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/
Two Way Slab

Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer
span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2. In two way slabs, load will be carried in both
the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both directions for two way slabs.

https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/

Discussion:-

1. We teach this chapter what is frame structures.

2. We know element of frame structures.
3. We learn advantages of frame structures
4. We learn what is column and why need column in frame structures.
5. There are many types of column we know this chapter
6. Construction process of RCC column we learn this chapter
7. We knew what is beam and also there are many types of beam
8. We knew slab and different of slab in this chapter.

References:-

1. https://gharpedia.com/blog/what-is-a-framed-structure/

2. https://civilplanets.com/types-of-column/
3. https://www.ulmaconstruction.com/en/formwork/wall-formwork-column-
formwork/circular-column-formwork-clr

4. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CF.1943-5509.0000280

5. https://www.facebook.com/CivilEngDis/posts/1816626878382499

6. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/this-office-block-is-australia-s-tallest-
wooden-building-7ef06575-f841-4fbb-a03b-d6d33a29cb19/

7. http://dailycivil.com/r-c-c-beam-slab-floor/

8. https://sonamshivam123.wixsite.com/civilengg-notes/single-
post/2017/01/28/CLASSIFICATION-OF-BEAMS/