CONTENTS

1-INTRODUCTION
2-OBJECTIVES OF LOAD FLOW STUDY
3- BUS CLASSIFICATION
#GENERATOR BUS
#LOAD BUS
#SLACK BUS
4-WHY Y BUS IS PREFERRED?
5-GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD
6-FURTHER WORK TO BE DONE
7-CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

In a three phase ac power system active and reactive

power flows from the generating station to the load
through different network buses and branches.
The flow of active and reactive power is called power
flow or load flow. Power flow studies provide a
systematic mathematical approach for determination of
various bus voltages, there phase angle active and
reactive power flows through different branches,
generators and loads under steady state condition.
Power flow analysis is used to determine the steady state
operating condition of a power system.
Power flow analysis is widely used by power distribution
professional during the planning and operation of power
distribution systems.
There three methods for load flow studies mainly
# Gauss siedel method
# Newton raphson method
# Fast decoupled method.

OBJECTIVE OF LOAD FLOW STUDY

1- This information is essential for continuous
monitoring of the current state of system.
2- Power flow analysis is very important in planning
stages of new network or addition to existing ones
like adding new generator sites, meeting increase
load demand and locating new transmission sites.
3- It is helpful in determining the best location as well
as optimal capacity of proposed generating station,
sub station and new lines.
4- It determines the voltage of the buses. The voltage
level at the certain buses must be kept within the
closed tolerances.
5- The effect of temporary loss of transmission
capacity od generation on system loading and
accompanied effects followed by network fault can
be studied and proper pre fault power
flowStartergies are made to minimize the effect of
fault causing system outage.

6- System transmission loss minimizations .

 7- Economic system operation with respect to fuel cost
to generate all the power needed.
8- The line flows can be known .The line should not be
overloaded, that is, we should not operate the close
to their stability or thermal limits.
BUS CLASSIFICATION
A bus is a node at which one or many lines, one or
many loads and generators are connected.
In a power system each node or bus is associated
with 4 quantities, such as magnitude of voltage, phage
angle of voltage ,active or true power and reactive power
in load flow problem two out of these 4 quantities are
specified and remaining 2 are required to b determined
through the solution of equation. Depending on the
quantities that have been specified, the buses are
classified into 3 categories .
They are:-
1-generator bus or PV bus
2-load bus or PQ bus
3-slack bus
GENERATOR BUS OR VOLTAGE CONTROLLED BUS:
This is also called PV bus, and on this bus the
voltage magnitude corresponding to generation voltage
and true or active power P corresponding to its ratings
are specified.
Voltage magnitude is constant at a specified value by
injection of reactive power.
The reactive power generation Q and phase angle d
are to be computed.

LOAD BUS OR PQ BUS

This is also called the PQ bus and at this bus the total
injected power is specified, that is the active and reactive
power injected into the network at this bus.
Magnitude of phase angle of the voltage are to be
computed.
SWING BUS OR SLACK BUS
One of the generation buses in a power system is
chosen as slack or swing bus.
At this bus the magnitude and phage angle of the
voltage are specified. The phase angle of the voltage is
usually set to zero. The active and reactive powers at
this bus are to be determined through the solution of
equations.
The swing bus is a fictitious concept in load flow
studies and arises because the losses of the system are
not known precisely in advance for the load flow
calculations.
Therefore the total injected power can’t be specified
at every single bus.
Hence one of the generator buses is made to take
the additional real and reactive power to supply
transmission losses

WHY Y BUS IS PREREFED?

Y-bus is a sparse matrix i.e. a few number of elements
are non-zero for an actual power system.in a large
system of hundred nodes or buses ,these non-zero
elements may be as small as 2% of the total elements.
Therefore ,the computer memory requirement for
storing the nodal admittance or bus admittance matrix
and time requirement is very low. It needs to store only a
few non zero elements and it need not store the zeroes
of the matrix. Furthermore the nodal matrix being
symmetric along the leading diagonal, the computers
needs to store the upper triangular nodal admittance
matrix only.
Y-bus has gain wide spread application owing to its
simplicity in data preparation and the ease of changing
and modifying y the network.

GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD

 The gauss seidel method is a iterative process which
starts by assigning estimated values to the unknown bus
voltages. Using the estimated bus voltages and the
specified real and imaginary power values, a new value
for each bus voltage is calculated at the end of each
iterations.
The process is repeated until the difference
between each bus voltage and its corresponding value in
two successive iterations is less than a pre-defined
tolerance value.

The general description of the Gauss-Seidel method

is as follows:

1. It is a iterative method;
2. Before solving the bus voltage, we should assign
the initial value V (0) to unknown values;
3. Solve a new value to each bus voltage from the
real and reactive power specified;
4. A new set of values for the voltage at each bus is
used to calculate another
bus voltage at the next iteration;
5. The process is repeated until voltage differences
at each bus are less than the tolerance value.
There are three type bus nodes in power load flow
analysis. They are:

1. PV BUS. Some generators have a controller that

regulates the value of the
connected bus voltage. This type of bus is referred to PV
bus. At this bus the real power P and the magnitude of
the voltage V are specified, but (node injection current),
Q (reactive power) and µ (phase angle of the node
voltage) are unknown.
2. PQ BUS. At load buses we normally specify the
real and reactive power P and Q. This type of bus is called
a PQ bus. At this bus I, V and µ are unknown.
3. SWING OR SLACK BUS. At this bus the V and µ are
known and remain P, Q, unknown.
CONCLUSION
In this study we concluded that the total execution
time is reduced considerably by using parallel processing
for the solution of load flow problem , since each
processor(computer) is only responsible for a subset of
bus voltages and calculation of the voltages.