CALCULUS 2 LM Chapter 1
CALCULUS 2 LM Chapter 1
CALCULUS 2 LM Chapter 1
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪
Where:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
Y = f(x) = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 Integrand
𝑥4
1. 𝑦 = + 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 1 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 6)𝑑𝑥
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
3. y = ln(x+1)-ln(x-1) =− 2 𝑑𝑦 = [− ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑥2 −1
F1: ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖 + 𝑪
2. A constant factor can be moved through an integral sign,
5. An antiderivative of a quotient,
𝒅𝒖
F5:∫ = 𝒍𝒏|𝒖| + 𝑪
𝒖
Finally, simplify,
𝟓
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= − +𝑪
𝟓 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
Example 4: Evaluate ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
Solution: First simplify the given by dividing each term in the numerator by the denominator,
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 2𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
∫( 𝒙𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
4 1
Simplifying, = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 2𝑥 2
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐
= + + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
= ∫ 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 16 𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 3 24𝑥 2
= + + 16𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
Final answer,
Example 7: Evaluate ∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: First, express the terms inside the radical in factor form,
∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
Final answer,
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
= − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
4 2
Example 8: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝟐
=− + 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑥
Example 9: Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥+1.
Exercise 1.1
I. Evaluate the following integrals. Fill out the table, the first row is done for you to follow.
II. Evaluate the following integrals. Express your answer in simplified form.
3
1. ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
2. ∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥
6 1
3. ∫ (2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 1
(1+𝑥)4
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑥−9
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
Using the basic formula F4, ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
1 𝑢3 𝑢3
= ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
3 3 9
Substitute u = 3x + 4, the final answer in now express in terms of x,
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟗
Example 11: Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Solution: Using Integration by substitution,
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 1
Differentiating = 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑢5
= ∙ +𝐶
2 5
Replace 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1,the final is in terms of x,
5
1 (𝑥 2 −1) (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)𝟓
=2∙ +𝐶 = +𝑪
5 𝟏𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝟒𝒙
Replace u by sin 4x = 𝟐𝟒
+𝑪
Example 13: Evaluate ∫(4𝑥 3 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
Solution: This given function needs to be rewritten as follows,
= ∫ 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 1
1
Solving for the differential 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
8
3 3
1 1
By substitution, = ∫ 𝑢2 ∙ 8 𝑑𝑢 = 8 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3 5
+1
1 𝑢2 1 𝑢2
Integrating by formula F4 =8∙ 3 +𝐶 =8∙ 5 +𝐶
+1
2 2
Simplifying
5 5
1 2𝑢 2 2(4𝑥 2 +1)2
=8∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
5 40
𝟓
(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐
Final answer = +𝑪
𝟐𝟎
(2𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
Example 14: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
Then 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
The given is transformed to an expression that can be integrated by F5:
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒| + 𝑪
𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Example 15: Evaluate ∫ 1 5
( 𝑥−8)
3
= 3 ∫(𝑢)−5 𝑑𝑢
Integrating using formula F4,
𝑢−5+1 3
= 3 −5+1 + 𝐶 = − 4 𝑢−4 + 𝐶
Exercise 1.2
Evaluate the following and simplify.
1. ∫ √2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (𝑥 3−1)4
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛2𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝒇(𝒙)
INTEGRATING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, where the degree of numerator, f(x) > degree of
𝒈(𝒙)
denominator, g(x).
First carry out the indicated division until the remainder is of lower degree than denominator,
and expressed as follows:
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) +
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
Where R(x) is the remainder
Q(x) is the quotient
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
Example 16: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3
Solution: First divide the numerator by the denominator using the long method of division of
polynomials,
2x
x- 3 2x2 - 6x + 4
2x2 - 6x
+ 4
𝑥2
= 2 ∙ + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
2
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝑪
3𝑥 2 +14𝑥 + 13
Example 17: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4
Solution: First divide the numerator by the denominator using the long method of division of
polynomials,
3x + 2
x+4 3x2 + 14x + 13
3x2 + 12x
2x + 13
2x + 8
5
5
= ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑥+4
𝟑𝒙𝟐
= + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝟐
𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3 −2𝑥
Seatwork: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 +1
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢| + 𝐶 *
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶 *
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶 *
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
8. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
Applying formula 1,
1 𝟏
= − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 = − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
1+sin 2𝑥
Example 19: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥
= ∫ sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let u = 2x
Then du = 2dx or ½ du = dx where ½ is the neutralizing factor,
1 1
Substitution, = ∫ sec 𝑢 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ tan 𝑢 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝟏 1
= 𝟐 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 2 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
Example 22: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 23: Evaluate ∫ 1 1
sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2 2
cos 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example 24: Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
Simplifying, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example 25: Evaluate ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥