Unit - Iv: Limt State Design of Columns

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LECTURE NOTES
UNIT – IV
LIMT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS
CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR
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Design of Columns
Introduction: A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which

exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members, whose lengths do not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete. A column
forms a very important component of a structure. Columns support beams which in turn
support walls and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse
of the structure. The design of a column should therefore receive importance.
A column is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive loads, with or without
moments. The cross-sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than
its height. Columns support vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads
to the foundations.
The more general terms compression members and members subjected to combined axial
load and bending are sometimes used to refer to columns, walls, and members in concrete
trusses or frames. These may be vertical, inclined, or horizontal. A column is a special case
of a compression member that is vertical. Stability effects must be considered in the design
of compression members.
Classification of columns
A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:
Based on shape
Rectangle
Square
Circular
Polygon
L type
T type
+type
1. Based on slenderness ratio or height
Short column and Long column or Short and Slender Compression Members
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
namely lex/D and ley/b are less than 12: Where lex= effective length in respect of the
major axis, D= depth in respect of the major axis, ley= effective length in respect of
the minor axis, and b = width of the member.
It shall otherwise be considered as a slender or long compression member.
The great majority of concrete columns are sufficiently stocky (short) that slenderness can be
ignored. Such columns are referred to as short columns. Short column generally fails by
crushing of concrete due to axial force. If the moments induced by slenderness effects weaken
a column appreciably, it is referred to as a slender column or a long column. Long columns
generally fail by bending effect than due to axial effect. Long column carry less load
compared to long column.
3. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
Tied columns with ties as laterals

columns with Spiral steel as laterals or spiral columns
Majority of columns in any buildings are tied columns. In a tied column the longitudinal bars
are tied together with smaller bars at intervals up the column. Tied columns may be square,
rectangular, L-shaped, circular, or any other required shape. Occasionally, when high strength
and/or high ductility are required, the bars are placed in a circle, and the ties are replaced by
a bar bent into a helix or spiral. Such a column, called a spiral column. Spiral columns are
generally circular, although square or polygonal shapes are sometimes used. The spiral acts
to restrain the lateral expansion of the column core under high axial loads and, in doing so,
delays the failure of the core, making the column more ductile. Spiral columns are used more
extensively in seismic regions. If properly designed, spiral column carry 5% extra load at
failure compared to similar tied column.
4. Based on type of loading
Axially loaded column or centrally or concentrically loaded column (Pu)

A column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending (P u + Mux) or (P + Muy)
A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending (P u + Mux + Muy)
Based on materials
Timber, stone, masonry, RCC, PSC, Steel, aluminium , composite column
RCC-Tied RCC spiral Composite columns
Behavior of Tied and Spiral Columns
Figure shows a portion of the core of a spiral column. Under a compressive load, the concrete
in this column shortens longitudinally under the stress and so, to satisfy Poisson’s ratio, it
expands laterally. In a spiral column, the lateral expansion of the concrete inside the spiral
(referred to as the core) is restrained by the spiral. This stresses the spiral in tension. For
equilibrium, the concrete is subjected to lateral compressive stresses. In a tied column in a
non seismic region, the ties are spaced roughly the width of the column apart and, as a result,
provide relatively little lateral restraint to the core. Outward pressure on the sides of the ties
due to lateral expansion of the core merely bends them outward, developing an insignificant
hoop-stress effect. Hence, normal ties have little effect on the strength of the core in a tied
column. They do, however, act to reduce the unsupported length of the longitudinal bars,
thus reducing the danger of buckling of those bars as the bar stress approaches yield. load-
deflection diagrams for a tied column and a spiral column subjected to axial loads is shown
in figure. The initial parts of these diagrams are similar. As the maximum load is reached,
vertical cracks and crushing develop in the concrete shell outside the ties or spiral, and this
concrete spalls off. When this occurs in a tied column, the capacity of the core that remains
is less than the load on the column. The concrete core is crushed, and the reinforcement
buckles outward between ties. This occurs suddenly, without warning, in a brittle manner.
When the shell spalls off a spiral column, the column does not fail immediately because the
strength of the core has been enhanced by the triaxial stresses resulting from the effect of
the spiral reinforcement. As a result, the column can undergo large deformations, eventually
reaching a second maximum load, when the spirals yield and the column finally collapses.
Such a failure is much more ductile than that of a tied column and gives warning of the
impending failure, along with possible load redistribution to other members. Due to this,
spiral column carry little more load than the tied column to an extent of about 5%. Spiral
columns are used when ductility is important or where high loads make it economical to
utilize the extra strength. Both columns are in the same building and have undergone the
same deformations. The tied column has failed completely, while the spiral column,
although badly damaged, is still supporting a load. The very minimal ties were inadequate
to confine the core concrete. Had the column ties been detailed according to ACI Code, the
column will perform better as shown.
Specifications for covers and reinforcement in column
For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be less
than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of columns of minimum
dimension of 200 mm or under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal
cover of 25 mm may be used. For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.
Nominal Cover in mm to meet durability requirements based on exposure
Mild 20, Moderate 30, Severe 45, Very severe 50, Extreme 75
Nominal cover to meet specified period of fire resistance for all fire rating 0.5 to 4 hours is
40 mm for columns only
Effective length of compression member
Column or strut is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times
the least lateral dimension. For normal usage assuming idealized conditions, the effective
length of in a given plane may be assessed on the basis of Table 28 of IS: 456-2000.
Following terms are required.
Following are the end restraints:
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends
Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one end
Effectively held in position at both ends, but not restrained against rotation
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and at the
other restrained against rotation but not held in position
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in one end, and at the
other partially restrained against rotation but not held in position
Effectively held in position at one end but not restrained against rotation, and at
the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but not held in
position nor restrained against rotation at the other end
Table.Effective length of compression member
Theo. Reco.
Sl. Figure Value of Value of
No. Degree of End Restraint of Compression Members Effective Effective
Length Length
1 Effectively held in position and restrained against 0.50 l 0.65l

rotation in both ends
2 Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained 0.70 l 0.80l

against rotation at one end
3 1.0 l 1.0l
Effectively held in position at both ends, but not restrained against rotation
Effectively held in position and restrained against

4 rotation at one end, and at the other restrained against rotation but not held in 1.0 l 1.20l
position

5 1.5l
rotation in one end, and at the other partially

restrained against rotation but not held in position
Effectively held in position at one end but not
6 restrained against rotation, and at the other end restrained against rotation but not 2.0 l 2.0l
held in position

7 rotation at one end but not held in position nor restrained against rotation at the 2.0 l 2.0l
other end
Unsupported Length
The unsupported length, l, of a compression member shall be taken as the clear distance
between end restraints (visible height of column). Exception to this is for flat slab
construction, beam and slab construction, and columns restrained laterally by struts (Ref.
IS:456-2000),
Slenderness Limits for Columns
The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral
dimension of a column.
If in any given plane, one end of a column is unrestrained, its unsupported length, l, shall 2
not exceed 100b /D, where b = width of that cross-section, and D= depth of the crosssection
measured in the plane under consideration.
Specifications as per IS: 456-2000
Longitudinal reinforcement
1. The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8
percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional area of the column.
2. NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing
and compacting of concrete; hence lower percentage is recommended. Where
bars from the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column under
consideration, the percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
3. In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete
required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
4. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in

rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
5. The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter
6. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six
bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
7. In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
8. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300 mm.
9. In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken in account

in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15
percent of the cross-sectional area shall be provided.
Longitudinal Bar
Φ1 ≥ 12 mm
Lateral ties
Φ2 ≥ ¼ Φ1
Spacing or pitch
≥ 5mm of lateral ties
Cover to Lateral
ties as per IS:
456-2000
Transverse reinforcement
A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement

so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral
support against buckling.
The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of
circular rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties)
with internal angles not exceeding 135°. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be
properly anchored.
Arrangement of transverse reinforcement
If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go round corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providing
effective lateral supports (Ref. IS:456).
If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the
tie are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudin al bars in between these bars
need to be tied in one direction by open ties (Ref. IS:456).
Pitch and diameter of lateral ties
1) Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the
following distances:
i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members;
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied;
and iii) 300 mm.
2) Diameter-The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than
onefourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm.
Helical reinforcement
1) Pitch-Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced
evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the
spiral bar. Where an increased load on the column on the strength of the helical
reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of helical turns shall be not more than 7.5 mm, nor
more than one-sixth of the core diameter of the column, nor less than 25 mm, nor less than
three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix.
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: COMPRESSION
Assumptions
1. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
2. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section
shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.
In addition the following assumptions of flexure are also required
3. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
4. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as

0.0035 in bending.
5. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test.
6. An acceptable stress strain curve is given in IS:456-200. For design purposes, the
compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristic strength. The partial safety factor y of 1.5 shall be applied in addition to
this.
7. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
8. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve
for the type of steel used. Typical curves are given in IS:456-2000. For design
purposes the partial safety factor equal to 1.15 shall be applied.
Minimum eccentricity
As per IS:456-2000, all columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal to the
unsupported length of column/ 500 plus lateral dimensions/30, subject to a minimum of 20
mm. Where bi-axial bending is considered, it is sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds
the minimum about one axis at a time.
Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression
The member shall be designed by considering the assumptions given in 39.1 and the minimum
eccentricity. When the minimum eccentricity as per 25.4 does not exceed 0.05 times the
lateral dimension, the members may be designed by the following equation:
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Pu = axial load on the member, fck =

characteristic compressive strength of the
concrete, Ac = area of concrete, fy = characteristic strength of
the compression reinforcement, and As = area of longitudinal
reinforcement for columns.
Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement
The strength of compression members with helical reinforcement satisfying the requirement
of IS: 456 shall be taken as 1.05 times the strength of similar member with lateral ties.
The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less
than
Vhs / Vc > 0.36 (Ag/Ac – 1) fck/fy
Ag = gross area of the section,

Ac = area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of
the helix,
fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, and fy = characteristic strength
of the helical reinforcement but not exceeding 415 N/mm.
Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending
Use of Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams as Design Aids Design

Charts (for Uniaxial Eccentric Compression) in SP-16
The design Charts (non-dimensional interaction curves) given in the Design Handbook, SP :
16 cover the following three cases of symmetrically arranged reinforcement :
(a) Rectangular sections with reinforcement distributed equally on two sides (Charts 27 – 38):
the ‘two sides’ refer to the sides parallel to the axis of bending; there are no inner rows of
bars, and each outer row has an area of 0.5As this includes the simple 4–bar configuration.
(b) Rectangular sections with reinforcement distributed equally on four sides (Charts 39 –
50): two outer rows (with area 0.3As each) and four inner rows (with area 0.1As each)
have been considered in the calculations ; however, the use of these Charts can be extended,
without significant error, to cases of not less than two inner rows (with a minimum area 0.3A
in each outer row). s
(c) Circular column sections (Charts 51 – 62): the Charts are applicable for circular sections
with at least six bars (of equal diameter) uniformly spaced circumferentially.
Corresponding to each of the above three cases, there are as many as 12 Charts available 1
covering the 3 grades of steel (Fe 250, Fe 415, Fe 500), with 4 values of d / D ratio for each
1 grade (namely 0.05,
.0.10, 0.15, 0.20). For intermediate values of d / D, linear interpolation may be done. Each of
the 12 Charts of SP-16 covers a family of non-dimensional design interaction curves with
p/fck values ranging from 0.0 to 0.26.
From this, percentage of steel (p) can be found. Find the area of steel and provide the required
number of bars with proper arrangement of steel as shown in the chart.
Typical interaction curve
Salient Points on the Interaction Curve

The salient points, marked 1 to 5 on the interaction curve correspond to the failure strain
profiles, marked 1 to 5 in the above figure.
The point 1 in figure corresponds to the condition of axial loading with e = 0. For this
case of ‘pure’ axial compression.
The point 11 in figure corresponds to the condition of axial loading with the mandatory
minimum eccentricity emin prescribed by the Code.
The point 3 in figure corresponds to the condition xu = D, i.e., e = eD. For e < eD, the
entire section is under compression and the neutral axis is located outside the section
(xu > D), with 0.002 < εcu < 0.0035. For e > eD, the NA is located within the section
(xu < D) and εcu = 0.0035 at the ‘highly compressed edge’.
The point 4 in figure corresponds to the balanced failure condition, with e = e b and xu
= xu, b . The design strength values for this ‘balanced failure’ condition are denoted as
Pub and Mub.

The point 5 in figure corresponds to a ‘pure’ bending condition (e = ∞, PuR = 0);
the resulting ultimate moment of resistance is denoted M uo and the corresponding
NA depth takes on a minimum value xu, min.
Procedure for using of Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams as Design Aids to find

steel
Given:
Size of column, Grade of concrete, Grade of steel (otherwise assume suitably)
Factored load and Factored moment
Assume arrangement of reinforcement: On two sides or on four sides

Assume moment due to minimum eccentricity to be less than the actual moment Assume
suitable axis of bending based on the given moment (xx or yy) Assuming suitable
diameter of longitudinal bars and suitable nominal cover
1. Find d1/D from effective cover d1

2. Find non dimensional parameters Pu/fckbD and Mu/fckbD2
3. Referring to appropriate chart from S-16, find p/fck and hence the percentage
of reinforcement, p
4. Find steel from, As = p bD/100
5. Provide proper number and arrangement for steel
6. Design suitable transverse steel
7. Provide neat sketch
Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on
the basis of assumptions given in IS:456 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the
equilibrium of load and moments about two axes. Alternatively such members may be
designed by the following equation: αn αn
[Mux/Mux1] + [Muy/Muy1] ≤ 1, where
Mux and My = moments about x and y axes due to design loads,
Mux1 and My1 = maximum uni-axial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending about x and y
axes respectively, and αn is related to Pu /Puz, where Puz = 0.45 fck .Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu /Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0. For values
less than 0.2 and greater than 0.8, it is taken as 1 and 2 respectively
NOTE -The design of member subject to combined axial load and uniaxial bending will
involve lengthy calculation by trial and error. In order to overcome these difficulties
interaction diagrams may be used. These have been prepared and published by BIS in SP:16
titled Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456-2000.
IS:456-2000 Code Procedure
1. Given P u, Mux, Muy, grade of concrete and steel
2. Verify that the eccentricities ex = Mux/Pu and ey = Muy/Pu are not less than
the corresponding minimum eccentricities as per IS:456-2000 3. Assume a trial section
for the column (square, rectangle or circular).
4. Determine Mux1 and Muy1, corresponding to the given Pu (using appropriate curve
from SP-16 design aids)
5. Ensure that Mux1 and Muy1 are significantly greater than Mux and Muy respectively;
otherwise, suitably redesign the section.
6. Determine Puz and hence αn
7. Check the adequacy of the section using interaction equation. If necessary, redesign
the section and check again.
Slender Compression Members: The design of slender compression members shall be

based on the forces and the moments determined from an analysis of the structure, including
the effect of deflections on moments and forces. When the effects of deflections are not taken
into account in the analysis, additional moment given in 39.7.1 shall be taken into account in
the appropriate direction.
Problems
1. Determine the load carrying capacity of a column of size 300 x 400 mm reinforced
with six rods of 20 mm diameter i.e, 6-#20. The grade of concrete and steel are M20
and Fe 415 respectively. Assume that the column is short.
fck = 20 MPa, fy= 415 MPa 2 2

Area of steel ASC = 6 x π x 20 /4 = 6 x 314 = 1884 mm Percentage
of steel = 100Asc/bD = 100x1884/300x400 = 1.57 % 2 Area of
concrete Ac = Ag – Asc = 300 x 400 – 1884 = 118116 mm
Ultimate load carried by the column Pu
= 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
0.4x20x118116 + 0.67x415x1884
944928 + 523846 = 1468774 N = 1468. 8 kN
Therefore the safe load on the column = 1468.8 /1.5 = 979.2 kN
2. Determine the steel required to carry a load of 980kN on a rectangular column of

size 300 x 400 mm. The grade of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe 415 respectively.
Assume that the column is short.
fck = 20 MPa, fy= 415 MPa, P = 980

kN Area of steel A SC = ?
Area of concrete Ac = Ag – Asc = (300 x 400 – ASC)
Ultimate load carried by the column

980 x 1.5 x 1000 = 0.4x20x (300 x 400 – ASC) + 0.67x415 ASC
= 960000 - 8 ASC + 278.06 ASC
2
ASC =1888.5 mm ,
Percentage of steel = 100Asc/bD = 100x1888.5 /300x400 = 1.57 % which is more than 0.8%
and less than 6% and therefore ok.
Use 20 mm dia. bas, No. of bars = 1888.5/314 = 6.01 say 6
3. Design a square or circular column to carry a working load of 980kN. The grade of
concrete and steel are M20 and Fe 415 respectively. Assume that the column is short.
Let us assume 1.0% steel (1 to 2%)

Say ASC = 1.0% Ag =1/100 Ag = 0.01Ag f
ck = 20 MPa, fy= 415 MPa, P = 980 kN
Area of concrete Ac = Ag – Asc = Ag -0.01Ag = 0.99 Ag

980 x 1.5 x 1000 = 0.4x20x 0.99 Ag + 0.67x415 x 0.01Ag =
7.92 Ag + 2.78 Ag =10.7Ag
2 Ag = 137383 mm
Let us design a square column: B = D

= √ Ag =370.6 mm say 375 x 375 mm
This is ok. However this size cannot take the minimum eccentricity of 20 mm as e min/D
= 20/375 =0.053 > 0.05. To restrict the eccentricity to 20 mm, the required size is 400x
400 mm.
2
Area of steel required is Ag = 1373.8 mm . Provide 4 bar of 22 mm diameter. Steel
2
provided is 380 x 4 = 1520 mm
Actual percentage of steel = 100Asc/bD = 100x1520 /400x400 = 0.95 % which is more than
0.8% and less than 6% and therefore ok.
Design of Transverse steel:
Diameter of tie = ¼ diameter of main steel = 22/4 =5.5mm or 6 mm, whichever is greater.
Provide 6 mm.
Spacing: < 300 mm, < 16 x22 = 352mm, < LLD = 400mm. Say 300mm c/c
Design of circular column:
2
Here Ag = 137383 mm
2
π x D /4 = Ag, D= 418.2 mm say 420 mm. This satisfy the minimum eccentricity of 20m2 Also
provide 7 bars of 16 mm, 7 x 201 = 1407 mm
Dia of tie = ¼ dia of main steel = 16/4 = 4 mm or 6 mm, whichever is greater. Provide 6 mm.
Spacing: < 300 mm, < 16 x16 = 256 mm, < LLD = 420mm. Say 250 mm c/c
4. Design a rectangular column to carry an ultimate load of 2500kN. The unsupported

length of the column is 3m. The ends of the column are effectively held in position and
also restrained against rotation. The grade of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe
415 respectively.
Given:
fck = 20 MPa, fy= 415 MPa, Pu = 2500kN
Let us assume 1.0% steel (1 to 2%) Say

ASC = 1.0% Ag =1/100 Ag = 0.01Ag

2500 x 1000 = 0.4x20x 0.99 Ag + 0.67x415 x 0.01Ag =
7.92 Ag + 2.78 Ag =10.7Ag 2
Ag = 233645 mm
If it is a square column:
B = D = √ Ag =483 mm. However provide rectangular column of size 425 x 550mm.

2
The area provided=333750 mm
2 2
Area of steel = 2336 mm , Also provide 8 bars of 20 mm, 6 x 314 = 2512 mm
Check for shortness: Ends are fixed. lex = ley = 0.65 l = 0.65 x 3000 = 1950 mm
lex /D= 1950/550 < 12, and ley /b = 1950/425 < 12, Column is short
Check for minimum eccentricity:
In the direction of longer direction
emin, x = lux/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 550/30 = 24.22mm or 20mm whichever is greater.
emin, x = 24.22 mm < 0.05D = 0.05 x 550 =27.5 mm. O.K
In the direction of shorter direction
emin, y= luy/500 + b/30 = 3000/500 + 425/30 = 20.17 mm or 20mm whichever is greater.
emin, x = 20.17 mm < 0.05b = 0.05 x 425 =21.25 mm. O.K
Dia of tie = ¼ dia of main steel = 20/4 = 5 mm or 6 mm, whichever is greater. Provide 6 mm
or 8 mm.
5. Design a circular column with ties to carry an ultimate load of 2500kN. The
unsupported length of the column is 3m. The ends of the column are effectively held
in position but not against rotation. The grade of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe
415 respectively.
Given:
fck = 20 MPa, fy= 415 MPa, Pu = 2500kN
Let us assume 1.0% steel (1 to 2%)

Say A SC = 1.0% Ag =1/100 Ag = 0.01Ag

2500 x 1000 = 0.4x20x 0.99 Ag + 0.67x415 x 0.01Ag =
7.92 Ag + 2.78 Ag =10.7Ag 2
Ag = 233645 mm
2
π x D /4 = Ag, D = 545.4 mm say 550 mm.
2 2
Area of steel = 2336 mm , Also provide 8 bars of 20 mm, 6 x 314 = 2512 mm
Check for shortness: Ends are hinged lex = ley = l = 3000 mm
lex /D= 3000/550 < 12, and ley /b = 3000/425 < 12, Column is short
Here, emin, x = emin, y = lux/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 550/30 = 24.22mm or 20mm whichever
is greater.
emin = 24.22 mm < 0.05D = 0.05 x 550 =27.5 mm. O.K
Diameter of tie = ¼ dia of main steel = 20/4 = 5 mm or 6 mm, whichever is greater. Provide
6 mm or 8 mm.
Similarly square column can be designed.
If the size of the column provided is less than that provided above, then the minimum
eccentricity criteria are not satisfied. Then emin is more and the column is to be designed as
uni axial bending case or bi axial bending case as the case may be. This situation arises
when more steel is provided ( say 2% in this case).
Try to solve these problems by using SP 16 charts, though not mentioned in the syllabus.
6. Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm × 600 mm, subject to an axial
load of 2000 kN under service dead and live loads. The column has an unsupported
length of 3.0m and its ends are held in position but not in direction. Use M 20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Given: lu= 3000 mm, b = 450 mm, D = 600 mm, P =2000kN, M20, Fe415
Check for shortness: Ends are fixed. lex = ley = l = 3000 mm
lex /D= 3000/600 < 12, and ley /b = 3000/450< 12, Column is short
In the direction of longer direction
emin, x = lux/500 + D/30 = 3000/500 + 600/30 = 26 mm or 20mm whichever is greater.

emin, x = 26 mm < 0.05D = 0.05 x 600 =30 mm. O.K
In the direction of shorter direction
emin, y= luy/500 + b/30 = 3000/500 + 450/30 = 21 mm or 20mm whichever is
greater. emin, x = 21 mm < 0.05b = 0.05 x 450 =22.5 mm. O.K
Minimum eccentricities are within the limits and hence code formula for axially loaded short
columns can be used.
Factored Load
P = service load × partial load factor u

= 2000 × 1.5 = 3000 kN
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc or Pu = 0.4
fck Ac + (0.67 fy - 0.4fck) Asc
3
3000 × 10 = 0.4 × 20 × (450 × 600) + (0.67 × 415–0.4 × 20)Asc
3
= 2160×10 + 270.05Asc
3 2
⇒ Asc = (3000–2160) × 10 /270.05 = 3111 mm

In view of the column dimensions (450 mm, 600 mm), it is necessary to place intermediate
bars, in addition to the 4 corner bars:
2
Provide 4–25φ at corners ie, 4 × 491 = 1964 mm 2 and 4–20φ
additional ie, 4 × 314 = 1256 mm
2 2
Asc = 3220 mm > 3111 mm
p = (100×3220) / (450×600) = 1.192 > 0.8 (minimum steel), OK.
Design of transverse steel
Diameter of tie = ¼ diameter of main steel = 25/4 =6.25 mm or 6 mm, whichever is greater.
Provide 6 mm.
Spacing: < 300 mm, < 16 x 20 = 320 mm, < LLD = 450mm. Say 300 mm c/c
Sketch:
Thus provide ties 8mm @ 300 mm c/c
Example: Square Column with Uniaxial Bending
7. Determine the reinforcement to be provided in a square column subjected to

uniaxial bending with the following data:
Size of column 450 x 450 mm Concrete
mix M 25
2
Characteristic strength of steel 415 N/mm
Factored load 2500 kN
Factored moment 200 kN.m
Arrangement of reinforcement:
(a) On two sides
( b) On four sides
Assume moment due to minimum eccentricity to be less than the actual moment
Assuming 25 mm bars with 40 mm cover,
d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
1
d /D = 52.5/450- 0.12
1
Charts for d /D = 0.15 will be used
Pu/fckbD = (2500 x 1000)/ (25 x 450 x 450) = 0.494
2 6 2
Mu/fckbD =200 x 10 /(25 x 450 x 450 ) = 0.088
a) Reinforcement on two
sides,
Referring to Chart 33,

p/fck = 0.09
p
Percentage of reinforcement,
= 0.09 x 25 = 2.25 %
As = p
bD/100 = 2.25 x 450 x
2 450/100
= 4556 mm
b) Reinforcement on four
sides from Chart 45,
p/fck = 0.10 p = 0.10 x
25 = 2.5 %
2 As
= 2.5 x 450 x 450/100 = 5063 mm
8. Example: Circular Column with Uniaxial Bending Determine the

reinforcement to be provided in a circular column with the following
data:
Diameter of column 500 mm
Grade of concrete M20
Characteristic strength 250
2
N/mm Factored load 1600 kN
Factored moment 125 kN.m
Lateral reinforcement :
(a) Hoop reinforcement (b)
Helical reinforcement
(Assume moment due to minimum eccentricity to be less than the actual moment).
Assuming 25 mm bars with 40 mm cover,1
d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
1
d /D – 52.5/50 = 0.105 Charts for d’/D

= 0.10 will be used.
(a) Column with hoop reinforcement
Pu/fck D D = (1600 x 1000)/ (20 x 500 x 500) = 0.32
2 6 2
Mu/fck D x D =125 x 10 /(20 x 500 x 500 ) = 0.05
Referring to Chart 52, for fy = 250
2
N/mm p/fck = 0.87
Percentage of reinforcement, p
= 0.87 x 20 = 1.74 %
As = 1.74 x (π x 5002/4)/100 = 3416 mm 2
(b) Column with Helical Reinforcement
According to 38.4 of the Code, the strength of a compression member with helical
reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of a similar member with lateral ties. Therefore,
the, given load and moment should be divided by 1.05 before referring to the chart.
Pu/fck D D = (1600/1.05 x 1000)/ (20 x 500 x 500) = 0.31
2 6 2
Mu/fck D x D =125/1.05 x 10 /(20 x 500 x 500 ) = 0.048
2
Hence, From Chart 52, for f y = 250 N/mm , p/fck
= 0.078
p = 0.078 x 20 = 1.56 %
2
As = 1.56 x( π x 500 x 500/4 )/100 = 3063 cm
According to 38.4.1 of the Code the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume
of the core shall not be less than
0.36 (Ag/Ac - 1) x fck /fy
where Ag is the gross area of the section and Ac is the area of the core measured to the outside
diameter of the helix. Assuming 8 mm dia bars for the helix,
Core diameter = 500 - 2 (40 - 8) = 436 mm
Ag/AC = 500/436 = 1.315
0.36 (Ag/Ac - 1) x fck /fy = 0.36(0.315) 20/250 =0.0091
Volume of helical reinforcement / Volume of core
= Ash π x 428 /( π/4 x 4362) sh
0.9 Ash / sh
where, Ash is the area of the bar forming the helix and sh is the pitch of the helix.
In order to satisfy the coda1 requirement,
0.09 Ash / sh ≥ 0.0091
For 8 mm dia bar, sh ≤ 0.09 x 50 / 0.0091 = 49.7 mm. Thus

provide 48 mm pitch
Example: Rectangular column with Biaxial Bending
9. Determine the reinforcement to be provided in a short column subjected to biaxial

bending, with the following data:
size of column = 400 x 600
mm Concrete mix = M15
Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 415
2
kN
N/mm Factored load, Pu = 1600
Factored moment acting parallel to the larger dimension, Mux =120 kNm Factored
moment acting parallel to the shorter dimension, Muy = 90 kNm Moments due to
minimum eccentricity are less than the values given above.
Reinforcement is distributed equally on four sides.

As a first trial assume the reinforcement percentage, p =
1.2% p/fck = 1.2/15 = 0.08
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about xx-axis :
1
d /D = 52.5 /600 = 0.088
Chart for d’/D = 0.1 will be used.
Pu/fck b D = (1600 x 1000)/ (15 x 400 x 600) = 0.444
Referring to chart 44
2
Mu/fck b x D = 0.09
2
Mux1 = 0.09 x 15 x 400 x 600 ) = 194.4 kN.m
Uni-axial moment capacity of the section about yy axis :
1
d /D = 52.5 /400 = 0.131
1
Chart for d /D =0.15 will be used.
Referring to Chart 45,
2
Mu/fck b x D = 0.083
2
Mux1 = 0.083 x 15 x 600 x 400 ) = 119.52 kN.m
Calculation of Puz :
Referring to Chart 63 corresponding to
p = 1.2, fy = 415 and fck = 15, P uz/Ag
= 10.3
Puz = 10.3 x 400 x 600 = 2472 kN
Mux/Mux1 = 120/194.4 =0.62

Muy/Muy1=90/119.52 = 0.75
Pu /Puz =1600/2472 = 0.65
Referring to Churn 64, the permissible value of Mux/Mux1 corresponding to Muy/Muy1 and
Pu /Puz is equal to 0.58 The actual value of 0.62 is only slightly higher than the value
read from the Chart.
This can be made up by slight increase in reinforcement.
Using Boris load contour equation as per IS:456-2000
Pu /Puz = 0.65 thus, αn = 1 + [(2-1) / (0.8 - 0.2)] (0.65-0.2) = 1.75
1.75 1.75
[0.62 ] + [0.75] = 1.04 slightly greater than 1 and slightly unsafe. This can be made
up by slight increase in reinforcement say 1.3%
2
Thus provide As = 1.3x400x600/100 = 3120 mm
Provide 1.3 % of steel p/fck

= 1.3/15 = 0.086
1
d /D = 52.5 /600 = 0.088 = 0.1
From chart 44
2
2
Mux1 = 0.095 x 15 x 400 x 600 ) = 205.2 kN.m
Referring to Chart 45, 2

2
Mux1 = 0.085 x 15 x 600 x 400 ) = 122.4 kN.m
Chart 63 : Puz/Ag = 10.4 Puz = 10.4

x 400 x 600 = 2496 kN
Mux/Mux1 = 120/205.2 =0.585

Muy/Muy1=90/122.4 = 0.735 Pu
/Puz =1600/2496 = 0.641
Referring to Chart 64, the permissible value of Mux/Mux1 corresponding to Muy/Muy1 and Pu
/Puz is equal to 0.60
Hence the section is O.K.
Using Boris load contour equation as per IS:456-2000
Pu /Puz = 0.641 thus, αn = 1 + [(2-1) / (0.8 - 0.2)] (0.641-0.2) = 1.735
1.735 1.735
[120/205.2] + [90/122.4] = 0.981 ≤ 1 Thus OK
2 2
As = 3120 mm . Provide 10 bars of 20 mm dia. Steel provided is 314 x 10 = 3140 mm
Design of transverse steel: Provide 8 mm dia stirrups at 300 mm c/c as shown satisfying the
requirements of IS: 456-2000
10. Verify the adequacy of the short column section 500 mm x 300 mm under the
following load conditions:
action curves of SP 16
Pu = 1400 kN, Mux = 125 kNm, Muy = 75 kNm. The design inter
should be used. Assume that the column is a ‘short column’ and the eccentricity due to
moments is greater than the minimum eccentricity.
Solution:
2 Given: D = 500 mm, b
= 300 mm, A = 2946 mm M = 125 kNm, M = 75 kNm, f = 25
x s ux uy ck
MPa, f = 415 MPa

y
Applied eccentricities
3
125 × 10 /1400 = 89.3 mm
ex = Mux/Pu = 3 ⇒ ex/Dx = 0.179
ey = Muy/Pu = 75 × 10 /1400 = 53.6 mm ⇒ ey/Dy = 0.179

These eccentricities for the short column are clearly not less than the minimum eccentricities
specified by the Code.
Uniaxial moment capacities: Mux1, Muy1

As determined in the earlier example, corresponding to P = 1400 kN,
u
M = 187 kNm
ux1
Muy1 = 110 kNm

Values of Puz and αn
Puz = 0.45fck Ag + (0.75fy – 0.45fck)Asc
= (0.45 × 25 × 300 × 500) + (0.75 × 415 – 0.45 × 25)×2946
= (1687500 + 883800)N = 2571 kN
Pu/Puz = 1400/2571 = 0.545 (which lies between 0.2 and 0.8)
αn = 1.575
Check safety under biaxial bending
1.575 1
[125/187] + [75/110]
= 0.530 + 0.547
= 1.077 > 1.0 Hence,
almost ok.

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LIMT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Introduction: A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on slenderness ratio or height

It shall otherwise be considered as a slender or long compression member.

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

3. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement

Tied columns with ties as laterals

4. Based on type of loading

Axially loaded column or centrally or concentrically loaded column (Pu)

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

RCC-Tied RCC spiral Composite columns

Behavior of Tied and Spiral Columns

Specifications for covers and reinforcement in column

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Nominal Cover in mm to meet durability requirements based on exposure

Effective length of compression member

Following are the end restraints:

Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends

1 Effectively held in position and restrained against 0.50 l 0.65l

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

2 Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained 0.70 l 0.80l

Effectively held in position and restrained against

Effectively held in position and restrained against

rotation in one end, and at the other partially

Effectively held in position at one end but not

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Effectively held in position and restrained against

Slenderness Limits for Columns

Specifications as per IS: 456-2000

4. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

5. The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter

9. In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken in account

A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Arrangement of transverse reinforcement

Pitch and diameter of lateral ties

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: COMPRESSION

In addition the following assumptions of flexure are also required

3. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

4. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as

7. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Pu = axial load on the member, fck =

Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement

Vhs / Vc > 0.36 (Ag/Ac – 1) fck/fy

Ag = gross area of the section,

Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending

Use of Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams as Design Aids Design

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR

Typical interaction curve

Salient Points on the Interaction Curve

CE6505 / DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS V SEM/III YEAR