Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
43 views

CS132Module3 Calculus EssentialNotes by DMiguel

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of differentiation. It defines the derivative of a function f(x) as the limit of the change in y over the change in x as the change in x approaches 0. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the derivative using this definition. Common formulas for finding derivatives of basic functions are also listed. The document explains how to use the Python programming language to determine derivatives. Exercises are provided to practice calculating derivatives and finding slopes of tangent lines. The concept of the second derivative is briefly introduced.

Uploaded by

Dhuanne Estrada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

CS132Module3 Calculus EssentialNotes by DMiguel

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of differentiation. It defines the derivative of a function f(x) as the limit of the change in y over the change in x as the change in x approaches 0. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the derivative using this definition. Common formulas for finding derivatives of basic functions are also listed. The document explains how to use the Python programming language to determine derivatives. Exercises are provided to practice calculating derivatives and finding slopes of tangent lines. The concept of the second derivative is briefly introduced.

Uploaded by

Dhuanne Estrada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Mathematics for Computer Science

Overview Notes

Prepared by
Dalos D. Miguel
Faculty
School of Accountancy, Management, Computing and Information Studies
Saint Louis University
Baguio City

III. Fundamentals of Differentiation (Love & Rainville, 1981)


1. The derivative of y=f(x);
dy/dx = limit as change in x approaches 0 of change in y over change in x
= Limitx0 (y/x) = Limitx0 ((f(x+x)-f(x))/x)

Illustration:
What is the derivative of y = x4 – 2x

dy/dx= Limitx0 ((f(x+x)-f(x))/x) = Limitx0 ((((x + x)4 – 2(x + x)) – (x4 – 2x))/ x)
= Limitx0 ((x4 +4x3x + 6x2x2 + 4xx3 + x4 -2x-2x – x4+2x)/x)

= Limitx0 ((4x3x + 6x2x2 + 4xx3 + x4 -2x )/x)

= Limitx0 (x (4x3 + 6x2x + 4xx2 + x3 -2 )/x)

= Limitx0 (4x3 + 6x2x + 4xx2 + x3 -2 )

= 4x3 + 6x2(0) + 4x(0)2 + (0)3 -2

dy/dx = 4x3 -2

Given that y = f(x), dy/dx is also denoted as f’(x).


dy/dx is also known as the rate of change in y with respect to x.
Similarly, dx/dt is known as the rate of change in x with respect to t such that if t denotes
time, dx/dt is also known as the time rate of change.

The value derived by substituting the coordinates of a point in the first derivative is the
slope of the line that is tangent to the curve at the given point.

Hence, since dy/dx = 4x3 -2 for y = x4 – 2x, the slope of the tangent line to the curve y= x4
– 2x at the point (2,1) is 4(2)3-2 = 30.

2. Some Formulas for getting the derivative of f(x).


In practice, derivatives are determined by using appropriate formulas. The following
formulas for getting derivatives simplify the task of getting the derivative of a function.
Each formula may be verified by applying the definition of a derivative. The list is not

1 | Page
complete since the intention of the list is to provide the general framework for
differentiation. Differentiation refers to the process of getting derivatives.

1. Derivative of a constant:
d/dx(c) = 0

2. Derivative of the sum of two terms:


d/dx(u+v) = du/dx + dv/dx

3a. Derivative of a product of two terms where each term has a variable:
d/dx(uv) = u(dv/dx) + v(du/dx)
3b. Derivative of the product of a constant and a variable:
d/dx(cu) = c(du/dx)

4a. Derivative of a quotient of two terms where both the numerator and denominator
has variables:
d/dx(u/v) = (v(du/dx) – u(dv/dx))/(v2)
4b. Derivative of a quotient of a constant and a denominator with a variable(s):
d/dx(c/v) = - ( c(dv/dx)/v2 )

5. Derivative of a power:
d/dx(un) = nun-1(du/dx)

6. Derivative of sine:
d/dx(sin u) = (cos u)(du/dx)

7. Derivative of cosine:
d/dx(cos u) = - (sin u)(du/dx)

8. Derivative of tangent:
d/dx(tan u) = sec2u (du/dx)

9. Derivative of ln:
d/dx(ln u) = (du/dx)/u

10. Derivative of au where a is a certain constant:


d/dx(au) = au(ln a) (du/dx)

11. Derivative of eu where e is the mathematical constant e


d/dx(eu) = eu(du/dx)

2 | Page
3. Determining the derivative of f(x) using the Python programming language (Sympy)
The Sympy module of the Python Programming language may be used to determine the
derivative of f(x).

Illustration:

Code in Python

# derivative of f(x) = x^4 - 2x


# In Python, the operator ** is for exponentiation
import sympy as sp
def f(x):
return x**4 - 2*x
x=sp.Symbol('x')
print("Derivative of f(x) = ", sp.diff(f(x)))

Output:
Derivative of f(x) = 4*x**3 - 2

Suggested Readings
1. Know the concept of Minima and Maxima.
2. Know the concept of the second derivative

Exercise III:
a. Find dy/dx if y=2 – x2.
b. Find dy/dx if y=3x2 – 2x.
c. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the curve y=2 – x2 at the point (3,-7)
d. Determine the slope of the tangent line to the curve y=3x2 – 2x at the point (2,8)
e. Find how fast the volume of a cube increases when the length of the edge increases.
(What is the rate of change of the volume of a cube with respect to the length of the
edge?)
f. Find how fast the surface area of a cube increases when the length of the edge
increases. (What is the rate of change of the surface area of a cube with respect to the
length of the edge?)
g. Find how fast the circumference of a circle increases when the radius increases. (i.e.
What is the rate of change of the circumference of a circle with respect to the radius?)
h. Find how fast the area of a circle increases when the radius increases. (i.e. What is the
rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to the radius?)

Second Derivative
The illustrations made above are on getting the first derivative. Getting the derivative of the first
derivative is also meaningful. The derivative of the first derivative is called the second derivative.

References:
Janacek,G and M. Lemmon. (2011). Mathematics for Computer Science. Gareth J. Janacek, Mark Lemmon Close &
Ventus Publishing

Love, C. & E. Rainville. (1981). Differential and Integral Calculus. . Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. USA.

Rainville, E. & P. Bedient. (1974). Elementary Differential equations. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. USA.

3 | Page

You might also like