Ae8008 Unit-I Basics

NEHRU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Nehru Gardens, Thirumalayampalayam, Coimbatore – 641 105.
NBA Accredited UG Courses: AERO | CSE | MECH
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
AE8008 - VIBRATION AND ELEMENTS OF

AEROELASTICITY
G Ezhilmaran,
Asst. Professor/ Aeronautical
NIET, Coimbatore
Spring Element
•A spring is a type of mechanical link, which in most applications is
assumed to have negligible mass and damping.
• The most common type of spring is the helical-coil spring used in staplers,
and suspensions of freight trucks and other vehicles.
• In fact, any elastic or deformable body or member, such as a cable, bar,
beam, shaft or plate, can be considered as a spring.
• A spring is said to be linear if the elongation or reduction in length x is
related to the applied force F as
F = kx
• where k is a constant, known as the spring constant or spring stiffness or
spring rate. The spring constant k is always positive and denotes the force
(positive or negative) required to cause a unit deflection (elongation or
reduction in length) in the spring.
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.
• The work done (U) in deforming a spring is stored as strain or potential
energy in the spring, and it is given by

Combination of Springs
There are two types of combinations,

• Springs in Parallel
• Springs in Series
Case 1 : Springs in Parallel
• expression for the equivalent spring constant of springs connected in
parallel, consider the two springs shown in Figure. When a load W is
applied, the system undergoes a static deflection

• Then the free-body diagram, gives the equilibrium equation
• If denotes the equivalent spring constant of the combination of the

two springs, then for the same static deflection we have

Case 2: Springs in series
• expression for the equivalent spring constant of springs connected in
series by considering the two springs shown in figure.
• Under the action of a load W, springs 1 and 2 undergo elongations
respectively.
• The total elongation (or static deflection) of the system, is given by

• Since both springs are subjected to the same force W, we have the
equilibrium
• If denotes the equivalent spring constant, then for the same static
deflection,
• Substituting these values of

• that is,

Free Vibration of Single-Degree of-Freedom Systems
• Free vibration means that the mass is set into motion due to initial disturbance
with no externally applied force other than the spring force, damper force, or
gravitational force.
• To study the free-vibration response of the mass, we need to derive the
governing equation, known as the equation of motion.
• Figure shows a spring-mass system that represents the simplest possible
vibratory system. It is called a single-degree-of-freedom system, since one
coordinate (x) is sufficient to specify the position of the mass at any time.
• There is no external force applied to the mass; hence the motion resulting
from an initial disturbance will be free vibration.

• Since there is no element that causes dissipation of energy during the
motion of the mass, the amplitude of motion remains constant with
time; it is an undamped system.

Example
• The structure shown in Figure can be considered a cantilever beam that is
fixed at the ground. For the study of transverse vibration, the top mass can
be considered a point mass and the supporting structure (beam) can be
approximated as a spring to obtain the single-degree-of-freedom model.

• Modeling of tall structure as spring-mass system.
Fig. Equivalent
Fig. Idealization of the spring-mass system
tall structure

Equation of Motion Using Newton s Second Law of Motion
• Spring mass system in Horizontal position
Fig. Free-body diagram
• Apply Newton s second law of motion to the mass or rigid body shown by
the free body diagram. Newton s second law of motion can be stated as
follows: The rate of change of momentum of a mass is equal to the force
acting on it.

• Thus, if mass m is displaced a distance when acted upon by a
resultant force in the same direction, Newton s second law of
motion gives
• If mass m is constant, this equation reduces to
• where
• Resultant force on the mass = mass * acceleration

• When the mass is displaced a distance from its static equilibrium
position, the force in the spring is kx, the equation of motion becomes
• Or
• The above equation shows the equation of motion for single degrees of
freedom system.

Equation of Motion of a Spring-Mass System in Vertical Position
• Consider the configuration of the spring-mass system. The mass hangs at

the lower end of a spring, which in turn is attached to a rigid support at its
upper end.
• At rest, the mass will hang in a position called the static equilibrium position,
in which the upward spring force exactly balances the downward
gravitational force on the mass.

• for static equilibrium,
• where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

• Let the mass be deflected a distance from its static equilibrium
position; then the spring force is
• The application of Newton s second law of motion to mass m gives

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NEHRU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AE8008 - VIBRATION AND ELEMENTS OF

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

There are two types of combinations,

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• If denotes the equivalent spring constant of the combination of the

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• Substituting these values of

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• Spring mass system in Horizontal position

Fig. Free-body diagram

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• If mass m is constant, this equation reduces to

• Resultant force on the mass = mass * acceleration

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• Consider the configuration of the spring-mass system. The mass hangs at

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

• where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

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