Magnetization Characteristics of A D.C. Shunt Generator: Exp. No: Date
Magnetization Characteristics of A D.C. Shunt Generator: Exp. No: Date
Magnetization Characteristics of A D.C. Shunt Generator: Exp. No: Date
Exp. No :
Date :
1. MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS
OF A D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM: To determine experimentally the magnetization or open circuit characteristics
of a D.C Shunt generator and to determine the critical field resistance and
critical speed.
APPARATUS:
Wire
3 Rheostat 370 ohms / 1.7 A 2 No
wound
Motor Generator
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the
given machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position. The jockey [J]
of the potential divider should be at the minimum voltage position [P] and start
the MG set.
3. Observe the speed of the generator using a tachometer and adjust to the rated
value by varying the motor field rheostat. Keep the same speed through out the
experiment.
4. Note down the terminal voltage of the generator. This is the e.m.f. due to
residual magnetism.
5. Increase the generator field current If (ammeter) by gradually moving the jockey
J in the direction P to Q. For every value of I 0, note down the corresponding
voltmeter reading. Increase the field current till induced e.m.f is about 120% of
rated value.
6. Repeat the same procedure for decreasing values of field currents (Ifg) and
finally note down the emf generated due to residual magnetism.
7. Draw the characteristics of generated emf (Efg) versus field current for both
increasing and decreasing values of field current. Draw the average O.C.C
8. Draw a tangent to the initial portion of average O.C.C from the origin. The slope
of this straight line gives the critical field resistance.
TABULAR COLUMN:
ASCENDING DESCENDING
S.No. Field current Generated Generated
Field current
voltage voltage
(amp) (amp)
(volts) (volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
MODEL GRAGH:
PRECAUTIONS:
2. The jockey should be moved only in one direction (i.e., from P to Q or Q to P). It
should not be moved back and forth for obtaining a particular field current.
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
4. How do you get the maximum voltage to which the generator builds up from
OCC?
9. How do you check the continuity of field winding and armature winding?
10. How do you make out that the generator is DC generator without observing
the name plate?
12. Why does the OCC differ for decreasing and increasing values of field current?
Exp. No:
Date:
2.LOAD TEST ON A D.C SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM: To conduct a load test on a D.C. shunt generator and to draw its external and
internal load characteristics.
APPARATUS:
0 – 20 A 1 No
1. Ammeter (M.C)
0–2A 1 No
Wire
3. Rheostats 0 – 370 ohms/1.7 A 2 No
wound
Motor Generator
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.Keep the motor field
rheostat in the minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the
maximum position at starting.
2. Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting
the motor field rheostat. keep the speed constant at this value through out
the test as the emf generated depends on speed.
3. Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field
rheostat. Keep therheostat in this position through out the experiment as
its variation changes the field circuit resistance and hence the generated emf.
4. Apply the load and note the values of the load current, IL; terminal voltage, V
and field current, If at different values of the load until full load current is
obtained. Calculate the armature current in each case: Ia = IL + If
5. Make the connections for the measurement of armature resistance. Note down
the voltage drop Va across the armature for different values of current I passing
through it . Armature resistance in each case is calculated.
6. Ra = Va / I., Ra (Hot) = 1.25 Ra. Take the mean of the values which are close
together as the resistance of the armature, Ra
7. Calculate the generated e.m.f. E at each value of the load current. E= V+ IaRa
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No. IL IF Ia VT E
1.
2.
3.
MODEL GRAGH:
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why is the generated e.m.f. not constant even though the field circuit resistance
is kept unaltered?
2. Find out the voltage drop due to full load armature reaction.
4. State the conditions required to put the D.C shunt generator on load.
5. Why the terminal voltage decreases when load is increased on the generator?
8. The E.M.F. induced in armature conductors of a D.C shut generator is A.C or D.C?
Exp. No:
Date:
3. LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES GENERATOR
AIM: To obtain the external and internal characteristics of a DC Series generator by
conducting load test.
APPARATUS:
Wire
3 Rheostat 370 ohms / 1.7 A 1 No
wound
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the
given machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the motor field resistance minimum and the generator open circuited,
give supply and start the motor-generator set.
3. Adjust the speed of the M. G. Set to the rated speed of the generator using the
field rheostat.(Rfm)
5. Apply the load in steps and for each load note down the current and voltage
until the load current reaches the full load current.
7. Calculate the generated e.m.f. E at each load from the relation, E= V+ IRg.
TABULAR COLUMN:
EG
S. No. IL VT
VT + IL (Ra + Rs)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MODEL GRAGH:
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. In what way does the series generator differ fundamentally from shunt generator?
4. To conduct the test on a D.C. Series generator, can we use any other prime
mover other than D.C shunt motor?
5. Why D.C series motor should not start without any load?
Exp. No:
Date:
4. LOAD TEST ON A D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR
AIM:To obtain internal and external characteristic of a D.C. compound generator by
conducting load test.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Item Type Range Quantity
0 – 20A 1 No.
1 Ammeter (M.C)
0 – 2A 1 No.
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
2. Keep the motor field Rheostat in minimum position (Resistance) and the
Generator field rheostat in maximum position at starting.
3. Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the Generator by adjusting
the motor field rheostat. Keep the speed of the MG set at constant value
through out the experiment as the e.m.f. generated depends on speed.
4. Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator to rated value by means of the
generator field rheostat. Keep the rheostat in this position throughout the
experiment as its variation changes the field circuit current and hence the
generated e.m.f.
5. Put on the load and note down the values of load current Ig and terminal
voltage Vg at the generator side, for different values of load until full load
current.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No. IL IF VT Eg = V + Ia Ra
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MODEL GRAGH:
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. A cumulative compound generator is generating full load, what will happen if its
series field winding gets short – circuited?
7. How do you reverse the terminal voltage of an over compounded short shunt
generator without effecting the over compounding?
Exp. No:
Date:
5. HOPKINSON’S TESTON DC SHUNT MACHINES
AIM:To perform Hopkinson’s test on the given motor generator set and determine
the efficiency of bothmotor and generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 20 A 2 No
Motor Generator
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat at
minimum and generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position and the
switch K is in open position.
2. Start the motor generator set slowly with motor starter and adjust the field
rheostat of motor such that the motor/ generator rotates the at rated speed.
3. Excite the generator by decreasing the generator field rheostat resistance until
the voltmeter across the switch reads zero, then close the switch K
4. Load the generator in steps by decreasing the field rheostat resistance of the
generator or by increasing the field rheostat resistance of the motor.
5. Take the readings of all the meters for each load and measure the speed in each
step.
6. Open the switch K and reduce the excitation of the generator by increasing the
field rheostat of the generator.
7. Switch off the supply to motor-generator switch.
MODEL GRAPH:Plot the output versus efficiency curves for both the motor and
the generator as shown below.
CALCULATIONS:
Shunt cu loss in generator Wfg= VI4 , Shunt cu loss in motor Wfm = VI2
Total power drawn from supply = VI1 = Total cu loss and Stray losses
Total stray loss for the set Ws= VI1 – [Wag + Wam + Wfg + Wfm ]
Efficiency of motor :
Output power = input power to Motor – (motor armature copper loss + Motor shunt
field loss + Stray loss)
Ws
= V ( I1 I 3 ) [( I1 I 3 I 2 ]2 Ram VI 2 ]
2
Output power
% Efficiency X 100
Input power
Efficiency of Generator:
Input Power = (Output power + Gen. armature copper loss + Generator Shunt field
loss + stray loss)
Ws
V I 3 ( I 3 I 4 ) 2 Rag VI 4 ]
2
Output power
% Efficiency X 100
Input power
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. N V1 I1 I2 I3 I4
1.
Motor
Input Armature
Stray %
Current Cu loss Field cu Output Input
S.No loss Efficien
( I1+ I3 - ( I1+ I3 - Loss VI2 Power power
Ws / 2 cy
I2) I2)2 Ram
1.
Generator
Input Armature
Stray %
Current Cu loss Field cu Output Input
S.No loss Efficien
( I1+ I3 - ( I1+ I3 - Loss VI2 Power power
Ws / 2 cy
I2) I2)2 Ram
1.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Keep the rheostats in motor and generator field circuit at proper positions while
starting the motor.
2) Excessive care while closing the parallel switch K. The voltmeter must read
zero for K to be closed.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
3. When two D.C. machine s are paralleled as is done in this test, which machine
acts as generator and which machine acts as motor?
Exp. No:
Date:
6.FIELD TEST ON TWO IDENTICAL SERIES MACHINES
AIM:
To conduct the field test on two identical series machines and to find the efficiency at full
load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:-
This test is applicable to two series motors. Series motors which are mainly used for
fraction work are easily available in pairs two machines are coupled mechanically. One machine
runs normally as a motor and drives generator whose output is wasted in a variable load R Iron
and friction losses of two machines are made equal
i) by joining the series field winding of the generator in the motor armature circuit so that both
machines are equally excited and
ii) By running them at equal speed. Load resistance R is varied till the motor current reaches its
full-load value indicated by ammeter A1. After this adjustment for full load current different
ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted.
Let V = supply voltage; I1 = motor current; V2 = terminal P.D of generator; I2 = load current
Intake of the whole set = VI1 ; output = V2 I2 total losses in the set, wt = VI1 – V2 I2
Armature and field cu losses wcu = (Ra + 2Rse) I12 + I22 Ra
Stray losses for the set = Wt - Wcu
Stray losses per machine Ws = Wt – Wcu/2
PROCEDURE:
CIRCUIT DIGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIGRAM :
CALCULATIONS:
AS A MOTOR:
Motor Input=
Motor losses=
AS A GENERATOR:
Generator Output=
Generator losses=
MODEL GRAPHS:
PRECAUTIONS:
Exp. No:
Date:
7. SWINBURNE’S TEST AND SPEED CONTROL OF
D.C.SHUNT MOTOR
APPARATUS:
Name of the
S. No. Range Type Quantity
Equipment
0-20A M.C 01
2. Ammeter
0-2A M.C 01
0-370Ω
3. Rheostat 01
/1.7A Wire
wound
4. 0-3000 rpm 01
Tachometer
DIGITAL
Output
Voltage
Current Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the
given machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position, Start the motor by
closing the switch and operating the starter slowly.
3. Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No. V ILo If
MODEL GRAPH:
Resistance cold = Rm
Constant losses = (No load power input - No load copper losses). ------------ (1)
Efficiency as motor:
Efficiency as generator:
Armature Current = Ia = IL + IF
TABULAR COLUMN:
Output
PI = Copper Total
Constant power =
losses losses = PO
S. VLIL losses
IL X 100
No. INPUT (input PI
Wcu = Ia2 (Wcons. +
Power W const. power –
Re Wcu)
losses)
1.
PRECAUTIONS:
Constant Copper
S. PO = VLIL Total loss Input power = PO
losses losses X 100
IL Out = (Wcons. + (output power
No. PI
power Wcu) + losses)
Wconst. Wcu = Ia2 Re
1.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Will the values deduced from the Swinburne’s method exactly coincide with the
values realized by direct loading on the machine? Why?
2. Why are the constant losses calculated by this method less than the actual
losses?
AIM: To vary the speed of the given d. c. shunt motor by armature control & field
control methods and to pre-determine the efficiency of a D.C. Shunt Motor by
Swinburne’s method.
APPARATUS:
0–2A 1 No
1 Ammeter (M.C)
0- 20 A 1 No
Voltage
Current
Output
Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the
given machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position, Start the motor by
closing the switch and operating the starter slowly.
3. Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the
given machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position and the armature
rheostat (Rfg) in the maximum position, start the MG set.
3. We supply and accelerate the motor by cutting out the armature circuit
resistance (Ra) until rated voltage is applied to the armature.
4. Adjust the field rheostat (Rf ) to make the motor run at its rated speed(Ns)
whenrated voltage is applied to the armature. This field current corresponds to
normal excitation.
5. Keeping normal excitation, vary the armature voltage (Va) by varying the
armature circuit resistance and note down the speed of the motor (N) for
different voltages. Note down the field current also.
Apply rated voltage to the armature and vary the field current (If) by varying the
field rheostat. Note down the speeds (N) at different values of field current. TAKE
CARE THAT THE SPEED DOESN’T EXCEEED 2000 rpm. Note down the
armature voltage also.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No. V ILo If
1.
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. What is the shape of the curve of field control of method motor speed? Explain
why it is so?
Exp. No:
Date:
8. BRAKE TEST ON D.C COMPOUND MOTOR
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 20 A 1 No
Voltage
Current
Output
Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
TABULAR COLUMN:
W= T=
IL If W1 W2 N P0 = P1 =
P0
S.No. W1-W2 Wrg X 100
(A) (A) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (rpm) 2NT/60 VLIL Pi
(Nm)
1.
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Exp. No:
Date:
9.BRAKE TEST ON A D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
APPARATUS:
1 Ammeter (M.C) 0 – 15 A 1 No
Voltage
Current
Output
Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
TABULAR COLUMN:
W= T=
IL VL W1 W2 N P0 = P1 =
P0
S.No. W1-W2 Wrg X 100
(A) (V) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (rpm) 2NT/60 VLIL Pi
(Nm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why did you use a 3-point starter for starting a D.C shunt motor?
2. If starter is not available, how can you start a D.C motor?
3. What is the efficiency range of a D.C motor?
4. Where can you use the D.C shunt motor?
5. Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?
Exp. No:
Date:
10. SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN A D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM: To perform suitable tests on the given D.C. shunt machine and determine
from the experimentthe stray losses and separates these into friction,
hysterics and eddy current losses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Voltage
Field Current
Local Current
Speed
Power
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
TEST READINGS:
S.No. N V lf la S.No. N V lf la
MODEL GRAPH:
WS / N
B1 + D = bc/ab
B + D = ef/de
Determine
N
A+C and A1 + C
TABULAR COLUMN:
IF1……………. A IF2…………… A
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the field current constant during each part of the experiment.
2. Check the position of the rheostat positions before stating the motor.
RESULT:
Hysterisis loss = W
Friction loss = W
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Exp. No:
Date:
11.RETARDATION TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To carry out the retardation test in a d.c shunt motor to determine the friction, iron or core
losses of the motor and to determine the moment of inertia of the motor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 19A
4 Power 5 HP
APPARATUS REQUIRE:
THEORY:
When a machine is loaded, the load current establishes an m.m.f. which appreciably
changes the space distribution of air-gap flux density wave. This leads to an increase in the core
loss from no load to full load. This increment in core loss caused by distortion of the air-gap flux
plus the increment in I2 R loss due to non-uniform distribution of conductor current is called
Stray loss. in other words, stray load loss consists of two components, one originating in iron
parts and the other in the armature conductors. In iron parts, the stray load loss consists of (a).the
eddy current loss in the stator frame, end covers etc. Caused by the armature leakage flux under
load. (b). the increased teeth loss due to distribution of the flux density wave. In the conductors
the stray load loss is due to the circulating currents setup in the conductors by the alternating
leakage flux produced by the load current. These circulating, or eddy currents make the
conductor current distribution non-uniform and as a result effective resistance of conductor
increases. This gives rise to additional conductor loss, called stray load loss. In d.c. machines,
stray load loss also occurs in the coils under going commutation. This loss is usually taken as
proportional to square of the load current. Stray load loss cannot determined accurately. In d.c.
machines by convention, it is taken as 1% of the rated out put for rating above 150 k
PROCEDURE:-
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
PRECAUTIONS:-
RESULT:
Exp. No:
Date:
APPARATUS:
0 – 20 A 1 No
1. Ammeter (M.C)
0–2A 1 No
Wire
3. Rheostats 0 – 370 ohms/1.7 A 2 No
wound
Motor Generator
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field
rheostat in the minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the
maximum position at starting.
2. Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting
the motor field rheostat. keep the speed constant at this value throughout
the test as the emf generated depends on speed.
3. Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field
rheostat. Keep therheostat in this position throughout the experiment as
its variation changes the field circuit resistance and hence the generated emf.
4. Apply the load and note the values of the load current, IL; terminal voltage, V
and field current, If at different values of the load until full load current is
obtained. Calculate the armature current in each case: Ia = IL + If
5. Make the connections for the measurement of armature resistance. Note down
the voltage drop Va across the armature for different values of current I passing
through it . Armature resistance in each case is calculated.
6. Ra = Va / I., Ra (Hot) = 1.25 Ra. Take the mean of the values which are close
together as the resistance of the armature, Ra
7. Calculate the generated e.m.f. E at each value of the load current. E= V+ IaRa
TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No. IL IF Ia VT E
1.
2.
3.
MODEL GRAGH:
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why is the generated e.m.f. not constant even though the field circuit resistance
is kept unaltered?
2. Find out the voltage drop due to full load armature reaction.
4. State the conditions required to put the D.C shunt generator on load.
5. Why the terminal voltage decreases when load is increased on the generator?
8. The E.M.F. induced in armature conductors of a D.C shut generator is A.C or D.C?